Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-t9bwh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-19T13:32:49.395Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2021

Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan
Affiliation:
Johannes Kepler Universität Linz
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Less-Lethal Weapons under International Law
A Three-Dimensional Perspective
, pp. 208 - 225
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Abele, Robert P., The Anatomy of a Deception: A Reconstruction and Analysis of the Decision to Invade Iraq (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2010)Google Scholar
Abels, Denis, Prisoners of the International Community (The Hague: TMC Asser Press, 2012)Google Scholar
Alexander, John B., Future War: Non-lethal Weapons in Modern Warfare (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 1999)Google Scholar
Allhoff, Fritz, Physicians at War: The Dual-Loyalties Challenge (Berlin: Springer Science and Business, 2008)Google Scholar
Antkowiak, Thomas M. and Gonza, Alejandra, The American Convention on Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)Google Scholar
Arai, Yutaka, The Law of Occupation (Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, Roberta and Knoops, Geert-Jan G. J. , Practice and Policies of Modern Peace Support Operations under International Law (New York: Transnational Publishers, 2006)Google Scholar
Altmann, Jürgen, Millimetre Waves, Lasers, Acoustics for Non-lethal Weapons? Physics Analyses and Inferences (Osnabrück: Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung, 2008)Google Scholar
Altmann, Jürgen, Bernhardt, Ute, Nixdorff, Kathryn, Ruhmann, Ingo and Wöhrle, Dieter, Naturwissenschaft, Rüstung, Frieden (2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Springer, 2017)Google Scholar
Askar, Yusuf, Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court (New York: Routledge, 2004)Google Scholar
Bantekas, Ilias and Oette, Lutz, International Human Rights Law and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Bayley, David H. and Perito, Robert, The Police in War: Fighting Insurgency, Terrorism, and Violent Crime (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2010)Google Scholar
Bonn, Keith E. and Baker, Anthony E. , Military Operations other than War: Tactics, Techniques & Procedures for Stability & Support Operations (Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2000)Google Scholar
Boothby, William H., Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict (2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Boothby, William H., The Law of Targeting (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)Google Scholar
Bothe, Michael and Kondoch, Boris, Yearbook of International Peacekeeping (The Hague: Kluwer International, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl Josef and Solf, Waldembar A., New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (2nd ed., Leiden: Brill Nijhoff Publishers, 2013)Google Scholar
Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise, The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law (Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007)Google Scholar
Bourke, Joanna, Wounding the World: How Military Violence and War-Play Invade Our Lives (London: Virago, 2014)Google Scholar
Button, Kenneth J. and Wiltse, James C., Infrared and Millimeter Waves (New York: Academic Press, 1981)Google Scholar
Byron, Christine, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013)Google Scholar
Cameron, Schyrlet and Craig, Carolyn, Science Vocabulary Building (New York: Mark Twain Media, 2009)Google Scholar
Carey, Henry F. and Mitchell, Stacey M., Understanding International Law through Moot Courts (Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2014)Google Scholar
Casey-Maslen, Stuart and Connolly, Sean, Police Use of Force under International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017)Google Scholar
Cassese, Antonio, International Criminal Law (3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)Google Scholar
Chauhan, Sharad S., Biological Weapons (New Delhi: Nisha Enterprises, 2004)Google Scholar
Cordesman, Anthony H., Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars (Westport: Praeger Security International, 2006)Google Scholar
Corn, Geoffrey S., VanLandingham, Rachel E. and Reeves, Shane R., US Military Operations: Law, Policy, Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Crawshaw, Stuart Cullen and Williamson, Tom, Human Rights and Policing (2nd ed., Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007)Google Scholar
Crawshaw, Ralph and Holmström, Leif, Essential Texts on Human Rights for the Police: A Compilation of International Interests (2nd ed., Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2008)Google Scholar
Crowley, Michael, Chemical Control: Regulation of Incapacitating Chemical Agent Weapons, Riot Control Agents and their Means of Delivery (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2016)Google Scholar
Dando, Malcolm, A New Form of Warfare: The Rise of Non-lethal Weapons (London: Brassey’s, 1997)Google Scholar
Dando, Malcolm, Neuroscience and the Future of Chemical-Biological Weapons (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2015)Google Scholar
Daugthry, J. Martin, Listening to War, Sound, Music, Trauma, and Survival in Wartime Iraq (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015)Google Scholar
Davison, Neil, Non-lethal Weapons (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009)Google Scholar
Dettmeyer, Reinhard B., Verhoff, Marcel A. and Schütz, Harald F., Forensic Medicine: Fundamentals and Perspectives (Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiMaio, Vincent J. M. and Dana, Suzanna E., Handbook of Forensic Pathology (3rd ed., Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis, 2007)Google Scholar
Dinstein, Yoram, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2014)Google Scholar
Dinstein, Yoram, The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict (3rd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Dinstein, Yoram, The Law of Belligerent Occupation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011)Google Scholar
Durham, Helen and McCormack, Timothy L. H. , The Changing Face of Conflict and the Efficacy of International Humanitarian Law (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999)Google Scholar
Ehlers, Dirk, European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2007)Google Scholar
Ellison, D. Hank, Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents (2nd ed., Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010)Google Scholar
Erickson, Andrew and Goldstein, Lyle J., Chinese Aerospace Power (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2011)Google Scholar
Garche, Jürgen, Dyer, Chris K., Moseley, Patrick T., Ogumi, Zempachi, Rand, David A. J. and Scrosati, Bruno, Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009)Google Scholar
Gardam, Judith, Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)Google Scholar
Giri, D. V., High Power Electromagnetic Radiators: Non-lethal Weapons and other Applications (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004)Google Scholar
Goodman, John, Sonication: Sound, Effect and the Ecology of Fear (London: MIT Press, 2010)Google Scholar
Grabenwarter, Christoph, Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (München: C. H. Beck, 2008)Google Scholar
Green, James A., The Persistent Objector Rule in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Gresham, Austin, Colour Atlas of Wounds and Wounding (Hingham: MTP Press Unlimited, 1986)Google Scholar
Gross, Michael L., Moral Dilemmas of Modern War, Torture Assassination and Blackmail in an Age of Asymmetric Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Grover, Leena, Interpreting Crimes in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014)Google Scholar
Haque, Adil Ahmad, Law and Morality at War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)Google Scholar
Hemsley, John, The Soviet Biochemical Threat to NATO (Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan, 1987)Google Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary Humanitarian Law, vol. I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)Google Scholar
Hessbruegge, Jan Arno, Human Rights and Personal Self-Defense in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)Google Scholar
Hunsicker, A., Behind the Shield: Anti-Riot Operations Guide (Boca Raton: Universal Publishers, 2011)Google Scholar
Jachec-Neale, Agnieszka, The Concept of Military Objectives in International Law and Targeting Practice (London: Routledge, 2015)Google Scholar
Anette, Jacobsen Faye, Human Rights Monitoring: A Field Mission Manual (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008)Google Scholar
Karmakar, Rabindra Nath, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (Kolkata: Academic Publishers Kolkata, 2013)Google Scholar
Kennaway, James, Bad Vibrations: The History of the Idea of Music as a Cause of Disease (London: Routledge, 2012)Google Scholar
Khan, JaVed, Kennedy, Thomas J. and Jr. Christian, Donnell R., Basic Principles of Forensic Chemistry (Heidelberg: Springer, 2012)Google Scholar
Kolb, Robert and Hyde, Richard, An Introduction to the International Law of Armed Conflicts (Oxford and Portland: Bloomsbury, 2008)Google Scholar
Koplow, David A., Non-lethal Weapons: The Law and Policy of Revolutionary Technologies for the Military and Law Enforcement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006)Google Scholar
Langford, Everett R., Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction (Hoboken: Wiley Interscience, 2004)Google Scholar
Lasbury, Mark E., The Realization of Star Trek Technologies: The Science, Not Fiction, Behind Brain Implants, Plasma Shields, Quantum Computing and More (New York: Springer, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lederberg, Joshua, Biological Weapons: Limiting the Threat (4th ed., Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001)Google Scholar
Lerner, K. Lee and Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth, World of Forensic Science (New York: Thompson and Gale, 2006)Google Scholar
Lewer, Nick and Schofield, Steven, Non-lethal Weapons, A Fatal Attraction?: Military Strategies and Technologies for 21st Century Conflict (London: Zed Books, 1997)Google Scholar
Luban, David, Torture, Power and Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014)Google Scholar
Lubell, Noam, Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Actors (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)Google Scholar
Medina Qurioga, Cecilia, The American Convention on Human Rights (2nd ed., Cambridge: Intersentia, 2016)Google Scholar
Mehring, Sigrid, First Do No Harm: Medical Ethics in Humanitarian Law (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff Publishers, 2015)Google Scholar
Melzer, Nils, Targeted Killing in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)Google Scholar
Metzger, Norman, Integration of Hard-kill and Soft-kill Systems for More Effective Fleet Air Defense, Naval Studies Board, National Research Council (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992)Google Scholar
Milanovic, Marko, Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013)Google Scholar
Moir, Lindsay, The Law of Internal Armed Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)Google Scholar
Murray, Daragh, Practitioner’s Guide to Human Rights in Armed Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Oberleitner, Gerd, Human Rights in Armed Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015)Google Scholar
Ohlin, Jens David, The Assault on International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Ohlin, Jens David and May, Larry, Necessity in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmiotto, Michael J., Policing: Concepts, Strategies and Current Issues in American Police Forces (3rd ed., Scots Valley: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2013)Google Scholar
Parmar, Leena, Military Sociology: Global Perspectives (London: Rawat, 1999)Google Scholar
Pictet, Jean, Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985)Google Scholar
Piehler, Kurt G., Encyclopedia of Military Science (Houston: SAGE Publishers, 2013)Google Scholar
Quiroga, Cecilia Medina, The American Convention on Human Rights (2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Ramcharan, Bertrand G., The Right to Life in International Law (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985)Google Scholar
Rappert, Brian, Non-lethal Weapons as Legitimizing Forces? (Oregon: Frank Cass, 2005)Google Scholar
Rea, Desmond and Masefield, Robin, Policing in Northern Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)Google Scholar
Rejali, Darius, Torture and Democracy (Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press, 2007)Google Scholar
Rietiker, Daniel, Humanization of Arms Control: Paving the Way for a World Free of Nuclear Weapons (New York: Routledge, 2018)Google Scholar
Rodley, Nigel and Pollard, Matt, The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law (3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)Google Scholar
Romano, James A., Lukey, Brian J. and Salem, Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (2nd ed., Boca Raton: CRC Publishers, 2007)Google Scholar
Roth, Mitchel, Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement (Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001)Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, Bouvier, Antoine A. and Quintin, Anne, How Does Law Protect in War? Cases, Documents and Teaching Materials on Contemporary Practice in International Humanitarian Law, vol. I, ICRC (3rd. ed., Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 2011)Google Scholar
Saukko, Pekka and Knight, Bernard, Knight’s Forensic Pathology (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Schindler, Dietrich and Toman, Jiri, The Laws of Armed Conflicts (Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2004)Google Scholar
Singh, Jasjit, Airpower in Modern Warfare (New Delhi: Lancer International, 1988)Google Scholar
Silvast, William T., Laser Fundamentals (2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)Google Scholar
Sokolnikov, Andre U., The Identification for Defense and Security Purposes: Identifying Materials, Substances and Items (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solis, Gary D., The Law of Armed Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Summers, David A., Waterjetting Technology (London: CRC Press, 1995)Google Scholar
Verwey, Wil D., Riot Control Agents and Herbicides in War (Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff Publishers, 1977)Google Scholar
Volcler, Juliette, Extremely Loud: Sound as a Weapon (New York: The New Press, 2013)Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, 1977)Google Scholar
Whitehead, John W., The Government of Wolves (New York: Select Books Inc., 2013)Google Scholar
Williams, Howard E., Taser Electronic Control Devices and Sudden In-Custody Death: Separating Evidence from Conjecture (Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 2007)Google Scholar
Wyatt, Jonathan P., Squires, Tim, Norfolk, Guy and Payne-James, Jason, Oxford Handbook of Forensic Medicine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Aas, Pål, “The Threat of Mid-Spectrum Chemical Warfare Agents” (2003) 18 (4) Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 306–12Google Scholar
Accardo, Julia and Chaudhry, M. Ahmad, “Radiation Exposure and Privacy Concerns Surrounding Full-Body Scanners in Airports” (2014) 7 (2) Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 198200Google Scholar
Akande, Dapo, “Clearing the Fog of War?, The ICRC’s Interpretative Guidance on Direct Participation in Hostilities” (2010) 59 (1) International and Comparative Law Quarterly 180–92Google Scholar
Alamuddin, Amal and Webb, Philippa, “Expanding Jurisdiction over War Crimes under Article 8 of the ICC-Statute” (2010) 8 (5) Journal of International Criminal Justice 1219–43Google Scholar
Alexander, John, “An Overview of the Future of Non-lethal Weapons” in Lewer, Nick (ed.), The Future of Non-lethal Weapons: Technologies, Operations, Ethics and Law (London: Frank Cass, 2002), pp. 1225Google Scholar
Altmann, Jürgen, “Acoustic Weapons – A Prospective Assessment?” (2001) 9 Journal for Science & Global Security 165234Google Scholar
Banaszewska, Dorota Marianna, “Hors de Combat” in Lachenmann, Frauke and Wolfrum, Rüdiger (eds.), The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 443–52Google Scholar
Baxter, Richard Reeve and Burgenthal, Thomas, “Legal Aspects of the Geneva Protocol of 1925” (1970) 64 (5) The American Journal of International Law 853–79Google Scholar
Bell, Christine and Pfeiffer, Julia, “Indiscriminate Attacks” in Lachenmann, Frauke and Wolfrum, Rüdiger (eds.), The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Thematic Series Vol. II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 497502Google Scholar
Benvenisti, Eyal, “Occupation, Belligerent” in Wolfrum, Rüdiger (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Thematic Series Vol. II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 920–29Google Scholar
Besson, Samantha, “Sovereignty” in Wolfrum, Rüdiger (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, vol. IX (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 366–90Google Scholar
Blumenthal, Ryan, “Electrocution and Lightning” in Madea, Burkhard (ed.), Handbook of Forensic Medicine (London : Wiley, 2014), pp. 477–94Google Scholar
Boyle, Kevin and Shah, Sangeeta, “Thought, Expression, Association and Assembly” in Moeckli, David, Shah, Sangeeta and Sivakumaran, Sandesh (eds.), International Human Rights Law (2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 217–37Google Scholar
Casey-Maslen, Stuart, “Crowd Management, Crowd Control and Riot Control” in Casey-Maslen, Stuart (ed.), Weapons under International Human Rights Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 3253Google Scholar
Casey-Maslen, Stuart, Corney, Neil and Dymond-Bass, Abi, “The Review of Weapons under International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law” in Casey-Maslen, Stuart (ed.), Weapons under International Human Rights Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 411–47Google Scholar
Casey-Maslen, Stuart, “Existing and Future Weapons and Weapons Systems” in Casey-Maslen, Stuart (ed.), Weapons under International Human Rights Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 593606Google Scholar
Casey-Maslen, Stuart and Weill, Sharon, “The Use of Weapons in Armed Conflict” in Casey-Maslen, Stuart (ed.), Weapons under International Human Rights Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 240–81Google Scholar
Chainoglou, Kalliopi, “Psychological Warfare” in Wolfrum, Rüdiger (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, vol. VIII (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 559–65Google Scholar
Chesney, Robert M., “Prisoners of War” in Wolfrum, Rüdiger (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, vol. VIII (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 436–51Google Scholar
Chesney, Robert M., “Who may be Killed? Anwar Al-Awlaki as a Case Study in the International Legal Regulation of Lethal Force” in Schmitt, Michael N., Arimatsu, Louise and McCormack, Tim (eds.), Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law (The Hague: TMC Asser Press, 2011), pp. 360Google Scholar
Chevrier, Marie Isabelle and Leonard, James F. , “Incapacitating Biochemicals and the Biological Weapons Convention” in Pearson, Alan M., Chevrier, Marie Isabelle and Wheelis, Mark (eds.), Incapacitating Biochemical Weapons (Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007), pp. 209–23Google Scholar
Cleary, Stephen F., “Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans” (1983) 33 (4) Journal of BioScience 269–73Google Scholar
Crowley, Michael, “Exploring the Role of Life Scientists in Combating the Misuse of Incapacitating Chemical and Toxin Agents” in Rappert, Brian and Selgelid, Michael J. (eds.), On the Dual Uses of Science and Ethics: Principles, Practices, and Prospects (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 2013), pp. 293330Google Scholar
Crowley, Michael, “The Use of Riot Control Agents in Law Enforcement” in Casey-Maslen, Stuart (ed.), Weapons under International Human Rights Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 334–56Google Scholar
Crowley, Michael, “The Use of Incapacitants in Law Enforcement” in Casey-Maslen, Stuart (ed.), Weapons under International Human Rights Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 357–81Google Scholar
Davison, Neil, “New Weapons: Legal and Policy Issues” in Saxon, Dan (ed.), International Humanitarian Law and the Changing Technology of War (Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013), pp. 281314Google Scholar
D’Cunha, Samit, “The Notion of External NIAC: Reconsidering the Intensity Threshold in Light of Contemporary Armed Conflict” in Gill, Terry D., McCormack, Tim, Geiß, Robin, Krieger, Heike and Paulusson, Christophe (eds.), Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2017 (The Hague: TMC Asser Press, 2019), pp. 75112Google Scholar
Dimitroglou, Yiannis, Rachiotis, George and Hadjichristodoulou, Christos, “Exposure to the Riot Control Agent CS and Potential Health Effects: A Systematic Review of the Evidence” (2005) 12 (2) International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 1397–411Google Scholar
Dörr, Oliver, “Article 31” in Dörr, Oliver and Schmalenbach, Kirsten (eds.), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, A Commentary (2nd ed., Berlin: Springer, 2018), pp. 559614Google Scholar
Dymond-Bass, Abi and Corney, Neil, “The Use of ‘Less-lethal’ Weapons in Law Enforcement” in Casey-Maslen, Stuart (ed.), Weapons under International Human Rights Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 411–47Google Scholar
Elliott, Michael, “Where Precision is the Aim: Locating the Targeted Killing Policies of the United States and Israel Within International Humanitarian Law” (2010) 47 Canadian Yearbook of International 99160Google Scholar
Ferraro, Tristan, “The Law of Occupation and Human Rights Law: Some Selected Issues” in Kolb, Robert and Gaggioli, Gloria (eds.), Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013), pp. 273–93Google Scholar
Fidler, David P., “‘Non-lethal’ Weapons and International Law: Three Perspectives on the Future” in Lewer, Nick (ed.), The Future of Non-lethal Weapons (London: Frank Cass, 2002), pp. 2638Google Scholar
Fidler, David P., “‘Non-lethal’ Weapons and International Law: Three Perspectives on the Future” (2001) 17 Journal of Medicine, Conflict and Survival 194206Google Scholar
Fidler, David P., “The International Legal Implications of ‘Non-lethal’ Weapons” (1999) 21 Michigan Journal of International Law 52100Google Scholar
Fidler, David P., “The Meaning of Moscow: ‘Non-lethal’ Weapons and International Law in the Early 21st Century” (2005) 87 (859) International Review of the Red Cross 525–52Google Scholar
Fry, James D., “Gas Smells Awful: U.N. Forces, Riot Control Agents and the Chemical Weapons Convention” (2010) 31 (3) Michigan Journal of International Law 475559Google Scholar
Ganesan, Kumaran, Raza, Kamran Syed and Vijayaraghavan, Rajagopalan, “Chemical Warfare Agents” (2010) 2 (3) Journal of Pharmacy and Bio Allied Sciences 166–78Google Scholar
Giacca, Gilles, “Object and Purpose” in Casey-Maslen, Stuart, Clapham, Andrew, Giacca, Gilles and Parker, Sarah, The Arms Trade Treaty, Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 4157Google Scholar
Gill, Terry D., “Some Thoughts on the Relationship Between International Humanitarian and International Human Rights Law: A Plea for Mutual Respect and a Common-Sense Approach” (2013) 16 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 251–66Google Scholar
Goodman, Ryan, “The Power to Kill or to Capture Enemy Combatants” (2013) 81 (4) European Journal of International Law 819–53Google Scholar
Heintschel von Heinegg, Wolff, “Proportionality and Collateral Damage” in Lachenmann, Frauke and Wolfrum, Rüdiger (eds.), The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 1055–9Google Scholar
Henderson, Ian and Cavanagh, Brian, “Military Members Claiming Self-Defence During Armed Conflict: Often Misguided and Helpful” in Petrovic, Jadranka (ed.), Accountability for Violations of International Humanitarian Law (New York: Routledge, 2016), pp. 7394Google Scholar
Hilmas, Corey J., “Riot Control Agents” in Gupta, Ramesh C. (ed.), Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents (London: Academic Press, 2015) pp. 131–50Google Scholar
Hoffberger, Elisabeth, “Non-Lethal Weapons: The Principle of Proportionality in Armed Conflict and the Right to Health in Law Enforcement” (2017) 38 (2) Zb. Prav. Fak. Sveuč. Rij. 831–53Google Scholar
Jabarin, Shawan, “The Occupied Palestinian Territory and International Humanitarian Law” (2013) 95 (890) International Review of the Red Cross 415–28Google Scholar
Jarrett, Robert E., “Non-lethal Weapons: The Environmental Issues” (2000) 2 (1) Environmental Practice 3031Google Scholar
Jauchem, James R., Ryan, Kathy L., Lovelace, Jessica and Frei, Melvin R., “Effects of Esmolol on 35 GHz Microwave-Induced Lethal Heat Stress” (1997)17 Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology 165–73Google Scholar
Jeler, Grigore Eduard and Roman, Daniel, “The Graphite Bomb: An Overview of its Basic Military Applications” (2016) 31 (1) Review of the Air Force Academy 1318Google Scholar
Kastan, Benjamin, “The Chemical Weapons Convention and Riot Control Agents” (2012) 22 Duke Journal of International and Comparative Law 267–90Google Scholar
Kleffner, Jann K., “Protection of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked” in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law (3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 321–58Google Scholar
Koplow, David A., “Tangled up in Khaki and Blue: Lethal and Non-lethal Weapons in Recent Confrontations” (2005) 36 Georgetown University Law Center 703808Google Scholar
Kremnitzer, Mordechai, Menashe, Doron and Ghanyaim, Khalid, “The Use of Lethal Force by the Police” (2007) 53 (4) Criminal Law Quarterly 6797Google Scholar
Krieger, Heike, “A Conflict of Norms: The Relationship Between Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in the ICRC Study on Customary Law” (2006) 11 (2) Journal of Conflict and Security Law 265–91Google Scholar
Krutzsch, Walter and Trapp, Ralph, “Art II, Definition and Criteria” in Krutzsch, Walter, Myjer, Erich and Trapp, Ralph (eds.), The Chemical Weapons Convention, A Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 73104Google Scholar
Larsen, Kjetil Mujezinović, Cooper, Camilla G. Guldahl and Nystuen, Gro, “Is There a Principle of Humanity in International Humanitarian Law?” in Larsen, Kjetil Mujezinović, Cooper, Camilla Guldahl and Nystuen, Gro (eds.), Searching for a ‘Principle of Humanity’ in International Humanitarian Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 120Google Scholar
Lazarus, Liora, “The Right to Security: Securing Rights or Securitising Rights?” in Dickinson, Rob, Katselli, Elena, Murray, Colin and Pedersen, Ole W. (eds.), Examining Critical Perspectives on Human Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 87106Google Scholar
LeVine, Susan D., “US Military Use of Non-lethal Weapons” (2015) 47 (1) Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 239–62Google Scholar
Maresca, Louis, “A New Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War: The History and Negotiation of Protocol V to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapon” (2004) 86 (856) International Review of the Red Cross 815–35Google Scholar
Massingham, Eve, “Conflict Without Casualties … a Note of Caution: Non-lethal Weapons and International Humanitarian Law” (2012) 94 (886) International Review of the Red Cross 673–85Google Scholar
Mayer, Chris, “Non-lethal Weapons and Noncombatant Immunity: Is it Permissible to Target Non-combatants?” (2007) 6 (3) Journal of Military Ethics 221–31Google Scholar
Mathews, Robert J. and McCormack, Timothy, “The Influence of Humanitarian Principles in the Negotiation of Arms Control Treaties” (1999) 81 (384) International Review of the Red Cross 331–52Google Scholar
McCormack, Timothy and Durham, Helen, “Aerial Bombardment of Civilians: The Current International Legal Framework” in Tanaka, Yuki and Young, Marilyn B. (eds.), Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth-Century History (New York: The New Press, 2009), pp. 215–39Google Scholar
Melzer, Nils, “Targeted Killing or Least Harmful Means? – Israel’s High Court Judgment on Targeted Killing and the Restrictive Function of Military Necessity2006 (9) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 87113Google Scholar
Melzer, Nils, “Conceptual Distinction and Overlaps Between Law Enforcement and the Conduct of Hostilities” in Gill, Terry D. and Fleck, Dieter (eds.), The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 3350Google Scholar
Meyrowitz, Henri, “Le Droit de La Guerre et les Droits de l’Homme” (1972) 88 Revue De Droit Pénal Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre 1059–105Google Scholar
Norfolk, Guy and Stark, Margaret M., “Care of Detainees” in Stark, Margaret M. (ed.), Clinical Forensic Medicine: A Physician’s Guide (2nd ed., Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press, 2005), pp. 205–34Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred, “Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment” in Clapham, Andrew and Gaeta, Paola (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 387409Google Scholar
Oeter, Stefan, “Methods and Means of Combat” in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law (3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 115230Google Scholar
Olajos, Eugene J. and Stopford, Woodhall, “Riot Control Agents and Acute Sensory Irritation” in Olajos, Eugene J. and Stopford, Woodhall (eds.), Riot Control Agents: Issues in Toxicology, Safety and Health (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004), pp. 6578Google Scholar
Oxman, Bernhard H., “Jurisdiction of States” in Wolfrum, Rüdiger (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, vol. XII (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 546–52Google Scholar
Panescu, Dorin and Stratbucker, Robert A., “Current Flow in the Human Body” in Kroll, Mark W. and Ho, Jeffrey D. (eds.), Taser® Conducted Electrical Weapons: Physiology, Pathology and Law (New York: Springer, 2009), pp. 6384Google Scholar
Parks, Hays, “Part IX of the ICRC ‘Direct Participation in Hostilities’ Study: No Mandate, No Expertise, and Legally Incorrect” (2010) 42 Journal of International Law and Politics 769830Google Scholar
Parks, Hays, “Conventional Weapons and Weapons Reviews” (2005) 8 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 55142Google Scholar
Pearson, Alan, “Incapacitating Biochemical Agents: Science, Technology, and Policy for the 21st Century” (2006) 13 (2) The Nonproliferation Review 155–88Google Scholar
Quénivet, Noëlle, “The Moscow Hostage Crisis in the Light of the Armed Conflict in Chechnya” (2001) 4 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 348–72Google Scholar
Ramachandran, Gowri, “Against the Right to Bodily Integrity: Of Cyborgs and Human Rights” (2009) 87 Denver University Law Review 157Google Scholar
Rappert, Brian, “Towards an Understanding of Non-lethality” in Lewer, Nick (ed.), The Future of Non-Lethal Weapons (London: Frank Cass, 2002), pp. 5373Google Scholar
Roberts, Adam, ‘What Is a Military Occupation?’ (1984) 55 (1) British Yearbook of International Law 49305Google Scholar
Robinson, Isabel and Nohle, Ellen, “Proportionality and Precautions in Attack: The Reverberating Effects of Using Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas” (2016) 98 (1) International Review of the Red Cross 107–45Google Scholar
Rodley, Nigel, “Integrity of the Person” in Moeckli, Daniel, Shah, Sangeeta and Sivakumaran, Sandesh (eds.), International Human Rights Law (2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 174–94Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco and Olson, Laura M., “The Relationship between International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law Where it Matters: Admissible Killing and Internment of Fighters in Non-International Armed Conflicts” (2008) 90 (871) International Review of the Red Cross 599627Google Scholar
Schabas, William, “The Crime of Torture and the International Criminal Tribunals” (2006) 37 (2) Case Western Reserve Journal 349–64Google Scholar
Schmitt, Michael N., “Targeting in Operational Law” in Gill, Terry D. and Fleck, Dieter (eds.), The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations (2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 269306Google Scholar
Schrantz, Joe, “The Long Range Acoustic Device: Don’t Call it a Weapon – Them’s Fightin’ Words” (2010) The Army Lawyer 5361Google Scholar
Shah, Sangeeta, “Detention and Trial” in Moeckli, Daniel, Shah, Sangeeta and Sivakumaran, Sandesh (eds.), International Human Rights Law (2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 259–85Google Scholar
Spoerri, Philip, “The Law of Occupation” in Clapham, Andrew and Gaeta, Paola (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 182205Google Scholar
Strong, James M., “Blinding Laser Weapons and Protocol IV: Obscuring the Humanitarian Vision” (1996) 15 Penn State International Law Review 237–64Google Scholar
Suteu, Silvia, “The Use of Weapons in Custodial Centers” in Casey-Maslen, Stuart (ed.), Weapons under International Human Rights Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 80121Google Scholar
Treleaven, Philip C. and Wells, Jonathan, “3D Body Scanning and Healthcare Applications” (2007) 40 (7) Computer Science, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2834Google Scholar
Van der Vyer, Johan D., “The International Criminal Court and the Concept of Mens Rea in International Criminal Law” (2004) 7 University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review 57149Google Scholar
Wagner, Adolf von, “Toxic Chemicals for Law Enforcement Including Domestic Riot Control Purposes under the Chemical Weapons Convention” in Pearson, Alan, Chevrier, Marie Isabelle and Wheelis, Mark (eds.), Incapacitating Biochemical Weapons (Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007), pp. 195207Google Scholar
Wallace, Dave and Reeves, Shanre R., “Modern Weapons” in Corn, Geoffrey S., VanLandingham, Rachel E., and Reeves, Shane R. (eds.), U.S. Military Operations: Law, Policy, and Practice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 4166Google Scholar
Watkin, Kenneth, “Use of Force During Occupation: Law Enforcement and Conduct of Hostilities” (2012) 94 (885) International Review of the Red Cross 267315Google Scholar
Wright, Steve, “The Role of Sub-lethal Weapons in Human Rights Abuse” (2001) 17 Journal for Medicine, Conflict and Survival 221–23Google Scholar
Wright, Steve, “The Role of Sub-lethal Weapons in Human Rights Abuse” in Lewer, Nick (ed.), The Future of Non-lethal Weapons (London: Frank Cass, 2002), pp. 7586Google Scholar
Wright, Susan and Falk, Richard, “Rethinking Biological Disarmament” in Wright, Susan (ed.), Biological Warfare and Disarmament: New Problems/New Perspectives (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), pp. 415–46Google Scholar
Yeom, Seokwon, Lee, Dong-Su, Jang, Yushin and Lee, Mun-Kyo, “Real-time Concealed Object Detection and Recognition with Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging” (2012) 20 (9) Optical Society of America 9371–81Google Scholar
AfCommHR, Guidelines for the Policing of Assemblies by Law Enforcement Officials in Africa (March 4, 2017), accessible at www.achpr.org/instruments/policing-assemblies-in-africa/ (last accessed February 25, 2020).Google Scholar
Amnesty International, “Amnesty International’s Concerns about Taser Use: Statement to the US Justice Department Inquiry into Deaths in Custody,” AI Index: AMR 51/151/2007, accessible at www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AMR511512007ENGLISH.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Amnesty International, “Arming the Torturers: Electro-Shock Torture and the Spread of Stun Technology” (March 4, 1997), accessible at www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ACT40/001/1997/en/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Amnesty International, “The Human Rights Impact of Less-lethal Weapons and other Law Enforcement Equipment,” ACT 30/1305/2015 (2015), accessible at www.amnestyusa.org/files/human_rights_impact_less_lethal_weapons_doha_paper.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Akande, Dapo, “Can the ICC Prosecute for Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria?” (August 23, 2013), accessible at www.ejiltalk.org/can-the-icc-prosecute-for-use-of-chemical-weapons-in-syria/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Alexander, John B., Combating Terrorism with Non-lethal Weapons, accessible at www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?search=Europe&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Alley, Roderic, Firing Blanks? The Arms Trade Treaty, Centre for Strategic Studies, New Zealand, Victoria University of Wellington, Discussion Paper No. 16/14 (2014), accessible at www.victoria.ac.nz/hppi/centres/strategic-studies/documents/Firing-Blanks-The-Arms-Trade-Treaty,-by-Roderick-Alley.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Amnesty International, “‘Less-Than-Lethal’, The Use of Stun Weapons in US Law Enforcement,” AMR 51/010/2008 (2008), accessible at www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/52000/amr510102008en.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Canadian Ministry of Community, Safety and Correctional Services, Review of the Long Range Acoustic Device (2011), accessible at www.acoustical-consultants.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/LRAD-Report.pdf. (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Casey-Maslen, Stuart, “Non-Kinetic-Energy Weapons Termed ‘Non-lethal’,” Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Working Paper (2010), accessible at www.geneva-academy.ch/joomlatools-files/docman-files/Non-Kinetic-Energy%20Weapons.pdf/(last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, “Urgent Need to Prevent Human Rights Violations During Peaceful Protests” (May 10, 2016) Doc. 14060, accessible at http://website-pace.net/documents/19838/2192213/20160307-ProtestViolationsHR-EN.pdf/9681e75d-725b-440f-b3a8-faf2a36884e4 (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Council of Europe, “Factsheet Detention Conditions and Treatment of Prisoners” (September 2018), accessible at www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Detention_conditions_ENG.pdf. (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Council of Europe, “Health Related Issues in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights” (2015), accessible at www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Research_report_health.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Defensetech, “GI’s in Iraq Get Tasers, other ‘Non-lethals’” (November 12, 2003), accessible at www.defensetech.org/2003/12/11/g-i-s-in-iraq-get-tasers-other-non-lethals/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Less than Lethal Weapons: UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards for Formed Police Units (2015), accessible at http://repository.un.org/bistream/handle/11176/387390/Less%20Than%20Lethal%20Weapons.pdf?sequence=24&isAllowed=y (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
El Nuevo Diario, Denuncian Doce Detenciones Arbitrarias (September 24, 2018), accessible at www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/475419-denuncian-detenciones-arbitrarias-nicaragua/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Geneva Academy, Use of Force in Law Enforcement and the Right to Life: The Role of the Human Rights Council, Academy In-Brief No. 6 (2016), accessible at www.geneva-academy.ch/joomlatools-files/docman-files/in-brief6-WEB.pdf. (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
The Guardian, Abu Ghraib Torture Suit Against Contractor Revived by Federal Court (June 30, 2014), accessible at www.theguardian.com/law/2014/jun/30/iraq-lawsuit-defense-contractor-torture-abu-graib (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Hoppe, Jeffrey J., “Operational Planning Considerations for the Use of Riot Control Agents in Military Operations other than War,” Paper submitted to the Faculty of the Naval War College, Naval War College (February 14, 2005), accessible at www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a464221.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, “Global Security: Non-Proliferation, Fourth Report of Session 2008–09” (June 2009), accessible at https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmfaff/222/222.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch, “Acoustic Weapons, Memorandum for Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) Delegates” (1999), accessible at www.angelfire.com/nj4/hightechharassment/memo.htm (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch, “Blinding Laser Weapons: The Need to Ban a Cruel and Inhuman Weapon” (1995), accessible at www.hrw.org/reports/1995/General1.htm#P393_82416 (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch, “Russia: Bill Would Expand Use of Force on Inmates” (October 26, 2015), accessible at www.hrw.org/news/2015/10/26/russia-bill-would-expand-use-force-inmates (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch, “Small Group Isolation Prisons in Turkey” (2000), accessible at www.hrw.org/reports/2000/turkey/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Metropolitan Police of the United Kingdom, accessible at http://content.met.police.uk/Home (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
National Center for Biotechnology Information, Open Chemistry Database, “Compound Summary for CID 8082: Piperidine,” accessible at https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/piperidine#section=Top (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Neill, Donald, “Riot Control and Incapacitating Chemical Agents under the Chemical Weapons Convention,” Center for Operational Research and Analysis, Technical Memorandum DRDC CORA TM 2007 (2007), accessible at cradpdf.drdc-rddc.gc.ca/PDFS/unc63/p528121.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “NATO Policy on Non-lethal Weapons,” Press Statement (October 13, 1999), accessible at www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_27417.htm?selectedLocale=en (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Omega Research Foundation, “Will They Be Covered by an Arms Trade Treaty?” (London 2011), accessible at https://omegaresearchfoundation.org/publications/arms-internal-security-will-they-be-covered-arms-trade-treaty-june-2011 (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, “What is a Chemical Weapon?,” accessible at www.opcw.org/about-chemical-weapons/what-is-a-chemical-weapon/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Oxford Dictionary, “Attack,” accessible at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/attack (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Oxford Dictionary, “Enforce,” accessible at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/enforce (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Oxford Dictionary, “Light,” accessible at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/light (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Oxford Dictionary, “Riot Control,” accessible at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/riot_control (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Oxford Dictionary, “Sound,” accessible at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sound (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Oxford Dictionary, “To Incapacitate,” accessible athttps://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/incapacitate (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Panel on Anticholinesterase Chemicals, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences and Division on Earth and Life Studies, “Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents” (Washington: National Academy Press, 1984), accessible at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK217774/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Pearson, Alan, “Relevant Scientific and Technological Developments for the First CWC Review Conference: The BTWC Review Conference Experience,” CWC Review Conference Paper No. 1, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford (2002), accessible at https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:A4Okv00PMKMJ:https://brads-cholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/879+&cd=1&hl=de&ct=clnk&gl=at&client=firefox-b-ab (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
PSNI Manual of Policy Procedure and Guidance on Conflict Management, “Batons,” PB 4/13, accessible at www.psni.police.uk/advice_information/our-publications/corporate-policy/conflict-management-manual/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
PSNI Manual of Policy Procedure and Guidance on Conflict Management, “CS Incapacitant Spray,” accessible at www.psni.police.uk/advice_information/our-publications/corporate-policy/conflict-management-manual/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Qinetiq, Vehicle Arrest Systems, accessible at www.qinetiq.com/blogs/2019/05/au-x-net-product (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Reidy, Aisling, “The Prohibition of Torture, A Guide to the Implementation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights,” accessible at https://rm.coe.int/168007ff4c (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Reuters, “US Military Sees More Use of Laser, Microwave Weapons” (July 28, 2015), accessible at www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-military-arms/u-s-military-sees-more-use-of-laser-microwave-weapons-idUSKCN0Q22HH20150728 (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Security Devices International, “Current Use of Less Lethal Force in Prison Riot Control,” accessible at https://securitydii.com/riot-control-corrections-prisons/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Shading, Mothepa, “Tools of Torture? – Use of Electric Shock Equipment Among African Police,” Institute for Security Studies Policy Brief (2016), accessible at https://issafrica.org/research/policy-brief/tools-of-torture-use-of-electric-shock-equipment-among-african-police (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Siniscalchi, Joseph, “Non-lethal Technologies: Implications for Military Strategy, Center for Strategy and Technology,” Air War College, Maxwell Airforce Base Alabama, Occasional Paper No. 3 (1998), accessible at www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/csat3.pdf. (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Sutherland, Ronald, “Chemical and Biological Non-lethal Weapons: Political and Technical Aspects,” SIPRI Policy Paper 23 (2008)Google Scholar
Telemetro, “Policía Reprime con Violencia Protesta Contra Ortega en Nicaragua” (October 14, 2018), accessible at www.telemetro.com/internacionales/Policia-violencia-protesta-Ortega-Nicaragua_0_1181582209.html (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
The Journal, “New Evidence Proves the UK Tortured Interned Men During the Troubles, Says Ireland” (December 2, 2014), accessible at www.thejournal.ie/hooded-men-legal-review-1811429-Dec2014/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Tumbarska, Adelina and Petkov, Petko, “Non-lethal Weapons in the Context of the Restrictions Required by International Law” (Conference Paper, October 2017), accessible at www.researchgate.net/profile/Adelina_Tumbarska/publication/321882578_Non-lethal_Weapons_in_the_Context_of_the_Restrictions_Required_by_International_law/links/5a61e8420f7e9b6b8fd416ea/Non-lethal-Weapons-in-the-Context-of-the-Restrictions-Required-by-International-law.pdf?origin=publication_detail (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Human Rights Bodies – Complaint Procedures,” accessible at www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/TBPetitions/Pages/HRTBPetitions.aspx#interstate (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
UN News, UN Outlaws Use of Rubber Bullets in Kosovo and Consults on Possible Wider Ban (July 3, 2007), accessible at https://news.un.org/en/story/2007/07/224512-un-outlaws-use-rubber-bullets-kosovo-and-consults-possible-wider-ban (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Resource Book on the Use of Force and Firearms in Law Enforcement,” HR/PUB/17/6 (2017), accessible at www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/UseOfForceAndFirearms.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, UN Register on Conventional Arms, accessible at www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/register/ (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
UN Special Rapporteur on the Use of a Lethal Water Cannon in South Korea, accessible at www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20603&LangID=E (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
US National Center for Biotechnology Information, “Open Chemistry Database on Methyl Diethanolamine,” accessible at https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/methyldiethanolamine#section=Top (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
US DoD, Directive No. 3000.03E (April 13, 2013), accessible at www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300003p.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
US DoD, Escalation of Force Options, Annual Report (2009), accessible at http://jnlwp.defense.gov/Portals/50/Documents/Press%5FRoom/Annual%5FReviews%5FReports/2009/AR2009%5FPosted%5Fto%5Fwebsite.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
US DoJ, “Police Use of Force, Tasers and other Less-lethal Weapons,” Research Brief (2011), accessible at www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/232215.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Venice Commission, “Guidelines on Freedom of Assembly,” Study No. 581/2010, CDL- AD. (June 4, 2010), accessible at www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2010)020-e. (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
WHO, “What are Electromagnetic Fields? – Summary of Health Effects,” accessible at www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/index1.html (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar
Williams, John Michael, “Biological Effects of Microwaves: Thermal and Nonthermal Mechanisms,” accessible at https://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0102/0102007.pdf (last accessed February 25, 2020)Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz
  • Book: Less-Lethal Weapons under International Law
  • Online publication: 13 August 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108887977.007
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz
  • Book: Less-Lethal Weapons under International Law
  • Online publication: 13 August 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108887977.007
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz
  • Book: Less-Lethal Weapons under International Law
  • Online publication: 13 August 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108887977.007
Available formats
×