Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T04:58:10.372Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

35 - War, States, and Political Sociology

Contributions and Challenges

from V - Established and New State Policies and Innovations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2020

By
Gregory Hooks
Edited by
Thomas Janoski ,
Cedric de Leon ,
Joya Misra  and
Isaac William Martin
Thomas Janoski
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky
Cedric de Leon
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Joya Misra
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Isaac William Martin
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
Get access

Summary

States were the quintessential containers of modernity (Giddens 1985). Although states never completely contained “their” society (Held 1996: 350–351), states did carve up (with modest exceptions) the entire planet into mutually exclusive geographic areas, and within “their” domain, states exerted institutionalized and legitimate power. Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, states penetrated society in unprecedented ways and took on an expanding role in coordinating educational, medical, infrastructural, and social welfare services (Mann 1993, 2012). Bauman makes the case that with globalization giving rise to liquid modernity, the stability and power of the state no longer depend on direct control of society and its institutions.

Keywords

warmilitarismmodernityviolencehuman rightsrefugees
Type
Chapter
Information
The New Handbook of Political Sociology , pp. 924 - 950
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almeida, Paul. 2014. Mobilizing Democracy: Globalization and Citizen Protest. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almeida, Paul. 2016. “Social Movements and Economic Development” pp. 528–550 in Hooks, Gregory et al. (eds.) The Sociology of Development Handbook. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 2018. “USA: Policy of Separating Children from Parents Is Nothing Short of Torture.” https://bit.ly/2K3fmTAGoogle Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2000. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2001. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt and Haugaard, Mark. 2008. “Liquid Modernity and Power: A Dialogue with Zygmunt Bauman.” Journal of Power 1(2): 111–130. DOI:10.1080/17540290802227536CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, Denis. 2017. “Some Rough Historical Parallels between South Africa and the United States.” Journal of Comparative Urban Law and Policy 1(1). https://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/jculp/vol1/iss1/16Google Scholar
Calhoun, Laurie. 2015. We Kill Because We Can: From Soldiering to Assassination in the Drone Age. London: Zed books.Google Scholar
Castells, Manuel. 1997. The Power of Identity. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Centeno, Miguel Angel. 1997. “Blood and Debt: War and Taxation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America.” American Journal of Sociology 102: 1565–1605.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1993. Year 501: The Conquest Continues. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Brett and Jorgenson, Andrew K.. 2012. “The Treadmill of Destruction and the Environmental Impacts of Militaries.” Sociology Compass 6: 557–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul. 2008. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall. 1995. “Prediction in Macrosociology: The Case of the Soviet Collapse.” American Journal of Sociology 100(6): 1552–1593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, R. W. 1997. “Why Is Classical Theory Classical?” American Journal of Sociology 102(6): 1511–1557.Google Scholar
Crawford, Neta. 2018. “Human Cost of Post-9/11 Wars: Lethality and the Need for Transparency.” Brown University Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs. Retrieved July 2019. https://bit.ly/2qBje2TGoogle Scholar
Downey, Liam. 2015. Inequality, Democracy and the Environment. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Downey, Liam, Bonds, Eric, and Clark, Katherine. 2010. “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation.” Organization & Environment 23: 417–445.Google Scholar
Dunlap, Riley and Brulle, Robert (eds.). 2015. Climate Change and Society: Sociological Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dunne, Tim and Wheeler, Nicholas (eds.). 1999. Human Rights in Global Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, Norbert. 1982 [1939]. Power & Civility: The Civilizing Process: Volume ii. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Enloe, Cynthia. 1990. Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter. 1989. “Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State.” Sociological Forum 4: 561–587.Google Scholar
Falk, Richard. 1999. “The Challenge of Genocide and Genocidal Politics in an Era of Globalisation” pp. 177–194 in Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. (eds.) Human Rights in Global Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gedicks, Al. 2001. Resource Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Gedicks, Al. 2003. “Resource Wars against Native Peoples in Colombia.” Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 14: 85–111.Google Scholar
Gedicks, Al. 2014. Dirty Gold: Indigenous Alliances to End Global Resource Colonialism. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1985. The Nation-State and Violence. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gleditsch, Nils P. and Nordås., Ragnhild 2014. “Conflicting Messages? The IPCC on Conflict and Human Security.” Political Sociology 43: 82–90.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack. 1991. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gregory, Derek. 2011a. “Drones and Late Modern War.” Theory, Culture & Society 28: 188–215.Google Scholar
Gregory, Derek.2011b. “The Everywhere War.” The Geographical Journal 177: 238–250.Google Scholar
Held, David. 1995. Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Held, David.1996. Models of Democracy, 2nd ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Herbst, Jeffrey. 1990. “War and the State in Africa.” International Security 14: 117–139.Google Scholar
Höhn, Maria and Moon, Seungsook (eds.). 2010. Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Holzer, Elizabeth. 2015. The Concerned Women of Buduburam: Refugee Activists and Humanitarian Dilemmas. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hooks, Gregory. 1990. “The Rise of the Pentagon & U.S. State Building: The Defense Program as Industrial Policy.” American Journal of Sociology 96: 358–404.Google Scholar
Hooks, Gregory.1991. Forging the Military-Industrial Complex: World War II’s Battle of the Potomac. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Hooks, Gregory. 1993. “The Weakness of Strong Theories: The U.S. State’s Dominance of the World War II Investment Process.” American Sociological Review 58: 37–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooks, Gregory. 2016. “War and Development: Questions, Answers, and Prospects for the Twenty-First Century” pp. 440–462 in Hooks, Gregory et al. (eds.) The Sociology of Development Handbook. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hooks, Gregory and Getz, Vicki. 1998. “Federal Investments and Economic Stimulus at the End of the Cold War: The Influence of Federal Installations on Employment Growth, 1970–1990.” Environment and Planning, A 30: 1695–1704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooks, Gregory and McLauchlan., Gregory 1992. “The Institutional Foundation of Warmaking: Three Eras of U.S. Warmaking, 1939–1989.” Theory and Society 21: 757–788.Google Scholar
Hooks, Gregory and Mosher, Clayton. 2005. “Outrages against Personal Dignity: Rationalizing Abuse and Torture in the War on Terror.” Social Forces 83: 1627–1646.Google Scholar
Hooks, Gregory and Rice, James. 2005. “War, Militarism and States: The Insights and Blind Spots of Political Sociology” pp. 566–586 in Janoski, Thomas, Hicks, Alex, Alford, Robert, and Schwartz, Mildred (eds.) The Handbook of Political Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hooks, Gregory and Smith, Chad L.. 2004. “The Treadmill of Destruction: National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans.” American Sociological Review 69: 558–576.Google Scholar
Hooks, Gregory and Smith, Chad L.. 2012. “The Treadmill of Destruction Goes Global: Anticipating the Environmental Impact of Militarism in the 21st century” pp. 60–83 in Gouliamos, Kostas and Kassimeris, Christos (eds.) The Marketing of War in the Age of Neo-Militarism. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne and Stephens, John. 2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2004. “The Road to Abu Ghraib.” www.hrw.org/report/2004/06/08/road-abu-ghraibGoogle Scholar
Hume, Tim. 2017. “‘A Lot more Civilians Are Dying.’” Vice News, March 30. https://bit.ly/2I6x1b4Google Scholar
I Am Syria. 2018. “Death Tolls.” www.iamsyria.org/death-tolls.htmlGoogle Scholar
Janoski, Thomas. 1998. Citizenship and Civil Society. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jorgenson, Andrew K., Clark, Brett, and Givens, Jennifer. 2012. “The Environmental Impacts of Militarization in Comparative Perspective: An Overlooked Relationship.” Nature and Culture 7(3): 314–337.Google Scholar
Kaldor, Mary. 1999. “Transnational Civil Society” pp. 195–213 in Dunne, T. and Wheeler, N. (eds.) Human Rights in Global Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kaldor, Mary. 2012. New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Lipton, Eric, Sanger, David, and Shane, Scott. 2016. “The Perfect Weapon: How Russian Cyberpower Invaded the U.S.” New York Times, December 13.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 1986. The Sources of Social Power, Volume 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to ad 1760. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael.1993. The Sources of Social Power, Volume 2: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 2004. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 2012. The Sources of Social Power, Volume 3: Global Empires and Revolution, 1890–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 2013. The Sources of Social Power, Volume 4: Globalizations, 1945–2011. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael.2018. “Have Wars and Violence Declined?” Theory and Society 47: 37–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, John, Boli, John, Thomas, George, and Ramirez, Francisco. 1997. “World Society and the Nation-State.” American Journal of Sociology 103(1): 144–181.Google Scholar
Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Newton, Creede. 2018. “Trump Must Make Known ‘Deadly’ Changes to US Drone Policy: NGOs.” Al Jazeera, March 8. https://bit.ly/2I7GyyJGoogle Scholar
Parenti, Christian. 2011. Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence. New York: Nation Books.Google Scholar
Pinker, Steven. 2011. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Purkiss, Jessica and Serle, Jack. 2017. “Obama’s Covert Drone War in Numbers: Ten Times More Strikes than Bush.” Bureau of Investigative Journalism, January 17. https://bit.ly/2ob2SMnGoogle Scholar
Raleigh, Clionadh, Jordan, Lisa, and Salehyan, Idean. 2008. Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Migration and Conflict. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Richard. 1988. “Man-Made Death: A Neglected Mortality.” Journal of the American Medical Association 260: 686–687.Google Scholar
Robinson, Michael, Jones, Kevin, and Janicke, Helge. 2015. “Cyber Warfare: Issues and Challenges.” Computers & Security 49: 70–94.Google Scholar
Sassen, Saskia. 1998. Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Selby, Jan, Dahi, Omar S., Frohlich, Christiane, and Hulme, Mike. 2017. “Climate Change and the Syrian Civil War Revisited.” Political Sociology 60: 232–244.Google Scholar
Seter, Hanne. 2016. “Connecting Climate Variability and Conflict: Implications for Empirical Testing.” Political Geography 53: 1–9.Google Scholar
Shakarian, Paulo, Shakarian, Jana, Ruef, Andrew, and Jajodia, Sushil (eds.). 2013. Introduction to Cyber-Warfare: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Waltham, MA: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Shaw, Martin. 2002. “Risk Transfer Militarism, Small Massacres and the Historic Legitimacy of War.” International Relations 16(3): 343–359.Google Scholar
Shaw, Martin. 2005. The New Western Way of War: Risk Transfer War and Its Crisis in Iraq. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Chad L., Hooks, Gregory, and Lengefeld, Michael. 2014. “The War on Drugs in Colombia: The Environment, the Treadmill of Destruction and Risk-Transfer Militarism.” Journal of World-Systems Research 20: 182–203.Google Scholar
Steinman, Erich. 2011. “Sovereigns and Citizens? The Contested Status of American Indian Tribal Nations and their Members.” Citizenship Studies 15: 57–74. DOI:10.1080/13621025.2011.534927CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinmetz, George. 2014. “The Sociology of Empires, Colonies, and Postcolonialism.” Annual Review of Sociology 40: 77–103.Google Scholar
Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 2018. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. www.syriahr.com/en/Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 2018. “Mann, War, and Cyberspace: Dualities of Infrastructural Power in America.” Theory and Society 47: 61–85.Google Scholar
Tayler, Letta. 2017. “How Obama’s Drones Rulebook Enabled Trump.” Just Security, September 26. https://bit.ly/2ZjFzBf/Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1975. “Reflections on the History of European State-Making” pp. 3–83 in Tilly, Charles (ed.) The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital and European States, a.d. 990–1990. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1995. “To Explain Political Processes.” American Journal of Sociology 100: 1594–1610.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2017. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision: Key Findings and Advance Tables. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. “Hungary Violating International Law in Response to Migration Crisis: Zeid.” https://bit.ly/2wMIoP3Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2017. Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2017. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2018. UNHCR Statistics: The World in Numbers. http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overviewGoogle Scholar
van Creveld, Martin. 1989. Technology and War: From 2000 bc to the Present. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
van Creveld, Martin. 1991. The Transformation of War. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Viterna, Jocelyn. 2006. “Pulled, Pushed and Persuaded: Explaining Women’s Mobilization into the Salvadoran Guerrilla Army.” American Journal of Sociology 112: 1–45.Google Scholar
Viterna, Jocelyn. 2013. Women in War: The Micro-processes of Mobilization in El Salvador. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1989. The Modern World System. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Walter, Barbara. 2010. Conflict Relapse and the Sustainability of Post-Conflict Peace, World Development Report 2011: Background Paper. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. https://bit.ly/2KDaV1CGoogle Scholar
Weber, Max. 2014 [1946]. Politics as a Vocation. New York: Oxford University Press. https://bit.ly/2wNORsQGoogle Scholar
Wimmer, Andreas. 2013. Waves of War: Nationalism, State Formation, and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×