In her comparative analysis of menopause discourses in Japan and North America, anthropologist Margaret Lock suggests that aging women present a problem to contemporary societies. As discussed in Chapter 4, their very existence confounds enduring figurations of sexual difference as both binary and based on reproductivity. Women's move beyond (hetero) sexual exchange and reproduction challenges cultural conceptions of life itself. ‘Women have a better survival rate than men’, Lock writes,

For over forty years, hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) has been offered as a solution to this problem. HRT promises to alleviate the physical and psychological suffering of women going through menopause and, as far as possible, to maintain women's participation in circuits of sexual exchange. Medical claims about HRT, however, do not only refer to women's sexuality, appearance, temperament and reproductivity, they also focus on illness and disease. HRT has been said to play a role in the prevention of serious health problems associated with aging, namely, osteoporosis, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, colon cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.