Milton's early schooling and exposure to the Church were rigorous. Richard Stock, the minister of the local church All Hallows, catechised ‘at certaine times in the weeke dayes’ all the parish boys one day, and the girls another. A zealous reformer, Stock preached twice every Sunday, and liked citing Church fathers, particularly Augustine, to whom he refers rather obsessively in his printed work. The chapter ‘Of the hatred of God’ in his posthumous Stock of Divine Knowledge – bad pun – affirms a strongly Calvinist emphasis upon restricted Atonement: God ‘denies the grace of election to most: there are but a few that have favour’. Milton's private tutor Thomas Young taught him the classics and perhaps some patristics; at St Paul's, John Colet's statutes emphasised Christian learning, encouraging the study of such authors as Lactantius and Prudentius, though how far such statutes were implemented is uncertain.

St Paul's, though, was under the headship of Alexander Gil, who espoused a rationalistic Christianity, opening his Sacred Philosophie of the Holy Scripture with an appeal to reason, ‘The principall virtue of mans soule’. Gil did subordinate reason to faith, but not dichotomously so, rather seeing faith under constant interrogation by reason: