Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 4
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
January 2023
Print publication year:
2023
Online ISBN:
9781009043496

Book description

The argument for metaethical relativism, the view that there is no single true or most justified morality, is that it is part of the best explanation of the most difficult moral disagreements. The argument for this view features a comparison between traditions that highly value relationship and community and traditions that highly value personal autonomy of the individual and rights. It is held that moralities are best understood as emerging from human culture in response to the need to promote and regulate interpersonal cooperation and internal motivational coherence in the individual. The argument ends in the conclusion that there is a bounded plurality of true and most justified moralities that accomplish these functions. The normative implications of this form of metaethical relativism are explored, with specific focus on female genital cutting and abortion.

References

Abdulcadir, Jasmine, Botsikas, Diamides, Bolmont, Mylène et al. (2016). “Sexual Anatomy and Function in Women with and without Genital Mutilation: A Cross-Sectional Study,” The Journal of Sexual Medicine 13(2), 226237.
Adams, David Wallace (1995). Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Ahmadu, Fuambai S. (2001). “Rites and Wrongs: An Insider/Outsider Reflects on Power and Excision,” in Shell-Duncan, Bettina and Herlund, Yiva (eds.), Female “Circumcision” in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change, 283312. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Ahmadu, Fuambai S., and Shweder, Richard A. (2009). “Disputing the Myth of the Sexual Dysfunction of Circumcised Women: An Interview with Fuambai S. Ahmadu by Richard A. Shweder,” Anthropology Today 25(6), 1417.
Analects (2006–21). Chinese Text Project. https://ctext.org/analects.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony (2006). Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers. New York: W. W. Norton.
Aristotle (2016). Aristotle’s Politics: Writings from the Complete Works – Politics, Economics, Constitution of Athens, ed. Barnes, Jonathan, trans. Jowett, Benjamin, 1225. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ayars, Alisabeth, and Nichols, Shaun (2020). “Rational Learners and Metaethics: Universalism, Relativism, and Evidence from Consensus,” Mind & Language 35, 6789.
Baier, Annette (1986). “Trust and Antitrust,” Ethics 96(2), 231260.
Berlin, Isaiah (2002). “Two Concepts of Liberty,” in Hardy, H. (ed.), Liberty: Incorporating Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 167215.
Bloomfield, Paul (2009). “Review of Natural Moralities: A Defense of Pluralistic Relativism,” Mind, 118(469), 225230.
Boddy, Janice (2007). Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Boddy, Janice (2016). “The Normal and the Aberrant in Female Genital Cutting: Shifting Paradigms,” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 6(2), 4169.
Boddy, Janice (2020). “Re-thinking the Zero Tolerance Approach to FGM/C: The Debate Around Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery,” Current Sexual Health Reports 12(4), 302313.
Brink, David (1989). Moral Realism and the Foundation of Ethics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bruce, Tricia C. (2020). “How Americans Understand Abortion: A Comprehensive Interview Study of Abortion Attitudes in the US,” McGrath Institute for Church Life, University of Notre Dame, https://tinyurl.com/2xtjfz7j, accessed November 27, 2022.
Catania, Lucrezia, Abdulcadir, Omar, Puppo, Vincenzo et al. (2007). “Pleasure and Orgasm in Women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C),” The Journal of Sexual Medicine 4(6), 16661678.
Chan, Sin Yee (2000). “Gender and Relationship Roles in the Analects and the Mencius,” Asian Philosophy 10(2), 115131.
Chang, Iris (2003). The Chinese in America. New York: Viking Press.
Christensen, David (2007). “Epistemology of Disagreement: The Good News,” Philosophical Review 116(2), 187217.
Coulthard, Glen Sean (2014). Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Cowan, Sarah K., Bruce, Tricia C., Perry, Brea L. et al. (2022). “Discordant Benevolence: How and Why People Help Others in the Face of Conflicting Values,” Science Advances 8, 116.
Cua, Antonio S. (1989). “The Status of Principles in Confucian Ethics,” Journal of Chinese Philosophy 16(3–4), 273296.
Curry, Oliver Scott, Mullins, Daniel Scott, and Whitehouse, Harvey (2019). “Is It Good to Cooperate? Testing the Theory of Morality-as-Cooperation in 60 Societies,” Current Anthropology 60(1), 4769.
de Waal, Frans B. M. (2008). “Putting the Altruism back into Altruism,” Annual Review of Psychology 59(1), 279300.
Dobbs v. Jackson Women‘s Health Organization (2022), 597 U.S.
Dreier, James (1990). “Internalism and Speaker Relativism,” Ethics 101(1), 626.
Duivenbode, Rosie, and Padela, Aasim I. (2019). “The Problem of Female Genital Cutting: Bridging Secular and Islamic Bioethical Perspectives,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 62(2), 273300.
Dworkin, Ronald (1977). Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Earp, Brian D. (2016). “Between Moral Relativism and Moral Hypocrisy: Reframing the Debate on ‘FGM,’” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 26(2), 105144.
Earp, Brian D. (2022). “Against Legalising Female ‘Circumcision’ of Minors: A Reply to ‘The Prosecution of Dawoodi Bohra Women’ by Richard Shweder,” Global Discourse 12(1), 4776.
Earp, Brian D., and Johnsdotter, Sara (2021). “Current Critiques of the WHO Policy on Female Genital Mutilation,” International Journal of Impotence Research 33(2), 196209.
Earp, Brian D., McLoughlin, Killian L., Monrad, Joshua T., Clark, Marsha S., and Crockett, Molly J. (2021). “How Social Relationships Shape Moral Wrongness Judgments,” Nature Communications 12(1), 13.
Farrell, David M., Suiter, Jane, and Harris, Clodagh (2019). “Systematizing Constitutional Deliberation: The 2016–18 Citizens’ Assembly in Ireland,” Irish Political Studies 34(1), 113123.
Fishkin, James (2009). When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Flack, Jessica C., and de Waal, Frans B. M. (2000). “Any Animal Whatever,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 7(1–2), 129.
Fricker, Miranda (2007). Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Galbraith, Kate, and Price, Asher (2013). The Great Texas Wind Rush: How George Bush, Ann Richards, and a Bunch of Tinkerers Helped the Oil and Gas State Win the Race to Wind Power. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Gessen, Masha (2019). “What Happens When a Group of Strangers Spends a Day Debating Immigation?” The New Yorker, July 23, https://tinyurl.com/2p94wm2w, accessed November 27, 2022.
Gibbard, Allan (1992). Wise Choices, Apt Feelings: A Theory of Normative Judgment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gil, Michael B. (2009). “Indeterminacy and Variability in Meta-Ethics,” Philosophical Studies 145(2), 215234.
Gillespie, Valerie (2020). “Let’s Embrace Duke’s Entire History,” Duke Magazine, summer issue, https://tinyurl.com/stedvp9m, accessed November 27, 2022.
Gilligan, Carol (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gintis, Herbert (2000). Game Theory Evolving. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Goodwin, Geoffrey P., and Darley, John M. (2008). “The Psychology of Meta-Ethics: Exploring Objectivism,” Cognition 106, 13391366.
Gowans, Christopher (2007). Review of Natural Moralities: A Defense of Pluralistic Relativism, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, April 14, https://tinyurl.com/5tzrc28h, accessed November 27, 2022.
Greene, Jamal (2021). How Rights Went Wrong: Why Our Obsession with Rights Is Tearing America Apart. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Gruenbaum, Ellen (2001). Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Gruenbaum, Ellen, Earp, Bryan D., and Shweder, Richard A. (2022). “Reconsidering the Role of Patriarchy in Upholding Female Genital Modifications,” International Journal of Impotence Research, 110. www.nature.com/articles/s41443-022-00581-5, accessed November 27, 2022.
Hall, David L., and Ames, Roger T. (1987). Thinking Through Confucius. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Hamilton, William (1964). “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7, 116.
Hanson, Eric, Gamez, Daniel P., and Manuel, Alexa (2020). “The Residential School System,” First Nations and Indigenous Studies UBC, https://tinyurl.com/4y989byn, accessed November 27, 2022.
Harman, Gilbert (1975). “Moral Relativism Defended,” Philosophical Review 84(1), 322.
Harman, Gilbert (2000). Explaining Value, and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Harrison, Geoffrey (1976). “Relativism and Tolerance,” Ethics 86(2), 122135.
Heath, Malcolm (2008). “Aristotle on Natural Slavery,” Phronesis 53, 243270.
Held, Virginia (2006). The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global, 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hoffman, Martin L. (2000). Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hollander, Michael and Sandelweiss, Martha A. (2022). “Princeton and Slavery: Holding the Center,” Princeton Alumni Weekly, November 8, 2017, accessed online on June 19, 2022, https://paw.princeton.edu/issues/v118-n04-11082107.
Hourdequin, Marion (2021). “Environmental Ethics: The State of the Question,” Southern Journal of Philosophy 59(3), 270308.
Hourdequin, Marion and Wong, David B. (2005). “A Relational Approach to Environmental Ehics,” Journal of Chinese Philosophy 32(1), 1933.
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer (2011). Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kittay, Eva (1999). Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency. New York: Routledge.
Kölbel, M. (2003) “Faultless Disagreement,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, 104(1), 5373.
Kölbel, M. (2013) “Relativism,” Philosophy Compass 10(1), 3851.
Kratz, Corinne A. (2002). “Circumcision Debates and Asylum Cases: Intersecting Arenas, Contested Values, and Tangled Webs,” in Shweder, Richard A., Minow, Martha, and Markus, Hazel Rose (eds.), Engaging Cultural Differences: The Multicultural Challenge in Liberal Democracies, 309343. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Landemore, Hélène (2020). Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
LeDoux, Joseph E. (2002). Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. New York: Viking.
Leonard, Lori (2000). “Interpreting Female Genital Cutting: Moving Beyond the Impasse,” Annual Review of Sex Research 11(1), 158190.
Li, Chenyang (1994). “The Confucian Concept of Jen and the Feminist Ethics of Care: A Comparative Study,” Hypatia, 9(1), 7089.
Lyons, Harriet D. (2007). “Genital Cutting: The Past and Present of a Polythetic Category,” Africa Today 53(4), 317.
MacFarlane, J. (2007). “Relativism and Disagreement,” Philosophical Studies 132, 1731.
MacIntyre, Alasdair (1988). Whose Justice? Which Rationality? South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
MacIntyre, Alasdair (2007). After Virtue, 3rd edition. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Mackie, John L. (1977). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin Books.
Mandela, Nelson (2006). “The Ubuntu Experience,” an interview of Nelson Mandela by Tim Modise, November 1, 2006. www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODQ4WiDsEBQ.
Markus, Hazel, and Kitayama, Shinobu (1991). “Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation,” Psychological Review 98(2), 224253.
McGrath, Sara (2010). “Moral Realism without Convergence,” Philosophical Topics 38(2), 5990.
McKay, Susan (2019). “A Jury of Peers: How Ireland Used a Citizen’s Assembly to Solve Some of Its Toughest Problems,” Foreign Policy 231, 57.
Mencius (Mengzi 2006–21). Chinese Text Project, https://ctext.org/mengzi, accessed November 23, 2022.
Metz, Thaddeus (2011). “Ubuntu as a Moral Theory and Human Rights in South Africa,” African Human Rights Law Journal 11(2), 532559.
Millett, Paul (2007). “Aristotle and Slavery in Athens,” Greece & Rome 54(2), 178209.
Möeller, Kai (2012). “Proportionality: Challenging the Critics,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 10(3), 709731.
Moody-Adams, Michele (1997). Fieldwork in Familiar Places: Morality, Culture, & Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Morel, Mary Kay (1997). “Captain Pratt’s School,” American History 32(2), 2632, 6264.
Murdock, Esme (2020). “Troubling Ecological Citizenship: Expanding Our Minds and Hearts to See the More-Than-Human World as Our Relations,” Minding Nature 13(2), 3641.
Murdock, Esme (2022). “Indigenous Governance Now: Settler Colonial Injustice Is Not Historically Past,” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 25(3), 411426.
Njambi, Wairimũ Ngaruiya (2004). “Dualisms and Female Bodies in Representations of African Female Circumcision: A Feminist Critique,” Feminist Theory 5(3), 281303.
Njambi, Wairimũ Ngaruiya (2011). “Irua Ria Atumia and Anticolonial Struggles among the Gĩkũyũ of Kenya: A Counternarrative on ‘Female Genital Mutilation,’” in Oyĕwùmí, Oyèrónkẹ́ (ed.), Gender Epistemologies in Africa: Gendering Traditions, Spaces, Social Institutions, and Identities, 179197. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Noddings, Nel (1984). Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Nussbaum, Martha (2001). Upheavals of Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Oba, Abdulmumini A. (2008). “Female Circumcision as Female Genital Mutilation: Human Rights or Cultural Imperialism?Global Jurist 8(3). doi: 10.2202/1934-2640.1286/html
Okasha, Samir (2020). “Biological Altruism,” in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 Edition), https://stanford.io/3U5gOEQ, accessed November 23, 2022.
Olinder, Ragnar Francén (2012). “Moral and Metaethical Pluralism: Unity in Variation,” The Southern Journal of Philosophy 50(4), 583601.
Ostrom, Carol M. 1996. “Harborview Debates Issue of Circumcision of Muslim Girls.” The Seattle Times, September 13, 1996, www.bit.ly/3id1AAq, accessed November 27, 2022.
Pande, Raksha (2021). “Young British Indians Are Embracing Marriage – Just Not in the Traditional Sense,” April 29, 2021, The Conversation, www.bit.ly/3ARqex4, accessed November 27, 2022.
Park, John J. (2022). The Psychological Basis of Moral Judgments: Philosophical and Empirical Approaches to Moral Relativism. New York: Routledge.
Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992). 505 U.S. 833.
Prinz, Jesse J. (2007). The Emotional Construction of Morals Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Public Policy Advisory Network on Female Genital Surgeries in Africa. (2012). “Seven Things to Know about Female Genital Surgeries in Africa,” Hastings Center Report 42(6), 1927.
Quinn, Naomi (2005). “Universals of Child Rearing,” Anthropological Theory 5, 477516.
Morgentaler, R. v. (1988). https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/288/index.do, accessed July 23, 2022.
Rakove, Jack (2009). The Annotated US Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Railton, Peter (1989). “ Railton, “Naturalism and Prescriptivity,” Social Philosophy and Policy 7, 151174.
Richardson, Heather Cox (2020). How the South Won the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press.
Richardson, James D. (2004). A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents Section 1 (of 2) of Volume 3: Andrew Jackson (Second Term). Project Gutenberg EBook. http://gutenberg.readingroo.ms/1/1/2/0/11202/11202.txt.
Richerson, Peter J., and Boyd, Robert (2005). Not By Genes Alone. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Richerson, Peter J., Boyd, Robert, and Henrich, Joseph (2003). “Cultural Evolution of Human Cooperation,” in Hammerstein, P. (ed.), Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation: A Dahlem Conference Workshop. Cambridge: MA: MIT Press.
Roe v. Wade (1973). 410 U.S. 113.
Rosenlee, Li-Hsiang Lisa (2014). “Why Care? A Feminist Re-appropriation of Confucian Xiao,” in Olberding, A. (ed.), Dao Companion to the Analects, 311334. Dordrecht: Springer.
Rovane, Carol (2013). The Metaphysics and Ethics of Relativism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ruddick, Sara (1989). “Maternal Thinking,” in Trebilcot, A. (ed.), Mothering: Essays in Feminist Theory, 213230. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld.
Sandel, Michael (1998). Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 2nd edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sarkissian, Hagop (2017). “Folk Platitudes as the Explananda of Philosophical Metaethics: Are They Accurate? And Do They Help or Hinder Inquiry?Journal of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research 34, 565575.
Scanlon, Thomas M. (1998). What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Shafer-Landau, Russ (1994). “Ethical Disagreement, Ethical Objectivism, and Moral Indeterminacy,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 54(2), 331344.
Shafer-Landau, Russ (1995). “Vagueness, Borderline Cases and Moral Realism,” American Philosophical Quarterly 32(1), 8396.
Shafer-Landau, Russ (2003). Moral Realism: A Defense. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shell-Duncan, Bettina, and Hernlund, Ylva (2000). “Female ‘Circumcision’ in Africa: Dimensions of the Practice and Debates,” in Shell-Duncan, Bettina and Herlund, Ylva (eds.), Female “Circumcision” in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change, 140. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Shweder, Richard A. (2003). “What about Female Genital Mutilation?,” in Why Do Men Barbecue? Recipes for Cultural Psychology, 168216. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Shweder, Richard A. (2022). “The Prosecution of Dawoodi Bohra Women: Some Reasonable Doubts,” Global Discourse 12(1), 927.
Smith, Michael (1994). The Moral Problem. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Sober, Elliot, and Wilson, David S. (1998). Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Sophocles (1984). The Three Theban Plays: Antigone; Oedipus the King; Oedipus at Colonus, trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Books.
Srvluga, Susan (2015). “Former Ole Miss Student Sentenced to Six Months for Putting Noose Around Statue.” Washington Post, September 17, 2015, www.bit.ly/3VfaVGG, accessed November 27, 2022.
Street, Sharon (2006). “A Darwinian Dilemma for Realist Theories of Value,” Philosophical Studies 127, 109166.
Students at Central European University’s School of Public Policy (2018). Tend It Like a Garden: A Podcast on the Irish Citizens’ Assembly. www.bit.ly/3u4nskb, accessed November 27, 2022.
Tajfel, Henri (1970). “Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination,” Scientific American 223, 96102.
Tajfel, Henri Billig, M. G. Bundy, R. P., and Flament, Claude (1971). “Social Categorization and Intergroup Behaviour,” European Journal of Social Psychology 1, 149178.
Tajfel, Henri, and Turner, J. (1979). “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict,” in Austin, W. G. and Worchel, S. (eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 3347. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Taylor, Charles (1985). Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, Charles (1989). Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, Lynn M. (1996). “‘Ngaitana (I Will Circumcise Myself)’: The Gender and Generational Politics of the 1956 Ban on Clitoridectomy in Meru, Kenya,” Gender and History 8(3), 338363.
Tomasello, Michael (2019). Becoming Human: A Theory of Ontogeny. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Triandis, Harry C. (1995). Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Trivers, Robert (1971). “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,” Quarterly Review of Biology 46(1), 3557.
Tronto, Joan (1993). Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. New York: Routledge.
Velleman, David (2013). Foundations for Moral Relativism. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers.
Walker, Margaret Urban (2007). Moral Understandings: A Feminist Study in Ethics, 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wang, Peter (1986). A Great Wall [film]. W&S Productions & Nanhai Film Co.
Whyte, Kyle P. (2018). “What Do Indigenous Knowledges Do for Indigenous Peoples?” in Nelson, Melissa K. and Shilling, Dan (eds.), Traditional Ecological Knowledge, 5781. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, Bernard (1981). “The Truth in Relativism,” in Moral Luck, 132143. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Wong, David B. (1984). Moral Relativity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Wong, David B. (2006). Natural Moralities: A Defense of Pluralistic Relativism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wong, David B. (2011). “Relativist Explanations of Interpersonal and Group Disagreement,” in Hales, Steven D. (ed.), A Companion to Relativism, 411430. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Wong, David B. (2014). “David Wong’s Responses to Critics,” in Xiao, Yang and Hong, Yong (eds.), Moral Relativism and Chinese Philosophy, 181–274. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Wong, David B. (2015a). “Early Confucian Philosophy and the Development of Compassion,” Dao 14(2), 157194.
Wong, David B. (2015b). “Growing Virtue: The Theory and Science of Developing Compassion from a Mencian Perspective,” in Bruya, Brian (ed.), The Philosophical Challenge from China, 2356. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wong, David B. (2019a). “Relativism and Pluralism in Moral Epistemology,” in Zimmerman, Aaron, Jones, Karen, Timmons, Mark (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Moral Epistemology, 316328. New York: Routledge.
Wong, David B. (2019b). “Morality, Definition of,” in LaFollette, Hugh (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Ethics, 44884499. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Organization, World Health (2008). “Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An Interagency Statement,” www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/eliminating_fgm.pdf, accessed July 19, 2022.
Review, World Population (2022) “Abortion Laws by State 2022,” https://tinyurl.com/4mmpnzyw, accessed November 27, 2022.
Wright, Jennifer C., Grandjean, Piper T., and McWhite, Cullen B. (2013). “The Meta-ethical Grounding of Our Moral Beliefs: Evidence for Meta-ethical Pluralism,” Philosophical Psychology 26(3), 336361.
Xiao Jing (Classic of Filial Piety) (2006–21). Chinese Text Project. https://ctext.org/xiao-jing, accessed November 23, 2022.
Xunzi (2006–21). Chinese Text Project. https://ctext.org/xunzi, accessed November 23, 2022.
Yoder, P. Stanley, Wang, Shanxiao, and Johansen, Elise (2013). “Estimates of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in 27 African Countries and Yemen,” Studies in Family Planning 44(2), 189204.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.