ATHENS' AMNESTY AND LAW'S ALĒTHEIA

Forensic oratory, as Aristotle notes, is oriented toward the past. The law can try only events that have already happened. The speaker of Isocrates 20 bemoans this limitation. It would be best, he says, if criminals bore some mark (sēmeion) that enabled us to punish them before they committed their crime, “inasmuch as it is better to find a means of averting future problems than to punish those that have already occurred” (12). As it is, one should consider it a windfall when a criminal does come before the court, and punish him before he does something worse (12–14). Inherently retrospective, dikē is associated in Greek thought with memory. Zeus “does not overlook (or “forget,” lēthei) that sort of justice that a city holds in it,” says Hesiod (Erga 268–69). The avenging spirit of the murder victim, a demonic agent of justice, is called the alastōr, literally the “unforgetting one.”