The Essai sur l'origine des langues, as a reflection on both language and music, holds a unique position in the work of a writer who was also music theorist and composer. In addition to a Projet concernant de nouveaux signes pour la musique – a proposal to simplify musical notation by eliminating the traditional staff and its symbols – Rousseau wrote the music articles for the Encyclopédie, published a widely read Dictionnaire de musique, and composed operas, motets, and chansons.

Reflections on music are also scattered throughout Rousseau's fictional and non-fictional writings. The Discours sur l'origine de l'inégalité, La Nouvelle Héloïse, Emile, and the Confessions all include references (from relatively brief digressions in the second Discours, to rather extensive passages in the Confessions) to music and/or music theory. The particular complexity of the Essai's intertwining of reflections on music, language, society, and political systems has left many critics perplexed.