This chapter summarizes the evolution of international law on national minorities and explained the ways in which minorities are treated by states as well as by other international organizations such as the European Union and the United Nations. The discussion sets out two alternative views of liberalization and modernity with regard to the accommodation of national minorities, namely ethnocentric multiculturalism and civic individualist egalitarianism/assimilationism. It identifies the multiple and conflicting interpretations of multiculturalism offered by the international organizations which are working to design a liberal form of diversity in modern Europe. The chapter briefly contextualizes these interpretations in a discussion about how their conflicting interpretations of modernity were implemented and subsequently failed in Turkey.