This chapter discusses how to engineer the criteria from Chapters 2 through 5 to be used with several different types of technologies. These technologies have come to prominence after much of the research literature in software testing, but are now very common and account for a large percentage of new applications being built. Sometimes we modify the criteria, and sometimes simply discuss how to build the models that the existing criteria can be applied to. Some of these technologies, such as Web applications and embedded software, tend to have extremely high reliability requirements. So testing is crucial to the success of the applications. The chapter explains what is different about these technologies from a testing viewpoint, and summarizes some of the existing approaches to testing software that uses the technologies.

Object-oriented technologies became prominent in the mid-1990s and researchers have spent quite a bit of time studying their unique problems. A number of issues with object-oriented software have been discussed in previous chapters, including various aspects of applying graph criteria in Chapter 2, integration mutation in Chapter 5 and the CITO problem in Chapter 6. This chapter looks into how the use of classes affects testing, and focuses on some challenges that researchers have only started addressing. Most of these solutions that have not yet made their way into automated tools. The most important of these challenges is testing for problems in the use of inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding.