The book as a whole argues that different types of national minorities can be accommodated best through a variety of different methods, and this chapter clarifies how these minorities differ from each other depending on the different structures of their communities and of the states in which they live. It explores why Kurds differ from other national minorities like the Francophone communities in Canada or the people of Flanders and why Turkey cannot be understood as a similar state to Canada or Belgium, the host states for these other minorities. The chapter identifies examples of success and failure that have emerged when national minorities have been treated in the ways recommended by conventional theories of multiculturalism. It focuses particularly on the kinds of failure that that followed the application of these conventional strategies to the complicated situation experienced by the Kurds in Turkey. These failures have rightly led people to question exactly how liberal and effective ethnocentric multiculturalism actually is. This chapter develops a unique and substantive discussion about whether multiculturalism has the fundamental capacity to address injustices arising from the treatment of “minorities of assimilation” like the Kurds in Turkey.