The Renaissance offered many opportunities for public learning, either institutionalized or through personal engagement helped by the possibilities offered throughout society. Elementary education in reading and writing were offered by the guilds and the city, or with private teachers. Advanced reading and grammar classes were available through private teachers. Abacus schools were likewise offered by the guilds or by private teachers. Additionally, there were also private advanced schools and university teaching. In all of these branches, artists were to be found in bigger or smaller quantities. In their own art institutions, for a long time intellectual education played a less important role.