7 - Malaysia
The undermining of its fundamental institutions and the prospects for reform
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 June 2011
Summary
Introduction
Malaysia
Malaysia is geographically divided into two distinct regions: Peninsular Malaysia (also known as West Malaysia), and East Malaysia, which consists of the states of Sabah and Sarawak. The plurality of its society is reflected in the diverse range of laws that make up its legal system.
Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (or King) is the Supreme Head of the Federation. As the head of state, he is in charge of the three branches of government: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. However, the King's discretion is very limited. He is obliged to act on the advice of the Cabinet or a Minister authorised by the Cabinet (usually the Prime Minister, who is the head of government) except as otherwise provided by the Federal Constitution.
The Conference of Rulers elects a Ruler as the King for five years. Each Malay State has a Ruler and each of the four states which were formerly British colonies – Malacca, Penang, Sabah and Sarawak – have a Governor (Yang di-Pertua Negeri). Although the head of state of his or her territory, under the Federal Constitution, each Ruler and Governor is nevertheless obliged to act on the advice of the State Executive Council or a member thereof. The Conference of Rulers consists of all the nine Rulers and four Governors. It is a highly influential body that provides an intimate link between the federal and state governments at the highest level.
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- Chapter
- Information
- Law and Legal Institutions of AsiaTraditions, Adaptations and Innovations, pp. 212 - 261Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011
References
‘Abdullah: It's Not About My Legacy’, Malaysiakini, 10 December 2008
, The Malaysian Legal System, 2nd ed, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 1995Google Scholar
, ‘5 in Lingam Case Can Appeal’, New Straits Times, 15 December 2008
, ‘The Role of the Malaysian Bar – Its Struggles and Achievements’, INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar, Bar Council, Kuala Lumpur, vol. XXXIV, no. 2, 2005Google Scholar
, ‘The Reception of English Law under ss 3 and 5 of the Civil Law Act 1956 (Revised 1972)’ (1994) JMCL, p. 42
‘Confirmed: New Anti-Graft Body Will Not Have Prosecutor Powers’, Malaysiakini, 10 December 2008
, The Hon Mrs Justice Susan, ‘The Diamond in a Democracy: An Independent, Accountable Judiciary’, The Judicial Review, vol. 5, 2001, p. 31Google Scholar
, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, 10th ed, Macmillan, London, 1959Google Scholar
, ‘Malaysia in 1999: Mahatir's Pyrrhic Deliverance’, Asian Survey, vol. XL, no. 1, 2000, p. 49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , Decline in the Rule of Law in Singapore and Malaysia, The Association of the Bar of the City of New York, New York, 1990Google Scholar
, ‘5 Fail in Bid to Review Royal Commission's Findings’, New Straits Times, 13 December 2008
‘Graft Cases Against Big Guns Lodged to Test MACC’, Malaysiakini, 2 January 2009
, Law, Government and the Constitution of Malaysia, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1996Google Scholar
, ‘The Problems and Characteristics of Judicial Review in Malaysia’, in , Comparative Studies on the Judicial Review System in East and Southeast Asia, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1997Google Scholar
, ‘Malaysian Legal Information on the Web’, International Journal of Legal Information, vol. 34, no. 3, 2006, p. 526Google Scholar
, The, ‘The Diamond in a Democracy: An Independent, Accountable Judiciary’, The Judicial Review, vol. 5, 2001, p. 31Google Scholar
, Justice in Jeopardy: Malaysia 2000, report of a mission on behalf of the International Bar Association, ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, Commonwealth Lawyers Association, Union Internationale, 5 April 2000
‘Jurisdictional Imbroglio: Civil and Religious Courts, Turf Wars and Article 121(1A) of the Federal Constitution’, in and Constitutional Landmarks in Malaysia: The First Fifty Years 1957–2007, LexisNexis, Singapore, 2007
, Malaysian Judiciary: A Record, 2nd ed, Sweet & Maxwell Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 2002Google Scholar
, ‘The Last Straw That Broke His Back’, New Straits Times, 17 September 2008
, Malaysia: Assault on the Judiciary, Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, New York, 1990Google Scholar
, Constitutional Conflicts in Contemporary Malaysia, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1995Google Scholar
, ‘The Judiciary under Siege’ in Constitutional Conflicts in Contemporary Malaysia, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1995Google Scholar
, ‘Competing Conceptions of Rule of Law in Malaysia’, in , Asian Discourses of Rule of Law: Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries, France and the US, RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2004Google Scholar
, ‘The Malaysian Constitution after 50 Years – Retrospective, Prospective and Comparative Perspectives’ Asian Law, vol. 1, no. 2, 2007, p. 307Google Scholar
, ‘Lawyers’ Causes in Indonesia and Malaysia', in (eds), Cause Lawyering – Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998Google Scholar
, ‘National Integration and Legal Systems: Malaysia’, Malayan Law Review, vol. 10, 1968, p. 29Google Scholar
, ‘Malaysia in 2000: A Year of Contradictions’, Asian Survey, vol. XLI, no. 1, 2001, p. 189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ‘The Rule of Law in Malaysia’, In European Committee for Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore (eds), The Rule of Law and Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore, Selangor, Malaysia, Forum Publications, 1990Google Scholar
, ‘Court Jesters’, Praxis Chronicle of the Malaysian Bar, January/June 2008
, Lost in Transition: Malaysia under Abdullah, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 2008Google Scholar
‘Opposition Lodges Several Complaints with New Malaysian Corruption Watchdog’, Global Insight Daily Analysis, 5 January 2009
, Freedom under Executive Power in Malaysia: A Study of Executive Supremacy, Endowment Publications, Kuala Lumpur, 1995Google Scholar
, ‘The Applicable Law in Singapore and Malaysia’, Malayan Law Journal, Singapore, 1989Google Scholar
(eds), Cause Lawyering – Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998Google Scholar
, Constitutional Monarchy, Rule of Law and Good Governance: Selected Essays and Speeches, Thomson Sweet & Maxwell Asia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2004Google Scholar
‘Tengku Adnan to Appeal Decision’, New Straits Times, 14 December 2008
, ‘Malaysia: The Fierce Politico-Legal Backlash’, Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 3, 1999, p. 1Google Scholar
, ‘Jurisdictional Imbroglio: Civil and Religious Courts, Turf Wars and Article 121(1A) of the Federal Constitution’, in Harding, A and Lee, H P (eds), Constitutional Landmarks in Malaysia: The First Fifty Years 1957–2007, LexisNexis, Singapore, 2007Google Scholar
, ‘Anwar Ibrahim's Long Struggle for Justice’, INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar, vol. XXXIV, no. 1, 2005, p. 6Google Scholar
, ‘The Judiciary – During the First Twenty Years of Independence’, in , (eds), The Constitution of Malaysia, its Development: 1957–1977, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1978Google Scholar
, An Introduction to the Legal System of Malaysia, Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd, Malaysia, 1988Google Scholar
, Public International Law – A Malaysian Perspective, vol. 1, Pacifica Publications, Kuala Lumpur, 1996Google Scholar
, ‘The 1988 Judiciary Crisis and its Aftermath’, in (eds), Constitutional Landmarks in Malaysia, The First 50 years 1957–2007, LexisNexis, Singapore, 2007Google Scholar
, ‘The Malaysian Judiciary: Erosion of Confidence’, Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol. 1, no. 2, 1999, p. 124Google Scholar
, ‘The Saga of Anwar Ibrahim’, in , Constitutional Landmarks in Malaysia, The First 50 Years 1957–2007, LexisNexis, Singapore, 2007Google Scholar
‘Zaid Says Some Umno Ministers Resisting Reforms’, The Edge Financial Daily, 17 September 2008
, ‘Legal Aid in Malaysia: A Critique’, Degree of Bachelor of Laws Project Paper, University of Malaya, 1975Google Scholar
Abdul Shaik v Hussein Ibrahim [1999] MLJ 149
Ayer Molek Rubber Co Bhd v Insas Bhd [1995] 2 MLJ 734
China Insurance Co Ltd v Loong Moh Co Ltd [1964] 30 MLJ 307
Daihatsu (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd v Pendakwa Raya [1987] 1 MLJ 88
Hakim Lee [1997] 4 CLJ Supp 419
Isa Abdul Rahman [1992] 2 MLJ 244
Kaliammal a/p Sinnasamy lwn Pengarah Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (JAWI) dan Lain-lain [2006] 1 MLJ 685
Latifah btw Mat Zin v Rosmawati Sharibun [2006] MLJ 196
Lim Chan Seng [1996] 3 CLJ 23
Ngo Bee Chan v Chia Teck Kim (1919) 2 MC 25
Noor Jahan v Md Yusoff [1994] 2 CLJ 249
Norlela Habibullah v Yusuf Maldoner [2004] 2 CLJ 541
Permodalan Plantations Sdn Bhd v Rachuta Sdn Bhd [1985] 1 MLJ 157
PP v Yap Peng [1987] 2 MLJ 311
Sarwarri [2001] 6 MLJ 737
Seng Djit Hin v Nagurdas Purshotumdas & Co (1923) AC 444
Shaik Zolkaffily [2003] 3 CLJ 289
Soon Singh [1999] 1 MLJ 489
Sukma Darmawan [1999] 1 MLJ 266
United Malayan Banking Corp Bhd v Pemungut Hasil Tanah, Kota Tinggi [1984] 2 MLJ 87
‘Activist's Case Shows Up Malaysian Judiciary’ (24 November 2008) The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/bar_news/berita_badan_peguam/activists_case_shows_up_malaysian_judiciary.html>
, Seniority Important Factor in Judicial Appointments (5 April 2007) Malaysian Bar Council Press Statement, The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_release_seniority_important_factor_in_judicial_appointments.html>
, ‘Cease Harassment of Advocates Performing Their Duties’ (2008) The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/malaysian_bars_press_release_cease_harassment_of_advocates_performing_their_duties.html>
‘Attacks on Justice – Malaysia’ (2008) International Commission of Jurists <http://icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf>
‘Bar Council's Comments on the Judicial Appointments Commission Bill 2008’ (2008) The Malaysian Bar <www.malaysianbar.org.my/…/bar_councils_comments_on_the_judicial_appointments_commission_bill_2008.html>
‘Can Malaysia Judge its Judges?’ (30 January 2008) Asia Sentinel <http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1015&Itemid=178>
, ‘The Role of Lawyers in the Administration of Justice’ Project Malaysia <http://www.projectmalaysia.org/articles/the-role-of-lawyers-in-the-administration-of-justice.html>
, ‘Let Right Be Done’ (16 December 2008) Aliran Monthly <http://www.aliran.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=789&Itemid=10>
Fadiah Nadwa Binti Fikri, ‘BCLAC Responds: Government's Responsibility to Promote Legal Aid (2 June 2008) The Malaysian Bar http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/national_legal_aid/bclac_responds_governments_responsibility_to_promote_legal_aid.html>
, ‘Ayer Molek a Matter of Grave Concern’ (21 August 1995) Malaysian Bar Council Press Statement, The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/ayer_molek_a_matter_of_of_grave_concern.html>
, ‘Investigation into the Poison Pen Letters (10 July 1996) Malaysian Bar Council Press Statement, The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/investigation_into_the_poison_pen_letters.html>
Human Rights Committee, ‘HRC Responds: Legal Aid for All Please’ (4 June 2008) The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/human_rights/hrc_responds_legal_aid_for_all_please.html>
, Moorthy: Why and Where the High Court Erred (13 January 2006) <http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/45689-t>
Judicial Appointments Bill 2008 (2008) Parlimen Malaysia <http://www.parlimen.gov.my/billindexbi/pdf/DR272008E.pdf>
‘Harassment of Lawyers on the Increase (13 November 2008) Malaysian Bar Council Press Statement, The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/malaysian_bars_press_release_harassment_of_lawyers_on_the_increase.html?date=2009-10-01>
Kirby, The Hon Justice Michael, ‘Independence of the Legal Profession: Global and Regional Challenges’ (speech delivered at the Presidents of Law Associations in Asia Conference, Broadbeach, Queensland, 20 March 2005) High Court of Australia, Publications, Speeches <http://www.hcourt.gov.au/speeches/kirbyj/kirbyj_20mar05.html>
, ‘Malaysia: Minorities Demand Protection from Islamic Laws’ (12 January 2006) Inter Press Service <http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=31741>
‘Malaysia: Political Motivations Undermine Anwar Case’ (21 July 2008) Human Rights Watch <http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/07/20/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case>.
Malaysian Anti-Corruption Corruption Bill 2008 <http://www.bpr.gov.my/cda/uploaded_file/MACC.pdf>
Malaysian Bar Council, ‘Bar Council to Continue to Voice Views on Current Issues’ (26 November 2008) The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/bar_news/berita_badan_peguam/bar_council_to_continue_to_voice_views_on_current_issues.html>
Merdeka Centre, Voter Opinion Poll 4th Quarter 2007 – Awareness and Perspectives on Demonstrations, the Economy, National Issues and Leadership (26 December 2007) Merdeka Centre <http://www.merdeka.org/pages/02_research.html>
, ‘Legal Education in Malaysia: Where is it Heading?’ (2004) The Association of American Law Schools <http://www.aals.org/international2004/Papers/Awal.pdf>
and , An Overview of Malaysian Legal System and Research (2008) NYU Law Hauser Global Law School Program <http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Malaysia.htm>
, ‘Injustices of the Past’ (16 August 2006) Malaysian Bar Council Press, The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_release_injustices_of_the_past.html?date=2007-11-01>
‘Abdullah: It's Not About My Legacy’, Malaysiakini, 10 December 2008
, The Malaysian Legal System, 2nd ed, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 1995Google Scholar
, ‘5 in Lingam Case Can Appeal’, New Straits Times, 15 December 2008
, ‘The Role of the Malaysian Bar – Its Struggles and Achievements’, INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar, Bar Council, Kuala Lumpur, vol. XXXIV, no. 2, 2005Google Scholar
, ‘The Reception of English Law under ss 3 and 5 of the Civil Law Act 1956 (Revised 1972)’ (1994) JMCL, p. 42
‘Confirmed: New Anti-Graft Body Will Not Have Prosecutor Powers’, Malaysiakini, 10 December 2008
, The Hon Mrs Justice Susan, ‘The Diamond in a Democracy: An Independent, Accountable Judiciary’, The Judicial Review, vol. 5, 2001, p. 31Google Scholar
, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, 10th ed, Macmillan, London, 1959Google Scholar
, ‘Malaysia in 1999: Mahatir's Pyrrhic Deliverance’, Asian Survey, vol. XL, no. 1, 2000, p. 49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , Decline in the Rule of Law in Singapore and Malaysia, The Association of the Bar of the City of New York, New York, 1990Google Scholar
, ‘5 Fail in Bid to Review Royal Commission's Findings’, New Straits Times, 13 December 2008
‘Graft Cases Against Big Guns Lodged to Test MACC’, Malaysiakini, 2 January 2009
, Law, Government and the Constitution of Malaysia, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1996Google Scholar
, ‘The Problems and Characteristics of Judicial Review in Malaysia’, in , Comparative Studies on the Judicial Review System in East and Southeast Asia, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1997Google Scholar
, ‘Malaysian Legal Information on the Web’, International Journal of Legal Information, vol. 34, no. 3, 2006, p. 526Google Scholar
, The, ‘The Diamond in a Democracy: An Independent, Accountable Judiciary’, The Judicial Review, vol. 5, 2001, p. 31Google Scholar
, Justice in Jeopardy: Malaysia 2000, report of a mission on behalf of the International Bar Association, ICJ Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, Commonwealth Lawyers Association, Union Internationale, 5 April 2000
‘Jurisdictional Imbroglio: Civil and Religious Courts, Turf Wars and Article 121(1A) of the Federal Constitution’, in and Constitutional Landmarks in Malaysia: The First Fifty Years 1957–2007, LexisNexis, Singapore, 2007
, Malaysian Judiciary: A Record, 2nd ed, Sweet & Maxwell Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 2002Google Scholar
, ‘The Last Straw That Broke His Back’, New Straits Times, 17 September 2008
, Malaysia: Assault on the Judiciary, Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, New York, 1990Google Scholar
, Constitutional Conflicts in Contemporary Malaysia, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1995Google Scholar
, ‘The Judiciary under Siege’ in Constitutional Conflicts in Contemporary Malaysia, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1995Google Scholar
, ‘Competing Conceptions of Rule of Law in Malaysia’, in , Asian Discourses of Rule of Law: Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries, France and the US, RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2004Google Scholar
, ‘The Malaysian Constitution after 50 Years – Retrospective, Prospective and Comparative Perspectives’ Asian Law, vol. 1, no. 2, 2007, p. 307Google Scholar
, ‘Lawyers’ Causes in Indonesia and Malaysia', in (eds), Cause Lawyering – Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998Google Scholar
, ‘National Integration and Legal Systems: Malaysia’, Malayan Law Review, vol. 10, 1968, p. 29Google Scholar
, ‘Malaysia in 2000: A Year of Contradictions’, Asian Survey, vol. XLI, no. 1, 2001, p. 189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ‘The Rule of Law in Malaysia’, In European Committee for Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore (eds), The Rule of Law and Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore, Selangor, Malaysia, Forum Publications, 1990Google Scholar
, ‘Court Jesters’, Praxis Chronicle of the Malaysian Bar, January/June 2008
, Lost in Transition: Malaysia under Abdullah, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 2008Google Scholar
‘Opposition Lodges Several Complaints with New Malaysian Corruption Watchdog’, Global Insight Daily Analysis, 5 January 2009
, Freedom under Executive Power in Malaysia: A Study of Executive Supremacy, Endowment Publications, Kuala Lumpur, 1995Google Scholar
, ‘The Applicable Law in Singapore and Malaysia’, Malayan Law Journal, Singapore, 1989Google Scholar
(eds), Cause Lawyering – Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998Google Scholar
, Constitutional Monarchy, Rule of Law and Good Governance: Selected Essays and Speeches, Thomson Sweet & Maxwell Asia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2004Google Scholar
‘Tengku Adnan to Appeal Decision’, New Straits Times, 14 December 2008
, ‘Malaysia: The Fierce Politico-Legal Backlash’, Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 3, 1999, p. 1Google Scholar
, ‘Jurisdictional Imbroglio: Civil and Religious Courts, Turf Wars and Article 121(1A) of the Federal Constitution’, in Harding, A and Lee, H P (eds), Constitutional Landmarks in Malaysia: The First Fifty Years 1957–2007, LexisNexis, Singapore, 2007Google Scholar
, ‘Anwar Ibrahim's Long Struggle for Justice’, INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar, vol. XXXIV, no. 1, 2005, p. 6Google Scholar
, ‘The Judiciary – During the First Twenty Years of Independence’, in , (eds), The Constitution of Malaysia, its Development: 1957–1977, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1978Google Scholar
, An Introduction to the Legal System of Malaysia, Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd, Malaysia, 1988Google Scholar
, Public International Law – A Malaysian Perspective, vol. 1, Pacifica Publications, Kuala Lumpur, 1996Google Scholar
, ‘The 1988 Judiciary Crisis and its Aftermath’, in (eds), Constitutional Landmarks in Malaysia, The First 50 years 1957–2007, LexisNexis, Singapore, 2007Google Scholar
, ‘The Malaysian Judiciary: Erosion of Confidence’, Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol. 1, no. 2, 1999, p. 124Google Scholar
, ‘The Saga of Anwar Ibrahim’, in , Constitutional Landmarks in Malaysia, The First 50 Years 1957–2007, LexisNexis, Singapore, 2007Google Scholar
‘Zaid Says Some Umno Ministers Resisting Reforms’, The Edge Financial Daily, 17 September 2008
, ‘Legal Aid in Malaysia: A Critique’, Degree of Bachelor of Laws Project Paper, University of Malaya, 1975Google Scholar
Abdul Shaik v Hussein Ibrahim [1999] MLJ 149
Ayer Molek Rubber Co Bhd v Insas Bhd [1995] 2 MLJ 734
China Insurance Co Ltd v Loong Moh Co Ltd [1964] 30 MLJ 307
Daihatsu (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd v Pendakwa Raya [1987] 1 MLJ 88
Hakim Lee [1997] 4 CLJ Supp 419
Isa Abdul Rahman [1992] 2 MLJ 244
Kaliammal a/p Sinnasamy lwn Pengarah Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (JAWI) dan Lain-lain [2006] 1 MLJ 685
Latifah btw Mat Zin v Rosmawati Sharibun [2006] MLJ 196
Lim Chan Seng [1996] 3 CLJ 23
Ngo Bee Chan v Chia Teck Kim (1919) 2 MC 25
Noor Jahan v Md Yusoff [1994] 2 CLJ 249
Norlela Habibullah v Yusuf Maldoner [2004] 2 CLJ 541
Permodalan Plantations Sdn Bhd v Rachuta Sdn Bhd [1985] 1 MLJ 157
PP v Yap Peng [1987] 2 MLJ 311
Sarwarri [2001] 6 MLJ 737
Seng Djit Hin v Nagurdas Purshotumdas & Co (1923) AC 444
Shaik Zolkaffily [2003] 3 CLJ 289
Soon Singh [1999] 1 MLJ 489
Sukma Darmawan [1999] 1 MLJ 266
United Malayan Banking Corp Bhd v Pemungut Hasil Tanah, Kota Tinggi [1984] 2 MLJ 87
‘Activist's Case Shows Up Malaysian Judiciary’ (24 November 2008) The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/bar_news/berita_badan_peguam/activists_case_shows_up_malaysian_judiciary.html>
, Seniority Important Factor in Judicial Appointments (5 April 2007) Malaysian Bar Council Press Statement, The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_release_seniority_important_factor_in_judicial_appointments.html>
, ‘Cease Harassment of Advocates Performing Their Duties’ (2008) The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/malaysian_bars_press_release_cease_harassment_of_advocates_performing_their_duties.html>
‘Attacks on Justice – Malaysia’ (2008) International Commission of Jurists <http://icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf>
‘Bar Council's Comments on the Judicial Appointments Commission Bill 2008’ (2008) The Malaysian Bar <www.malaysianbar.org.my/…/bar_councils_comments_on_the_judicial_appointments_commission_bill_2008.html>
‘Can Malaysia Judge its Judges?’ (30 January 2008) Asia Sentinel <http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1015&Itemid=178>
, ‘The Role of Lawyers in the Administration of Justice’ Project Malaysia <http://www.projectmalaysia.org/articles/the-role-of-lawyers-in-the-administration-of-justice.html>
, ‘Let Right Be Done’ (16 December 2008) Aliran Monthly <http://www.aliran.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=789&Itemid=10>
Fadiah Nadwa Binti Fikri, ‘BCLAC Responds: Government's Responsibility to Promote Legal Aid (2 June 2008) The Malaysian Bar http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/national_legal_aid/bclac_responds_governments_responsibility_to_promote_legal_aid.html>
, ‘Ayer Molek a Matter of Grave Concern’ (21 August 1995) Malaysian Bar Council Press Statement, The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/ayer_molek_a_matter_of_of_grave_concern.html>
, ‘Investigation into the Poison Pen Letters (10 July 1996) Malaysian Bar Council Press Statement, The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/investigation_into_the_poison_pen_letters.html>
Human Rights Committee, ‘HRC Responds: Legal Aid for All Please’ (4 June 2008) The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/human_rights/hrc_responds_legal_aid_for_all_please.html>
, Moorthy: Why and Where the High Court Erred (13 January 2006) <http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/45689-t>
Judicial Appointments Bill 2008 (2008) Parlimen Malaysia <http://www.parlimen.gov.my/billindexbi/pdf/DR272008E.pdf>
‘Harassment of Lawyers on the Increase (13 November 2008) Malaysian Bar Council Press Statement, The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/malaysian_bars_press_release_harassment_of_lawyers_on_the_increase.html?date=2009-10-01>
Kirby, The Hon Justice Michael, ‘Independence of the Legal Profession: Global and Regional Challenges’ (speech delivered at the Presidents of Law Associations in Asia Conference, Broadbeach, Queensland, 20 March 2005) High Court of Australia, Publications, Speeches <http://www.hcourt.gov.au/speeches/kirbyj/kirbyj_20mar05.html>
, ‘Malaysia: Minorities Demand Protection from Islamic Laws’ (12 January 2006) Inter Press Service <http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=31741>
‘Malaysia: Political Motivations Undermine Anwar Case’ (21 July 2008) Human Rights Watch <http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/07/20/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case>.
Malaysian Anti-Corruption Corruption Bill 2008 <http://www.bpr.gov.my/cda/uploaded_file/MACC.pdf>
Malaysian Bar Council, ‘Bar Council to Continue to Voice Views on Current Issues’ (26 November 2008) The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/bar_news/berita_badan_peguam/bar_council_to_continue_to_voice_views_on_current_issues.html>
Merdeka Centre, Voter Opinion Poll 4th Quarter 2007 – Awareness and Perspectives on Demonstrations, the Economy, National Issues and Leadership (26 December 2007) Merdeka Centre <http://www.merdeka.org/pages/02_research.html>
, ‘Legal Education in Malaysia: Where is it Heading?’ (2004) The Association of American Law Schools <http://www.aals.org/international2004/Papers/Awal.pdf>
and , An Overview of Malaysian Legal System and Research (2008) NYU Law Hauser Global Law School Program <http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Malaysia.htm>
, ‘Injustices of the Past’ (16 August 2006) Malaysian Bar Council Press, The Malaysian Bar <http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_release_injustices_of_the_past.html?date=2007-11-01>
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