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  • Cited by 1
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
February 2018
Print publication year:
2018
Online ISBN:
9781108140379

Book description

1968 was an unprecedented year in terms of upheaval on numerous scales: political, military, economic, social, cultural. In the United States, perhaps no one was more undone by the events of 1968 than President Lyndon Baines Johnson. Kyle Longley leads his readers on a behind-the-scenes tour of what Johnson characterized as the 'year of a continuous nightmare'. Longley explores how LBJ perceived the most significant events of 1968, including the Vietnam War, the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr and Robert Kennedy, and the violent Democratic National Convention in Chicago. His responses to the crises were sometimes effective but often tragic, and LBJ's refusal to seek re-election underscores his recognition of the challenges facing the country in 1968. As much a biography of a single year as it is of LBJ, LBJ's 1968 vividly captures the tumult that dominated the headlines on a local and global level.

Reviews

'Countless historians have picked apart 1968, but Kyle Longley is the first to go inside the head of the man who, more than anyone else, defined that year – and with a style and precision that somehow makes an account of a terrible time a joy to read.'

Clay Risen Source: The New York Times

'1968 was a turbulent year in our country and a year when President Lyndon Johnson encountered what seemed like an endless series of crises. Kyle Longley has depicted the tone of the times and captured the dilemmas and decisions of LBJ in this compelling book that should be read by any student of that eventful year.'

Larry Temple - Special Counsel to President Lyndon Johnson in 1968, Chairman of the LBJ Foundation

'Like King Lear, Lyndon Johnson gave away his power before the end of the play. Kyle Longley's Texas-size epic reveals the tragedy, comedy, pathos, and heroism in the extraordinary events that followed that fateful year, 1968, as seen through the eyes of an American giant.'

Elizabeth Cobbs - author of American Umpire

'From the Pueblo crisis to the Chennault affair, 1968 was a year like no other, and Kyle Longley's fast-paced, richly detailed narrative splendidly captures the ups – and mostly downs – from the vantage point of LBJ's White House.'

George C. Herring - author of The American Century and Beyond

'Kyle Longley has penned a vivid and insightful portrait of one of the most tumultuous and significant years in American history.'

Randall B. Woods - University of Arkansas

'Kyle Longley offers an insightful portrayal of arguably the most complex American president of the Cold War era. What emerges is a fresh appraisal of Lyndon Johnson, a tragic figure contesting the forces of history. In an innovative biographical approach, Longley takes us inside LBJ's White House during the tumultuous year of 1968. An outstanding work by a master storyteller.'

Gregory A. Daddis - Chapman University, California

'Perceptive and unflinching.'

Tim Stanley Source: Literary Review

'Exceptionally well researched, written, organized and presented, LBJ's 1968 is an impressively informative work of outstanding scholarship and unreservedly recommended for both community and academic library 20th Century American History and Political Science collections.'

Source: Midwest Book Review

'The year 1968 is ancient history to some; to others it seems like only yesterday. It was LBJ's last year as president, and he was visited by trauma after trauma – the Pueblo crisis, the Prague Spring, the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr and Robert Kennedy, urban burning and looting, an antiwar movement, a political uprising by Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy challenging his renomination, and so much more … With little relief from the daily tedium of the events of that year, 1968 was one darn thing after another. Longley describes it all well … Recommended.'

P. D. Travis Source: Choice

‘Kyle Longley’s impressive, well-researched book brings new insight to the political and diplomatic events of 1968 … Longley’s book, in addition to its being a fine work of history, provides a template through which to better understand our own times.’

Robert David Johnson Source: Congress & the Presidency

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Contents

Bibliography

Interviews by the Author

Temple, Larry, June 29, 2016, Austin, TX.

Telephone Interviews by the Author

Califano, Joe, February 15, 2017.

Jones, Jim, February 13, 2017.

Memoirs

Ball, George W. The Past Has Another Pattern: Memoirs. New York: W.W. Norton, 1982.
Bui, Diem, and Chanoff, David. In the Jaws of History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987.
Chennault, Anna. The Education of Anna. New York: Times, 1980.
Christian, George. The President Steps Down: A Personal Memoir of the Transfer of Power. New York: Macmillan Company, 1970.
Christopher, Warren. Chances of a Lifetime: A Memoir. New York: Scribner, 2001.
Clifford, Clark M., and Holbrooke, Richard C.. Counsel to the President: A Memoir. New York: Random House, 1991.
Cormier, Frank. LBJ: The Way He Was. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1977.
Cross, James U. Around the World with LBJ: My Wild Ride as Air Force One Pilot, White House Aide, and Personal Confidant. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008.
Dobrynin, Anatoly. In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents, 1962–1986. New York: Times Books, 1995.
Haldeman, H. R. The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House. New York: G.P. Putnam’s sons, 1994.
Humphrey, Hubert H., and Sherman, Norman. The Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991.
Johnson, Lady Bird. A White House Diary. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B. The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963–1969. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972.
Johnson, Sam Houston. My Brother, Lyndon. New York: Cowles Book, 1970.
Kalugin, Oleg. The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espoinage Against the West. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.
Katzenbach, Nicholas. Some of It Was Fun: Working with RFK and LBJ. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008.
Keever, Beverly Deepe. Death Zones and Darling Spies: Seven Years of Vietnam War Reporting. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013.
McPherson, Harry. A Political Education. Boston: Little, Brown and company, 1972.
Reedy, George E. Lyndon B. Johnson, A Memoir. New York: Andrews and McMeel, 1982.
Rusk, Dean. As I Saw it: A Secretary of State’s Memoirs. New York: W. W. North & Company, 1990.
Safire, William. Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1975.
Salinger, Pierre. P.S. A memoir. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
Valenti, Jack. A Very Human President. New York: W.W. Norton & Sons, 1975.
Watson, W. Marvin, and Markman, Sherwin. Chief of Staff: Lyndon Johnson and His Presidency. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2004.
Westmoreland, William C. A Soldier Reports. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1976.
Youngblood, Rufus W. 20 Years in the Secret Service; My Life with Five Presidents. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973.

Oral History Collections

  • Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Oral History Collection. Austin, TX

    • Bryce N. Harlow, Interviewed by Michael L. Gillette, 6 May 1979

    • Larry Temple, interviewed by Joe. B. Frantz, 11 August 1970.

Government Documents

“Editorial Note.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VII. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003.
Johnson, Lyndon B. “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union, 17 January 1968.” In Public Papers of the President of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968. Vol 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Broadcast Statement by the President Following the Passage of the Civil Rights Act, 10 April 1968.” In Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, January-June 1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Letter to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House Urging Passage of an Effective Gun Control Law, 6 June 1968.” In Public Papers of the President, 1968–69. Vol 1. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Letter to the Speaker of the House Urging Enactment of the Fair Housing Bill, 5 April 1968.” In Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, January-June 1968. Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson to Shapiro, 6 April 1968.” In Public Papers of the President, January-June 1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.President’s Daily Diary.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VI. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Proclamation 3881, Thanksgiving Day, 15 November 1968.” In Public Papers of the President: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968–69. Vol 2. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Remark and Statement upon Signing Order Establishing the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, 6 June 1968.” In Public Papers of the President, 1968–69. Vol 1. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Remarks in Detroit at the Annual Convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars, 19 August 1968.” In Public Papers of the President: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968. Vol 2. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Offices, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Remarks of the Presidential Prayer Breakfast, 1 February 1968.” In Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B. “Remarks on Signing the Civil Rights Act, 11 April 1968.” Miller Center. Accessed April 15, 2016. http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-4036.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Remarks to Service Personnel and Award of Distinguished Service Medal and Medal of Freedom to Military and Civilian Leaders, Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam, 23 December 1967.” In Public Papers of the President of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Statement by the President Calling on the Warsaw Pact Allies to Withdraw From Czechoslovakia, 21 August 1968.” In Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968–69. Vol 2. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B. “Statement by the President on the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.” The American Presidency Project. (4 April 1968). Accessed September 29 2015., www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=28781
Johnson, Lyndon B.Statement by the President on the Death of Senator Kennedy, 6 June 1968.” In Public Papers of the President, 1968–69. Vol 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.Telegram to the Governor of Maryland in Response to His Request for Federal Troops in Baltimore, 7 April 1968.” In Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, January-June 1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.The President’s Address to the Nation Announcing Steps to Limit the War in Vietnam and Reporting His Decision Not to Seek Reelection, 31 March 1968.” In Public Papers of the President of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.The President’s New Conference of April 10, 1968, 10 April 1968.” In Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, January-June 1968.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B.The President’s News Conference of March 31, 1968, 31 March 1968.” In Public Papers of the President of the United States, 1968. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968–69. Vol 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Joint Chiefs of Staff. “Memorandum to President Johnson, 29 January 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
Jones, Jim. “Jones to Johnson, 2 November 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VII. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003.
Kasberg, Damon. “Dyess Airpark Holds Airman’s Tale.” Air Force Combat Command. (2012). Accessed July 27, 2015. www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123326256
Lerner, Mitchell. “‘Mostly Propaganda in Nature:’ Kim Il Sung, the Juche Ideology, and the Second Korean War.” North Korea International Documentation Project. Woodrow Wilson Center, July 7, 2011, www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/mostly-propaganda-nature-kim-il-sung-the-juche-ideology-and-the-second-korean-war.
Lyndon, B. Johnson Library. Austin, TX.

  • Anna Chennault Record

  • Confidential Files

  • Family Correspondence

  • Files Pertaining to Abe Fortas and Homer Thornberry

  • National Security Council Histories

  • National Security Files

  • Office Files of White House Aides

  • Oral History Collection

  • Papers of Lyndon B. Johnson

  • Papers of the President

  • Personal Papers of Ramsey Clark

  • Personal Papers of Warren Christopher

  • President’s Appointment File

  • Presidential Telephone Conversations

  • Speeches

  • Statements of Lyndon B. Johnson

  • Tom Johnson’s Notes of Meetings

  • White House Central Files

  • White House Daily Diaries

  • White House Famous Names

“Memorandum for the Record, 18 March 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Vol VI. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002.
“Memorandum of Conversation, 23 August 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol XVII. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1996.
“Notes of Cabinet Meeting, 22 August 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol XVII. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1996.
“Notes of Emergency Meeting of the National Security Council, 20 August 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol XVII. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1996.
“Notes of Meeting, 10 February 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 12 February 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 13 February 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 20 March 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VI, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002.
“Notes of Meeting, 23 January 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 24 January 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 25 January 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 26 March 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VI, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002.
“Notes of Meeting, 28 February 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 30 January 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 31 January 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 4 March 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 6 February 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meeting, 9 February 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
“Notes of Meetings, 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VI, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002.
“Notes of Meetings, 29 October 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VII, Vietnam, September 1968-January 1969. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003.
Reed, ,.“Memorandum from the Department of State Executive Secretary Read to Rostow, 23 August 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol XVII. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1996.
Richard Nixon Library. Yorba Linda, CA

  • White House Central Files

Rostow, Walt W.Memorandum for the Record, 29 February 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, January-August 1968, Vol VI. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002.
Rusk, Dean. “Cabinet Report on Czechoslovakia and Vietnam, 22 August 1968.” In Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1996.
Griffin, Robert, Senator. “Reports of Chief Justice Warren’s Resignation.” Congressional Record (21 June 1968). S7499–7500.
“Summary Notes of the 590th Meeting of the National Security Council, 4 September 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol XVII. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1996.
“Summary of Meeting, 20 August 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Vol XVII. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1996.
“Summary of Meeting, 23 August 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol XVII. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1996.
“Telephone conversation Between Johnson and Dirksen, 2 November 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VII. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003.
“Telephone Conversation between Johnson and Everett Dirksen, 27 August 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002.
“Telephone Conversation Between Johnson and Humphrey, 31 October 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VII. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003.
“Telephone Conversation between Johnson and Nixon, 3 November 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VII. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003.
“Telephone conversation between Johnson and Rowe, 1 November 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VII. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003.
“Telephone Conversation between Johnson and Smathers, 3 November 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VII. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003.
“Telephone Conversation between Johnson, Humphrey, Nixon, Wallace, 31 October 1968.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol VII. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003.
University of Virginia, Miller Center. Charlottesville, VA

  • Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Recordings

  • Presidential Speeches

U.S. Congress. Congressional Record, 10 January 1969, 1:115, p. 432. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1969.
U.S. Congress. Congressional Record, 23 January 1968. 14:1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968: 679.
U.S. Congress. Congressional Record, 22 July 1968, vol. 114, pt. 14. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968: 18098.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. “Nominations of Abe Fortas and Homer Thornberry.” 90th Cong., 2nd Sess., July 11 and July 23, 1968. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968.

Books

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Bischof, Günter, Kamer, Stefan, and Ruggenthaler, Peter, eds., The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010.
Bolger, Daniel P. Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low Intensity Conflict in Korea: 1966–1969. Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1991.
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Caro, Robert A. The Path to Power. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.
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Forslund, Catherine. Anna Chennault: Informal Diplomacy and Asian Relations. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002.
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Gilbert, Ben W. Ten Blocks from the White House: Anatomy of the Washington Riots of 1968. New York: F.A. Praeger, 1968.
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Gould, Lewis L. 1968: The Election That Changed America. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2010.
Graff, Henry F. The Tuesday Cabinet; Deliberation and Decision on Peace and War under Lyndon B. Johnson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
Halberstam, David. The Best and the Brightest. New York: Penguin, 1972.
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Matusow, Allen J. The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s. New York: Harper & Row, 1984.
Mieder, Wolfgang. “Making a Way out of No Way”: Martin Luther King’s Sermonic Proverbial Rhetoric. New York: Peter Lang, 2010.
Milne, David. America’s Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War. New York: Hill and Wang, 2008.
Mobley, Richard A. Flash Point North Korea: The Pueblo and EC-121 Crises. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003.
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Prados, John. Vietnam: The History of an Unwinnable War, 1945–1975. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009.
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Vandiver, Frank Everson. Shadows of Vietnam: Lyndon Johnson’s War. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1997.
White, Theodore H. The Making of the President: 1968. New York: Harper Perennial, 1969.
Willbanks, James H. The Tet Offensive: A Concise History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Witcover, Jules. The Year the Dream Died: Revisiting 1968 in America. New York: Warner Books, 1997.
Woods, Randall B. LBJ: Architect of American Ambition. New York: Free Press, 2006.
Woods, Randall Bennett. Prisoners of Hope: Lyndon B. Johnson, the Great Society, and the Limits of Liberalism. New York: Basic Books, 2016.
Zeiler, Thomas W. Dean Rusk: Defending the American Mission Abroad. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2000.

Articles and Essays

Bickel, Alexander M. “Fortas, Johnson and the Senate: Voting the Court Up or Down.” The New Republic, 28 September 1968.
“Formulating Presidential Program Is a Long Process,” Congressional Quarterly, 24 January 1968, 1–3.
“In Pueblo’s Wake.” Time. February 2, 1968.
Jones, Jim. “Behind L.B.J.’s Decision Not to Run in ’68.” New York Times. 16 April 1988.
Lerner, Mitchell B. “Trying to Find the Guy Who Invited Them: Lyndon B. Johnson, Bridge Building and the End of the Prague Spring.” Diplomatic History (January 2008): 77–103.
Nawaz, M. K. “The ‘Pueblo’ Affair and International Law.” The Indian Journal of International Law (1975): 497.
Nelson, Justin A. “Drafting Lyndon Johnson: The President’s Secret Role in the 1968 Democratic Convention.” Presidential Studies Quarterly (December 2000): 694.
Parry, Robert. “The Almost Scoop on Nixon’s Treason.” Consortiumnews.com, 7 June 2012.
Rovere, Richard. “Freedom: Who Needs It.” The Atlantic Monthly. May 1968.
Sheehy, Gail. “Ethel Kennedy and the Arithmetic of Life and Death,” New York Times Magazine. 17 June 1968.
“The Economy: Jobs for 500,000,” Time. February 2, 1968.
“The North Koreans are having a hard time proving to the world that the captive crewmen of the U.S.S. Pueblo are a contrite and cooperative lot.” Photo. Time. October 18, 1968.
“What a Year.” Time. August 20, 1968.

Newspapers

  • Atlanta Constitution

  • Boston Globe

  • Chicago Daily News

  • Chicago Sun-Times

  • Chicago Tribune

  • Great Falls Tribune

  • Jewish Week Weekly

  • New Hampshire Union Leader

  • New York Post

  • New York Times

  • Newsweek

  • Rocky Mountain News

  • The Nation

  • The New Republic

  • U.S. News and World Report

  • Wall Street Journal

  • Washington Daily News

  • Washington Evening Star

  • Washington Post

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