ISLAMIC STRATEGY IN THE PAST

Based on the previous discussion, it can be suggested that at some point the history of Indonesia's political Islam was characterized by two dominant features. To achieve their desired goals, the earlier leaders and activists of political Islam relied mostly on (1) non-integrative or partisan politics and (2) parliament as the only playing field.

The partisan politics approach was directly related to the grouping of Islam as political forces (that is, Masyumi, later to be succeeded by Parmusi, Nahdlatul Ulama [NU], Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia [PSII], and Perti. What was then known as political Islam appeared to become the sole enterprise of Islamic parties. In other words, political Islam emerged to become an exclusive project and venture of these parties to envision and fulfil.

It is arguable that under such political groupings Islam gained relative clarity with respect to its formal and institutional role in politics. In fact, there had been a growing inclination to perceive the mere presence of these parties as evidence of the dynamism and vitality of political Islam. This made their existence seem to be theologically and politically imperative.

However, given the severity of the ideological polarization among the existing political parties, especially during the liberal as well as Guided Democracy periods, it became apparent that these political groupings had further religious political consequences. They posed some constraints to Islam as a single religious entity.