Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
March 2023
Print publication year:
2023
Online ISBN:
9781009266550
Subjects:
Islam, Religion

Book description

This first Element in the series Islam and the Sciences is introductory and aims to give readers a general overview of the wide and rich scope of interactions of Islam with the sciences, including past disputes, current challenges, and future outlooks. The Element introduces the main voices and schools of thought, adopting a historical approach to show the evolution of the debates: Khan's naturalism, al-Jisr's hermeneutics, Abduh's modernist Islam, Nasr's perennialist and sacred science, al-Attas's Islamic science, Sardar and the Ijmalis' ethical science, al-Faruqi's Islamization of knowledge/science, Bucaille's and El-Naggar's 'miraculous scientific content in the Qur'an,' Abdus Salam's universal science, Hoodbhoy's and Edis's secularism, and the harmonization of the 'new generation.' The Element also maps out new and emerging topics that are beginning to reignite the debates, before a concluding section examines how issues of Islam and Science are playing out in the media, in public discourse and in education.

References

Abduh, M. (1972). Al-Aʿmal al-kamila [Complete Works], vol. 2, ed. Umara, M.. Beirut: Dar Al-Shuruq.
Ahmad, A. M. L. (2006). Al-Talqih al-sinaʿi bayna aqwal al-atibbaʾ wa-araʾ al-fuqahaʾ [Artificial Insemination, Physicians’ and Jurists’ Views]. Alexandria: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jamaʿi, 242.
Al-Akiti, M. A. (2016). Reinterpreting Al Ghazali’s Alleged Opposition to Science. In Hasan, U. & Osama, A. (eds.), Islam and Science: Muslim Responses to Science’s Big Questions. www.academia.edu/39876520/Islam_and_Science_Muslim_Responses_to_Sciences_Big_Questions.
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (1989). Islam and the Philosophy of Science. Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC.
Al-Azmeh, A. (1996). Islams and Modernities. 2nd ed. London: Verso.
Al-Faruqi, I. R. (1995). Al Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life. 3rd ed. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Al-Jisr, H. (1887). Al-Risala al-Hamidiyya fi haqiqat al-diyana al-Islamiyya wa-haqiqat l-Shariʿa al-Muhammadiyya [A Hamidian Essay on the Truthfulness of the Islamic Religion and the Truthfulness of the Islamic Canon Law]. Beirut: Majlis Maʿarif Wilayat Bayrut.
Al-Khalifi, A. (1998). Al-Fiʿl al-Ilahi bayna al-wujub wa-l-ikhtiyar [Divine Action between Necessity and Choice]. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Islamic Philosophy. Cairo: Cairo University Press.
Anawati, G. C. (1979). Philosophy, Theology, and Mysticism. In Schacht, J. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.), The Legacy of Islam. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 350391.
Aramesh, K., & Shadi, H. (2007). Euthanasia: An Islamic Ethical Perspective. Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 6(Suppl. 5), 3538.
Averroes, [Ibn Rushd]. (2008). Tahafut al-Tahafut [The Incoherence of the Incoherence], trans. van den Bergh, S., reprint. London: Luzac & Co.
Averroes, [Ibn Rushd]. (2017). The Decisive Treatise: The Connection between Islamic Religious Law and Philosophy, ed. Campanini, M.. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
Azadegan, E. (2014). Islamic Science: A Missed Subject in Bigliardi’s Monograph? Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 3(10), 1215. https://social-epistemology.com/2014/09/08/islamic-science-a-missed-subject-in-bigliardis-monograph-ebrahim-azadegan/.
Barbour, I. G. (2000). When Science Meets Religion: Enemies, Strangers, or Partners? San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco.
Bigliardi, S. (2011). Snakes from Staves? Science, Scriptures and the Supernatural in Maurice Bucaille. Zygon, 46(4), 793805.
Bigliardi, S. (2012). The Strange Case of Dr. Bucaille: Notes for a Re-examination. The Muslim World, 102(2), 248263.
Bigliardi, S. (2013). The Interpretation of Miracles According to Mutahhari and Golshani: Comparative and Critical Notes. Journal of Shiʿa Islamic Studies, 6(3), 261288.
Bigliardi, S. (2014a). The Contemporary Debate on the Harmony between Islam and Science: Emergence and Challenges of a New Generation. Social Epistemology, 28(2), 167186.
Bigliardi, S. (2014b). Islam and the Quest for Modern Science: Conversations with Adnan Oktar, Mehdi Golshani, M. Basil Altaie, Zaghloul El-Naggar, Bruno Guiderdoni, and Nidhal Guessoum. Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul.
Bigliardi, S. (2014c). On Harmonizing Islam and Science: A Response to Edis and a Self-Criticism. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 3(6), 5668. https://social-epistemology.com/2014/05/15/on-harmonizing-islam-and-science-a-response-to-edis-and-a-self-criticism-stefano-bigliardi/.
Bigliardi, S. (2014d). Mehdi Golshani’s Philosophy, Islamic Science(s), and Judeo-Christian/Muslim Dialogue: A Reply to Azadegan. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 3(10), 167186. https://social-epistemology.com/2014/09/10/mehdi-golshanis-philosophy-islamic-sciences-and-judeo-christianmuslim-dialogue-a-reply-to-azadegan-stefano-bigliardi/.
Bigliardi, S. (2014e). What We Talk about When We Talk about iʿjaz. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 4(1), 3845. https://social-epistemology.com/2014/12/15/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-i%CA%BFjaz-stefano-bigliardi/.
Bigliardi, S. (2016). Exploring the Contemporary Debate over Islam and Science in India: Portrait of the Aligarh School. In Fehige, Y. (ed.), Science and Religion: East and West. London: Routledge, 174188.
Bigliardi, S. (2017a). The “Scientific Miracle of the Qur’ān,” Pseudoscience, and Conspiracism. Zygon, 52(1), 146171.
Bigliardi, S. (2017b). Science Refuses to Take Root in Muslim Countries [Interview with P. Hoodbhoy]. Newsline. https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/science-refuses-take-root-muslim-countries-dr-pervez-hoodbhoy/.
Bigliardi, S. (2022). The Unification of the Unifier’s Thought and Its Challenges: Abdus Salam’s Views on Islam and Science. Essay Review of Abdus Salam. Une oeuvre entre science et islam by Ismaël Omarjee, L’Harmattan, 2021. Lato Sensu: Revue de la Société de philosophie des sciences, 9(1), 2835. doi: 10.20416/LSRSPS.V9I1.5.
Bojowald, M. (2007). What Happened Before the Big Bang? Nature Physics, 3(8), 523525.
Bouzenita, A. İ. (2018). “The Most Dangerous Idea?” Islamic Deliberations on Transhumanism. Darulfunun Ilahiyat, 29(2), 201228.
Bucaille, M. (1976). La Bible, le Coran et la Science: Les Écritures saintes examinées à la lumière des connaissances modernes. Paris: Seghers.
Bucaille, M. (1981). L’homme d’où vient-il? Les réponses de la science et des écritures saintes. Paris: Seghers.
Burton, E. K. (2010). Teaching Evolution in Muslim States: Iran and Saudi Arabia Compared. Reports of the National Center for Science Education, 30(3), 2529.
Campanini, M. (2005). Qur’an and Science: A Hermeneutical Approach. Journal of Qur’anic Studies, 7(1), 4863.
Cheong, P. H. (2020). Robots, Religion and Communication: Rethinking Piety, Practices and Pedagogy in the Era of Artificial Intelligence. In Isetti, G., Innerhofer, E., Pechlaner, H., & de Rachewiltz, M. (eds.), Religion in the Age of Digitalization: From New Media to Spiritual Machines. London: Routledge, 8696.
Chittick, W. (2007). Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul: The Pertinence of Islamic Cosmology in the Modern World. Oxford: Oneworld.
Cho, M. K., & Relman, D. A. (2010). Synthetic “Life,” Ethics, National Security, and Public Discourse. Science, 329, 3839. doi:10.1126/science.1193749.
Clark, K. J., & Koperski, J. (eds.) (2022). Abrahamic Reflections on Randomness and Providence. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Clayton, P. (2008). Adventures in the Spirit: God, World, Divine Action. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
Clayton, P., & Railey, M. S. (1998). What Every Teacher of Science and Religion Needs to Know about Pedagogy. Zygon, 33(1), 121130.
Clément, P. (2015). Muslim Teachers’ Conceptions of Evolution in Several Countries. Public Understanding of Science, 24(4), 400421. doi:10.1177/0963662513494549.
Collins, R. (2016). The Fine-Tuning for Scientific Discovery. In Stewart, R. (ed.), God and Cosmology. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 141168.
Collins, R. (2018). The Argument from Physical Constants: The Fine-Tuning for Discoverability. Philosophy Educator Scholarship, 29. https://mosaic.messiah.edu/phil_ed/29.
Cragg, K. (1998). Readings in the Qur’an. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press.
Dajani, R. (2015). Why I Teach Evolution to Muslim Students. Nature, 520, 409.
Dallal, A. (2012). Science and Religion in the History of Islam. In Marshall, D. (ed.), Science and Religion: Christian and Muslim Perspectives. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Doko, E. (2019). Does Fine-Tuning Need an Explanation? Kader Kelam Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(1), 114.
Draper, P. R. (2005). God, Science, and Naturalism. In Wainwright, W. J. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 272303.
Dyson, F. (2007). A Many-Colored Glass: Reflections on the Place of Life in the Universe. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
Edis, T. (2002). The Ghost in the Universe: God in Light of Modern Science. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Edis, T. (2007). An Illusion of Harmony: Science and Religion in Islam. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Edis, T. (2008). Science and Nonbelief. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Edis, T. (2014). On Harmonizing Religion and Science: A Reply to Bigliardi. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 3(2), 4043. bit.ly/3uGmSt4.
Edis, T. (2016). Islam Evolving: Radicalism, Reformation, and the Uneasy Relationship with the Secular West. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Ellis, G. F. R. (1995). Ordinary and Extraordinary Divine Action: The Nexus of Interaction. In Russell, R., Murphy, N., & Peacocke, A. (eds.), Chaos and Complexity: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action. Vatican: Vatican Observatory, 359396.
El-Naggar, Z. (2008). Vérités scientifiques dans le noble Coran. Beirut: Dar Al-Marefah.
El-Naggar, Z. (2010). Scientific Precision in the Sunnah: Quotations from the Sayings of Prophet Mohammad (p.b.u.h.). Beirut: Dar Al-Marefah.
El-Showk, S. (2016). The Islamic View of the Multiverse. Nautilus, December 28. https://nautil.us/the-islamic-view-of-the-multiverse-10157/.
Genç, K. (2018). Turkey’s Unnatural Selection: Darwin is the Latest Victim of an Attack on Scientific Values in Turkey’s Education System. Index on Censorship, 47(3), 810.
Ghaly, M. (2013). Islamic Bioethics in the Twenty-First Century. Zygon, 48(3), 592599.
Golshani, M. (2000). Islam and the Sciences of Nature: Some Fundamental Questions. Islamic Studies, 39(4), 597611.
Golshani, M. (2003a). The Holy Qur’an and the Sciences of Nature: A Theological Reflection. New York: Global Scholarly Publications.
Golshani, M. (2003b). Min al-ʿilm al-ʿilmani ila al-ʿilm al-dini [From Secular Science to Theistic Science]. Beirut: Dar Al-Hady.
Golshani, M. (2013). Seek Knowledge Even If It Is in China. Islam and Science: An Educational Approach, September 13. https://islam-science.net/seek-knowledge-even-if-it-is-in-china-1260/.
Görke, A. (2010). Die Spaltung des Mondes in der modernen Koranexegese und im Internet. Welt des Islams, 50, 60116.
Guénon, M. (2019). ʿAbd Al-Majīd Al-Zindānī’s Iʿjāz ʿIlmī Approach: Embryonic Development in Q. 23: 12–14 as a Scientific Miracle. Journal of Qur’anic Studies, 21(3), 3256.
Guessoum, N. (2010). Islam’s Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Guessoum, N. (2011). [Book review of] Islam and Biological Evolution: Exploring Classical Sources and Methodologies by David Solomon Jalajel. Journal of Islamic Studies, 22(3), 476479.
Guessoum, N. (2016a). Islam, Science, Methodological Naturalism, Divine Action, and Miracles. In Hasan, U. & Osama, A. (eds.), Islam and Science: Muslim Responses to Science’s Big Questions. www.bit.ly/3VOPoov.
Guessoum, N. (2016b). Islamic Theological views on Darwinian Evolution. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion, May 9. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.36.
Guessoum, N. (2018). Science and Religion Issues in Higher Education. In Adanan, B., Baydoun, E., & Hillman, J. R. (eds.), Universities in Arab Countries: An Urgent Need for Change. Cham: Springer, 187197.
Guessoum, N. (2022). Randomness in the Cosmos. In Clark, K. J. & Koperski, J. (eds.), Abrahamic Reflections on Randomness and Providence. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 5784.
Hamdy, S. (2008). Rethinking Islamic Legal Ethics in Egypt’s Organ Transplant Debate. In Brockopp, J. E. & Eich, T. (eds.), Muslim Medical Ethics: From Theory to Practice. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 7893.
Hejazi, S. (2019). “Humankind. The Best of Molds”: Islam Confronting Transhumanism. Sophia, 58(4), 677688. doi:10.1007/s11841-019-00755-7.
Hoodbhoy, P. (1991). Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and the Battle for Rationality. London: Zed Books.
Hoodbhoy, P. (2015). An Exchange on Science and the Supernatural in Pakistani Universities. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, November 2. bit.ly/3Q6yhMS
Howard, D. (2011). Being Human in Islam: The Impact of the Evolutionary Worldview. London: Routledge.
Iqbal, M. (2007). Science and Islam. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Jalajel, D. S. (2009). Islam and Biological Evolution: Exploring Classical Sources and Methodologies. Bellville: University of the Western Cape.
Jalajel, D. S. (2018). Tawaqquf and Acceptance of Human Evolution. Irving, TX: Yaqeen Institute publications. https://bit.ly/3icdrPp.
Karapehlivan, F. (2019). Constructing a “New Turkey” through Education: An Overview of the Education Policies in Turkey under the AKP Rule. Heinrich Böll Stiftung, October 1. https://bit.ly/3IiRPMe.
Khan, N., and Qadhi, Y. (2018). Human Origins: Theological Conclusions and Empirical Limitations. Irving, TX: Yaqeen Institute Publications. https://bit.ly/3VNh8sU.
Khokhar, M. S. (2018). Fine Tuning and the Holy Qur’an. Advanced Humanities and Social Sciences, 3, 3738.
Kirmani, M. Z. (2015). The Aligarh School of Islam and Science Studies: Understanding Its Background and Distinctive Features. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 4(10), 3346. https://social-epistemology.com/2015/10/23/the-aligarh-school-of-islam-and-science-studies-understanding-its-background-and-distinctive-features-m-zaki-kirmani/
Kurniawan, B. (n.d.). Islamizing Social Science: The Politics of Islamization of Science on Several Higher Education Institutions in Indonesia. https://bit.ly/3X1xIpY.
Lewis, G. F., and Barnes, L. A. (2016). A Fortunate Universe: Life in a Finely Tuned Cosmos. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Malik, S. (2020). Islam and Evolution: The Curious Case of David Solomon Jalajel. In Schleifer, S. A. (ed.), The Muslim 500: The World’s 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2021. Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, 251254.
Mansour, N. (2019). Science, Religion, and Pedagogy: Teachers’ Issues. In Billingsley, B., Chappell, K., & Reiss, M. J. (eds.), Science and Religion in Education. Cham: Springer, 315336.
Matthews, Z. (2021). A Review of the Rulings by Muslim Jurists on Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Tissue Transplantation. Religions, 12(9), 720730. doi: 10.3390/rel12090720
Mavani, H. (2014). God’s Deputy: Islam and Transhumanism. In Mercer, C. & Maher, D. F. (eds.), Transhumanism and the Body: The World Religions Speak. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 6784.
Mimouni, J. (2015). Should Religion Be Kept Out of the Science Classroom? In Guessoum, N. & Osama, A. (eds.), Science at the Universities of the Muslim World, 8386: http://muslim-science.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Science_at_Universities_of_the_Muslim_World.pdf.
Moore, K. L. (1983). The Developing Human, Clinically Oriented Embryology with Islamic Additions, Correralations [sic] Studies with Qur’an and Hadith (A. M. A. Azzindani), 3rd ed. Jeddah: Dar Al-Qiblah for Islamic Literature. www.tinyurl.com/2p83ex9s.
Muğaloğlu, E. Z. (2018). An Insight into Evolution Education in Turkey. In Deniz, H. & Borgerding, L. (eds.), Evolution Education Around the Globe. Cham: Springer, 263279.
Mujahed, M. (2004). Usus al-manhaj al-Qurʾani fi bahth al-ʿulum al-tabiʿiyya [The Bases of the Qur’anic Methodology in the Study of the Natural Sciences], 2nd ed. Jeddah: Ad-Dar As-Suʿudiyya li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿa.
Mutahhari, M. (1922). Farizeh ʿIlm [The Duty of Knowledge]. Tehran: Goftar-e Mah.
Nasr, S. H. (1964). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines: Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwān Al-safāʾ, Al-Bīrunī and Ibn Sīnā. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Nasr, S. H. (1981). Knowledge and the Sacred: The Gifford Lectures, 1981. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Nasr, S. H. (1982). Islam and Modern Science. In Azzam, S. (ed.), Islam and Contemporary Society. London: Addison-Wesley Longman, 177190.
Nasr, S. H. (1993). The Need for a Sacred Science. London: Curzon.
Nasr, S. H., & Iqbal, M. (2007). Islam, Science, Muslims and Technology: Seyyed Hossein Nasr in Conversation with Muzaffar Iqbal. Sherwood Park, AB: Al-Qalam Publishing.
Okasha, S. (2016). Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Omarjee, I. (2021). Abdus Salam: Une œuvre entre science et Islam. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Padela, A. I. (ed.). (2021) Medicine and Shariah: A Dialogue in Islamic Bioethics. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Parray, T. A. (2015). Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) on Taqlid, Ijtihad, and Science-Religion Compatibility. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 4(6), 1934. https://tinyurl.com/4znre2tv
Peker, D., Comert, G. G., & Kence, A. (2010). Three Decades of Anti-Evolution Campaign and Its Results: Turkish Undergraduates’ Acceptance and Understanding of the Biological Evolution Theory. Science & Education, 19, 739–755.
Piraino, F. (2014). Bruno Guiderdoni – among Sufism, Traditionalism and Science: A Reply to Bigliardi. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 3 (11), 2124: https://tinyurl.com/5ebskstu.
Rady, M. Y., and Verheijde, J. L. (2009). Islam and End-of-Life Organ Donation: Asking the Right Questions. Saudi Medical Journal, 30(7), 882886.
Raquib, A., Channa, B., Zubair, T. et al. (2022). Islamic Virtue-Based Ethics for Artificial Intelligence. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 2, 11.
Reed, R. (2021). AI in Religion, AI for Religion, AI and Religion: Towards a Theory of Religious Studies and Artificial Intelligence. Religions, 12(6), 401. www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/6/401/htm.
Renan, E. (1862). De la part des peuples sémitiques dans l’histoire de la civilisation : discours d’ouverture du cours de langues hébraïque, chaldaïque et syriaque, au Collège de France. Available as ebook from the Bibliothèque Nationale de France: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29776q/f1.item.
Riexinger, M. (2009). Abdus Salam: A Nobel Physicist from the Muslim World. In Rupke, N. A. (ed.), Eminent Lives in Twentieth-Century Science & Religion. 2nd revised and much expanded ed. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 317332.
Ross Solberg, A. (2013). The Mahdi Wears Armani: An Analysis of the Harun Yahya Enterprise, Huddinge: Södertörn University Press.
Rustom, M. (2017). The Great Chain of Consciousness. Renovatio, April 28. https://renovatio.zaytuna.edu/article/the-great-chain-of-consciousness.
Salam, A. (1984). Islam and Science. In Lai, C. H. (ed.), Ideals and Realities. Selected Essays of Abdus Salam (2nd ed. published 1987). Singapore: World Scientific, 179213.
Salam, A. (1986). The Future of Science in Islamic Countries. In Lai, C. H. (ed.), Ideals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam (2nd ed. published 1987). Singapore: World Scientific, 214240.
Salam, A. (1991). Foreword. In Hoodbhoy, P., Islam and Science. Religious Orthodoxy and the Battle for Rationality. London: Zed Books, ixxi. (Foreword written in 1990)
Sardar, Z. (ed.). (1984). The Touch of Midas: Science, Values, and Environment in Islam and the West. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Sardar, Z. (1985). Between Two Masters: Qur’an or Science? Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines, 2(8), 3741.
Sardar, Z. (1989). Explorations in Islamic Science. London: Mansell.
Sardar, Z. (2004). Desperately Seeking Paradise: Journeys of a Sceptical Muslim. London: Granta Books.
Sardar, Z. (2006a). Muslims and Philosophy of Science. In Masood, E. (ed.), How Do You Know? London: Pluto, 108113.
Sardar, Z. (2006b). Islamic Science: The Way Ahead. In Masood, E. (ed.), How Do You Know? London: Pluto, 161192.
Saunders, N. (2002). Divine Action and Modern Science. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sedgwick, M. (2004). Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Setia, A. (2003). Al-Attas’ Philosophy of Science: An Extended Outline. Islam & Science, 1(2), 165214.
Singler, B. (2017). An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Religion for the Religious Studies Scholar. Implicit Religion, 20(3), 215231.
Ssekamanya, S.A., Suhailah, H., and Nik Ahmad, H. I. (2011). The Experience of Islamization of Knowledge at the International Islamic University Malaysia: Successes and Challenges. New Intellectual Horizons in Education, 91–110.
Stenberg, L. (1996). The Islamization of Science: Four Muslim Positions Developing an Islamic Modernity. Lund: Religionshistoriska avdelningen, Lunds universitet.
Taji-Farouki, S. (2004). Introduction. In Taji-Farouki, S. (ed.), Modern Muslim Intellectuals and the Qur’an London: Oxford University Press, 136.
Tarhan, N. (2012). Consciousness. In Questions on Islam. https://questionsonislam.com/article/consciousness.
Taslaman, C. (2022). Can a Muslim Be an Evolutionist? In Clark, K. J. & Koperski, J. (eds.), Abrahamic Reflections on Randomness and Providence. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 107117.
Tee, C. (2016). The Gülen Movement in Turkey: The Politics of Islam and Modernity. London and New York: I. B. Tauris.
Vauthier, J. (1990). Abdus Salam un physicien: Entretien avec Jacques Vauthier. Paris: Beauchesne.
Wiles, M. (1999). Reason to Believe. London: SCM Press.
Woodman, A., Al-Bar, M. A, & Chamsi-Pasha, H. (2019). Introduction to Islamic Medical Ethics. Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association, 2(1), 15.
Yazicioglu, U. I. (2013). Understanding the Qur’anic Miracle Stories in the Modern Age. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Ziadat, A. A. (1986). Western Science in the Arab World: The Impact of Darwinism, 1860–1930. London: MacMillan.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.