Introduction

In many societies, the old people form a vulnerable and financially weak group in the population. They are vulnerable because of their poor health and physical condition, disabilities, social isolation, poor housing, and lack of care. They are financially weak because they do not have enough savings or their pension is too little to support their lives at old age. Many of them have to depend on their children or relatives or are forced to continue working to make ends meet. The economic crisis has presumably worsened the condition of the elderly although the impact differs because senior citizens are not a homogenous group.

The number of elderly persons will increase rapidly in the coming half century. The trend of population ageing is confirmed since future senior citizens are already there and their survival can be forecasted with accuracy, barring unforeseen calamities. The impact of two decades of fertility and mortality decline is shown in the rapid growth rates of the older age groups and the low growth rates of children. In Indonesia, the population aged 65 years and older more than doubled between 1971 and 1990, from 2.97 million to 6.75 million, or from 2.5 to 3.8 per cent of the population (Hugo 1996, p. 15). By the year 2025, some 13 per cent of the population will be 60 years or older, a rise from about 7.6 per cent in 2000. Ageing is a global event and will spare no country. The United Nations considers ageing as one of the urgent issues in the coming decades (UN 1992b, 1993; and UNFPA, 1998).