Public culture is composed of diverse elements – parliamentary committees, law courts, the media, and the unruly public sphere itself. These varied components are connected by discourses and practices that reach across specific institutions and spaces. Each of our case studies has examined an episode that places questions about the relationship between race and Australian citizenship to the fore of public discourse. The debate about the belonging of non-Anglo Australians occurred, more often than not, in cultural rather than biological terms. Considering how matters of race are reinscribed as questions of culture, in this chapter we examine the relationship between communal traditions, Enlightenment principles and the capacity to dissent. At the time of each case study, there was an opportunity for diverse cultural traditions to be legitimised as presences in the Australian public culture and the nation. And at each moment, Australian public life failed to make room for different communal, cultural traditions. These case studies – or moments – then, are examples of how ‘the concept of Enlightenment […] has failed whenever confronted by the concrete reality of difference (exemplified nowadays by the presence of the Indigenous Australian, by the African migrant, the refugees, and their like).’