While descriptive statistics are concerned with, and limited to, the exploration of your own dataset, inferential statistics go a step further: they deal with probabilities. In other words, they address questions such as: how likely is it that a difference found between two groups in an experiment would obtain in the population at large? These probabilities or likelihoods are expressed by the ominous expression p = x, where p stands for ‘probability’ and x for a percentage, as assessed by some statistical procedure such as the ones I shall discuss below. When this value becomes smaller than 0.05, that is, when the probability that the group difference is a coincidence is smaller than 5 per cent, we speak of a significant difference. This means that we find the margin of error acceptable and therefore assume that the different performance of the two groups is the outcome of the variable we investigated, not of chance.