Why ordination?

When we investigate variation of plant or animal communities across a range of different environmental conditions, we usually find not only large differences in species composition of the studied communities, but also a certain consistency or predictability of this variation. For example, if we look at the variation of grassland vegetation in a landscape and describe the plant community composition using vegetation samples, then the individual samples can be usually ordered along one, two or three imaginary axes. The change in the vegetation composition is often small as we move our focus from one sample to those nearby on such a hypothetical axis.

This gradual change in the community composition can often be related to differing, but partially overlapping demands of individual species for environmental factors such as the average soil moisture, its fluctuations throughout the season, the ability of species to compete with other ones for the available nutrients and light, etc. If the axes along which we originally ordered the samples can be identified with a particular environmental factor (such as moisture or richness of soil nutrients), we can call them a soil moisture gradient, a nutrient availability gradient, etc. Occasionally, such gradients can be identified in a real landscape, e.g. as a spatial gradient along a slope from a riverbank, with gradually decreasing soil moisture. But more often we can identify such axes along which the plant or animal communities vary in a more or less smooth, predictable way, yet we cannot find them in nature as a visible spatial gradient and neither can we identify them uniquely with a particular measurable environmental factor. In such cases, we speak about gradients of species composition change.