Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- List of abbreviations
- 1 Fetal nutrition
- 2 Determinants of intrauterine growth
- 3 Aspects of fetoplacental nutrition in intrauterine growth restriction and macrosomia
- 4 Postnatal growth in preterm infants
- 5 Thermal regulation and effects on nutrient substrate metabolism
- 6 Development and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract
- 7 Metabolic programming as a consequence of the nutritional environment during fetal and the immediate postnatal periods
- 8 Nutrient regulation in brain development: glucose and alternate fuels
- 9 Water and electrolyte balance in newborn infants
- 10 Amino acid metabolism and protein accretion
- 11 Carbohydrate metabolism and glycogen accretion
- 12 Energy requirements and protein-energy metabolism and balance in preterm and term infants
- 13 The role of essential fatty acids in development
- 14 Vitamins
- 15 Normal bone and mineral physiology and metabolism
- 16 Disorders of mineral, vitamin D and bone homeostasis
- 17 Trace minerals
- 18 Iron
- 19 Conditionally essential nutrients: choline, inositol, taurine, arginine, glutamine and nucleotides
- 20 Intravenous feeding
- 21 Enteral amino acid and protein digestion, absorption, and metabolism
- 22 Enteral carbohydrate assimilation
- 23 Enteral lipid digestion and absorption
- 24 Minimal enteral nutrition
- 25 Milk secretion and composition
- 26 Rationale for breastfeeding
- 27 Fortified human milk for premature infants
- 28 Formulas for preterm and term infants
- 29 Differences between metabolism and feeding of preterm and term infants
- 30 Gastrointestinal reflux
- 31 Hypo- and hyperglycemia and other carbohydrate metabolism disorders
- 32 The infant of the diabetic mother
- 33 Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical observations and pathophysiology
- 34 Neonatal short bowel syndrome
- 35 Acute respiratory failure
- 36 Nutrition for premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- 37 Nutrition in infants with congenital heart disease
- 38 Nutrition therapies for inborn errors of metabolism
- 39 Nutrition in the neonatal surgical patient
- 40 Nutritional assessment of the neonate
- 41 Methods of measuring body composition
- 42 Methods of measuring energy balance: calorimetry and doubly labelled water
- 43 Methods of measuring nutrient substrate utilization using stable isotopes
- 44 Postnatal nutritional influences on subsequent health
- 45 Growth outcomes of preterm and very low birth weight infants
- 46 Post-hospital nutrition of the preterm infant
- Index
- References
28 - Formulas for preterm and term infants
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 December 2009
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- List of abbreviations
- 1 Fetal nutrition
- 2 Determinants of intrauterine growth
- 3 Aspects of fetoplacental nutrition in intrauterine growth restriction and macrosomia
- 4 Postnatal growth in preterm infants
- 5 Thermal regulation and effects on nutrient substrate metabolism
- 6 Development and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract
- 7 Metabolic programming as a consequence of the nutritional environment during fetal and the immediate postnatal periods
- 8 Nutrient regulation in brain development: glucose and alternate fuels
- 9 Water and electrolyte balance in newborn infants
- 10 Amino acid metabolism and protein accretion
- 11 Carbohydrate metabolism and glycogen accretion
- 12 Energy requirements and protein-energy metabolism and balance in preterm and term infants
- 13 The role of essential fatty acids in development
- 14 Vitamins
- 15 Normal bone and mineral physiology and metabolism
- 16 Disorders of mineral, vitamin D and bone homeostasis
- 17 Trace minerals
- 18 Iron
- 19 Conditionally essential nutrients: choline, inositol, taurine, arginine, glutamine and nucleotides
- 20 Intravenous feeding
- 21 Enteral amino acid and protein digestion, absorption, and metabolism
- 22 Enteral carbohydrate assimilation
- 23 Enteral lipid digestion and absorption
- 24 Minimal enteral nutrition
- 25 Milk secretion and composition
- 26 Rationale for breastfeeding
- 27 Fortified human milk for premature infants
- 28 Formulas for preterm and term infants
- 29 Differences between metabolism and feeding of preterm and term infants
- 30 Gastrointestinal reflux
- 31 Hypo- and hyperglycemia and other carbohydrate metabolism disorders
- 32 The infant of the diabetic mother
- 33 Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical observations and pathophysiology
- 34 Neonatal short bowel syndrome
- 35 Acute respiratory failure
- 36 Nutrition for premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- 37 Nutrition in infants with congenital heart disease
- 38 Nutrition therapies for inborn errors of metabolism
- 39 Nutrition in the neonatal surgical patient
- 40 Nutritional assessment of the neonate
- 41 Methods of measuring body composition
- 42 Methods of measuring energy balance: calorimetry and doubly labelled water
- 43 Methods of measuring nutrient substrate utilization using stable isotopes
- 44 Postnatal nutritional influences on subsequent health
- 45 Growth outcomes of preterm and very low birth weight infants
- 46 Post-hospital nutrition of the preterm infant
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
Breastfeeding is the gold standard and strongly preferred method of feeding healthy term infants. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends human milk as the exclusive nutrient source for feeding full-term infants for the first 6 months after birth and indicates that it should be continued with the addition of solid foods, until 12 months of life. Likewise, the Canadian Pediatric Society recommends exclusive breastfeeding for a minimum of 4 months and suggests that it may continue for up to 2 years and beyond. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding by the latter authoritative body is currently under review. Recently the World Health Organization made the recommendation that full-term infants be exclusively breastfed until the introduction of complementary foods at 6 months with continued breastfeeding thereafter. The scientific rationale for recommending breastfeeding as the preferred feeding choice is extensively reviewed elsewhere in this book.
In the event that breastfeeding is contraindicated or a mother chooses not to breastfeed, a commercially prepared infant formula is the next best option. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that when breastfeeding is not initiated or is discontinued before an infant's first birthday, a standard cow's milk-based formula is the feeding of choice for term-born infants. Canadian Health officials recommend use of cow's milk-based, iron-fortified formulas until 9–12 months of age. Available data suggest that approximately 70% of North American women currently initiate breastfeeding. At 6 months postpartum, however, only 32.5% of American women are still breastfeeding.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism , pp. 409 - 436Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2006
References
- 6
- Cited by