Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-55tpx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-19T16:19:23.067Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - The changing character of war

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2015

Gerd Oberleitner
Affiliation:
Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria
Get access

Summary

War as risk management

While the application of international humanitarian law in internal armed conflicts, situations of occupation and peace support operations is usually well acknowledged (as will be discussed below), doubts are raised with regard to the (full) applicability of international human rights law in international armed conflicts. While internal armed conflicts are characterized by a (hostile) relationship between the government and those being governed akin to (peace-time) law enforcement scenarios and are thus obviously susceptible to the application of human rights law, in international armed conflicts the lex specialis principle is seen as overriding international human rights law on the grounds that humanitarian law is both exclusive and exhaustive. In such situations, it is argued, human rights cannot apply on the grounds of irreconcilable paradigmatic differences and legal obstacles, and they need not apply as they have nothing to contribute in terms of regulation above and beyond international humanitarian law. It is certainly correct that international humanitarian law, with its history of codification which stretches back 150 years, regulates international armed conflicts extensively and in great detail. At the same time, the breadth of humanitarian law for international armed conflicts does not per se exclude the complementary application of human rights in international armed conflicts. While many of the examples provided for such a complementary application in the previous chapters related to internal armed conflicts or situations of occupation, human rights in armed conflict should not be understood as exclusively a matter for such situations.

Type
Chapter
Information
Human Rights in Armed Conflict
Law, Practice, Policy
, pp. 193 - 205
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Watkin, Kenneth, “Controlling the Use of Force: A Role for Human Rights Norms in Contemporary Conflicts” (2004) 98(1) American Journal of International Law2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaldor, Mary, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (3rd edn., Cambridge: Polity, 2012)Google Scholar
Kennedy, David, Of War and Law (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006)Google Scholar
Byers, Michael, War Law (New York: Grove Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Thürer, Daniel, International Humanitarian Law: Theory, Practice, Context (The Hague: Hague Academy of International Law, 2011), p. 378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corn, Geoffrey, “Mixing Apples and Hand Grenades: The Logical Limit of Applying Human Rights Norms to Armed Conflicts” (2010) 1(1) International Humanitarian Legal Studies71.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, Lassa in Lauterpacht, Hersch (ed.), International Law (7th edn., 1952), vol. II
Dinstein, Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence (5th edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Rupert, The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World (London: Allen Lane, 2005), p. 1.Google Scholar
Coker, Christopher, War in an Age of Risk (Cambridge: Polity, 2009), p. 150.Google Scholar
Thürer, Daniel, “International Humanitarian Law: Essence and Perspectives” (2007) 2 Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internationales und öffentliches Recht6.Google Scholar
Kosirnik, René, “The 1977 Protocols: A Landmark in the Development of International Humanitarian Law” in Sanajaoba, Naorem (ed.), A Manual of International Humanitarian Laws (New Delhi: Regency, 2004), p. 84.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, “The Role of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in New Types of Armed Conflicts” in Ben-Naftali, Orna (ed.), International Humanitarian and International Human Rights Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 46.Google Scholar
Coker, Christopher, “The Collision of Modern and Post-Modern War” in Lindley-French, Julian and Boyer, Yves (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 57–68.Google Scholar
de Wijk, Rob, “Hybrid Conflict and the Changing Nature of Actors” in Lindley-French, Julian and Boyer, Yves (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 358–72.Google Scholar
Weiss, Thomas G., Humanitarian Intervention (Cambridge: Polity, 2013), pp. 66–96.Google Scholar
Danchin, Peter G., “Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and the “War on Terrorism” in Afghanistan” in Dijkzeul, Dennis (ed.), Between Force and Mercy: Military Action and Humanitarian Aid (Berlin: Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004), pp. 109–45.Google Scholar
Rona, Gabor, “Interesting Times for International Humanitarian Law: Challenges from the ‘War on Terror’” (2003) 2 Fletcher Forum of World Affairs55Google Scholar
Arnold, Roberta, “The New War on Terror: Legal Implications under International Humanitarian Law” in Breau, Susan C. and Jachec-Neale, Agnieszka, Testing the Boundaries of International Humanitarian Law (London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2006), pp. 85–112.Google Scholar
Bellinger, John B., “Legal Issues in the War on Terrorism: A Reply to Silja N. Vöneky” (2007) 8(9) German Yearbook of International Law871.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, “The Legal Situation of ‘Unlawful/Unprivileged Combatants’” (2003) 85(849) International Review of the Red Cross45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum, Gabriella and Heymann, Philip B., Laws, Outlaws, and Terrorists: Lessons from the War on Terrorism (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Gearty, Conor, “The Superpatriotic Fervour of the Moment” (2008) 28(1) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies183.CrossRef
Sassòli, Marco, “Terrorism and War” (2006) 4(5) Journal of International Criminal Justice956CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, Roberta, “Terrorism in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law” in Arnold, Roberta and Quénivet, Noelle (eds.), International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: Towards a Merger in International Law (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2008), pp. 475–97.Google Scholar
Heisbourg, Françoise, “A Surprising Little War: First Lessons of Mali” (2013) 55(2) Survival: Global Politics and Strategy7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schöndorf, Roy S., “Extra-State Armed Conflicts: Is there a Need for a New Legal Regime?” (2004) 37(1) New York University Journal of International Law and Politics1, 61–62Google Scholar
Corn, Geoffrey S. and Jensen, Eric Talbot, “Transnational Armed Conflict: A ‘Principled’ Approach to the Regulation of Counter-Terror Combat Operations” (2009) 42(1) Israel Law Review46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCoubrey, Hilaire and White, Nigel D., International Law and Armed Conflict (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1992), p. 318.Google Scholar
Martin, Francisco Forrest, “Using International Human Rights Law for Establishing a Unified Use of Force Rule in the Law of Armed Conflict” (2001) 64 Sasketchewan Law Review353.Google Scholar
Shany, Yuval, “Human Rights and Humanitarian Law as Competing Legal Paradigms for Fighting Against Terror” in Ben-Naftali, Orna (ed.), International Humanitarian and International Human Rights Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 14–24 and 33Google Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip, The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011)Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René, The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilfoyle, Douglas, “The Legal Challenges in Fighting Piracy” in van Ginkel, Bibi and van der Putten, Frans-Paul (eds.), The International Response to Somali Piracy: Challenges and Opportunities (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2010), pp. 127–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallahue, Patrick, “Mexico’s ‘War on Drugs’: Real or Rhetorical Armed Conflict?” (2011) 24(1) Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict39Google Scholar
Bergal, Carina, “The Mexican Drug War: The Case for a Non-International Armed Conflict Classification” (2011) 34(4) Fordham International Law Journal1042.Google Scholar
Bennett, Richard, Asserting the Presence of the State, One Step at a Time: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2008–2010, Innovations for Successful Societies Policy Note (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), available at (last accessed 15 April 2014)Google Scholar
Fuentes, Carlos Iván, The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to Situations of Urban Violence: Are Cities Turning into War Zones?, McGill University Centre for Human Rights and Legal Pluralism Working Paper (26 February 2008), available at (last accessed 15 April 2014).
Corps, Marine, Counterinsurgency Field Manual (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007)Google Scholar
Katanayagi, Mary, Human Rights Functions of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (The Hague: Nijhoff, 2002)Google Scholar
Maus, Sylvia, “Human Rights in Peacekeeping Missions: A Framework for Humanitarian Obligations?” in Heintze, Hans-Joachim and Zwitter, Andrej (eds.), International Humanitarian Law and Humanitarian Assistance: A Crosscut through Legal Issues Pertaining to Humanitarianism (Berlin: Springer, 2011), pp. 104–28.Google Scholar
Rowe, Peter, The Impact of Human Rights Law on Armed Forces (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 224 and 232.Google Scholar
United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines (New York, United Nations, 2008), pp. 13–16.
Benedek, Wolfgang, “Mainstreaming Human Security in United Nations and European Union Peace and Crisis Management Operations: Policies and Practice” in Benedek, Wolfgang, Kettemann, Matthias C. and Möstl, Markus (eds.), Mainstreaming Human Security in Peace Operations and Crisis Management: Policies, Problems, Potential (London: Routledge, 2010), pp. 13–31.Google Scholar
Shraga, Daphne, “UN Peacekeeping Operations: Applicability of International Humanitarian Law and Responsibility for Operations-Related Damage” (2000) 94(2) American Journal of International Law406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nambiar, Satish, “Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to United Nations Peace Operations” in Mani, V. S. (ed.), Handbook of International Humanitarian Law (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 217–30.Google Scholar
van Hegelsom, Gert-Jan F., “The Law of Armed Conflict and UN Peace-Keeping and Peace-Enforcing Operations” (1993) 6 Hague Yearbook of International Law45.Google Scholar
Vité, Sylvain, “Typology of Armed Conflicts in International Humanitarian Law: Legal Concepts and Actual Situations” (2009) 91(873) International Review of the Red Cross87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kälin, Walter and Künzli, Jörg, The Law of International Human Rights Protection (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 150–51.Google Scholar
Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, UN Doc. A/55/305 and S/2000/809 (21 August 2000)
Chapman, Peter F., “Ensuring Respect: United Nations Compliance with International Humanitarian Law” (2009) 17 Human Rights Brief1, 3, available at (last accessed 15 April 2014).Google Scholar
Zwanenburg, Marten, Accountability of Peace Support Operations (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2005), pp. 173–74.Google Scholar
Mansson, Katarina, “Implementing the Concept of Protection of Civilians in the Light of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: The Case of MONUC” in Arnold, Roberta and Quénivet, Noelle, International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: Towards a Merger in International Law (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2008), pp. 589–90.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Rob, “The Law of Armed Conflict and International Human Rights Law: Some Paradigmatic Differences and Operational Implications” (2010) 13 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law229Google Scholar
Irmscher, Tobias H., “The Legal Framework for the Activities of the United Nations Administration Mission in Kosovo: The Charter, Human Rights, and the Law of Occupation” (2001) 44 German Yearbook of International Law375.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, “Legislation and Maintenance of Public Order and Civil Life by Occupying Powers” (2005) 16(4) European Journal of International Law691–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×