Andrews, J. E., P. Brimblecombe, T. D. Jickells and P. S. Liss (1996): An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry. Blackwell (Oxford), 209pp
Barron, E. J., Sloan II, J. L., and Harrison, C. G. A. (1980): Potential significance of land–sea distribution and surface albedo variations as a climatic forcing factor; 180 My to the present. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 30, 17–40
Barron, E. J., and Washington, W. M. (1984): The role of geographic variables in explaining paleoclimates: results from Cretaceous climate model sensitivity studies. J. Geophys. Res., 89D, 1267–79
Baumgartner, A., and E. Reichel (1975): The World Water Balance: Mean Annual Global, Continental and Marine Precipitation and Run-off. Elsevier (Amsterdam), 179pp
Berger, A. L. (1978): Long-term variations of caloric insolation resulting from the Earth's orbital elements. Quaternary Res., 9, 139–67
Bigg, G. R. (1990): El Niño and the Southern Oscillation, Weather, 45, 2–8
Bigg, G. R. (1992a): The atmospheric engine. Geographical, 64(1), Analysis, 1–3
Bigg, G. R. (1992b): Droplets to thunderstorms. Geographical, 64(2), Analysis, 5–7
Bigg, G. R. (1992c): Climates of the past. Geographical, 64(5), 52–3
Bigg, G. R. (1992d): Climates of the future. Geographical, 64(6), 50–2
Bigg, G. R. (1993): Comparison of coastal wind and pressure trends over the tropical Atlantic: 1946–87. Int. J. Climatol., 13, 411–21
Bigg, G. R. (1994): Beyond the weather map. Geographical, 66(10), 55–6
Bigg, G. R., and Blundell, J. R. (1989): The equatorial Pacific Ocean prior to and during El Niño of 1982/83 – a normal mode view. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 1039–69
Bigg, G. R., and Rohling, E. J. (2000): An oxygen isotope dataset for marine waters. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 8527–36
Bigg, G. R., and Wadley, M. R. (2001): Millennial-scale variability in the oceans: an ocean modelling view. J. Quater. Sci., 16, 309–19
Bond, G., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W., Labeyrie, L., McManus, J., Andrews, J., Huon, S., Jantschik, R., Clasen, S., Simet, C., Tedesco, K., Klas, M., Bonani, G., and Ivy, S. (1992): Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic ocean during the last glacial period. Nature, 360, 245–9
Bradley, R. S., and P. D. Jones (1993): Records of explosive volcanic eruptions over the last 500 years. In Climate since A.D. 1500, eds. R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones. Routledge (London), pp. 606–22
Broecker, W. S., and T.-H. Peng (1982): Tracers in the Sea. Eldigio Press (Palisades, New York), 690pp
Broecker, W. S., and Peng, T.-H. (1992): Interhemispheric transport of carbon dioxide by ocean circulation. Nature, 356, 587–9
Broecker, W. S., Andree, M., Wolfli, W., Oeschger, H., Bonani, G., Kennett, J., and Peteet, D. (1988): The chronology of the last deglaciation: implications to the cause of the Younger Dryas event. Paleoceanogr., 3, 1–19
Burroughs, W. J. (2001): Climate Change: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 298pp
Chahine, M. T. (1992): The hydrological cycle and its influence on climate. Nature, 359, 373–9
Changnon, S. A. (ed.) (2000): El Niño 1997–1998. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 215pp
Clemens, S., Prell, W., Murray, D., Shimmield, G., and Weedon, G. (1991): Forcing mechanisms of the Indian Ocean monsoon. Nature, 353, 720–5
Climate Diagnostics Bulletin (1994a): No. 94/1, National Meteorological Center (Washington), 77pp
Climate Diagnostics Bulletin (1994b): No. 94/2, National Meteorological Center (Washington), 79pp
Climate Diagnostics Bulletin (1994c): No. 94/5, National Meteorological Center (Washington), 83pp
Climate Diagnostics Bulletin (2000): No. 00/1, Climate Prediction Center (Washington), 82pp
Climate Diagnostics Bulletin (2002): No. 02/1, Climate Prediction Center (Washington), 89pp
Cooper, N. S., Bigg, G. R., and Whysall, K. D. B. (1989): Recent decadal climate variation in the tropical Pacific. Int. J. Climatol., 9, 221–42
Cortijo, E., Labeyrie, L., Vidal, L., Vautravers, M., Chapman, M., Duplessy, J.-C., Elliot, M., Arnold, M., Turon, J.-L. and Auffret, G. (1997): Changes in sea surface hydrology associated with Heinrich event 4 in the North Atlantic Ocean between 40° and 60°N. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 146, 29–45
Crowley, T. J., and G. R. North (1991): Paleoclimatology. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 339pp
Davies, A. M. (1986): Mathematical formulation of a spectral tidal model. In Advanced Physical Oceanographic Numerical Modelling, ed. J. J. O'Brien. Reidel (Dordrecht), pp. 373–90
Deuzé, J. L., Herman, M., Goloub, P., Tanré, D. and Marchand, A. (1999): Characterization of aerosols over ocean from POLDER/ADEOS-1. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 1421–4
Drake, F. (2000): Global Warming. Arnold (London), 273pp
Frakes, L. A. (1979): Climates through Geologic Time, Elsevier (Amsterdam), 310pp
Frakes, L. A., J. E. Francis, and J. I. Syktus (1992): Climate Modes of the Phanerozoic. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 274pp
Graham, N. E., and White, W. B. (1988): The El Niño cycle: a natural oscillator of the Pacific Ocean–atmosphere system. Science, 240, 1293–1302
Han, Y.-J. (1988): Modelling and simulation of the general circulation of the ocean. In Physically-based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change, ed. M. E. Schlesinger. Kluwer (Dordrecht), pp. 465–508
Haq, B. U., and F. W. B. Van Eysinga (1987): Geological Time Chart. Elsevier (Amsterdam)
Hartmann, D. L. (1994): Global Physical Climatology. Academic Press (San Diego), 411pp
Harvey, J. G. (1985): Atmosphere and Ocean: Our Fluid Environment. Artemis (London), 143pp
Hide, R., and Dickey, J. O. (1991): Earth's variable rotation. Science, 253, 629–37
Horel, J. D., and Wallace, J. M. (1981): Planetary scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the interannual variability of sea-surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 813–29
Houghton, J. T., G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums (eds.) (1990): Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 365pp
Houghton, J. T., B. A. Callander, and S. K. Varney (eds.) (1992): Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 200pp
Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell and C. A. Johnson (eds.) (2001): Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 881pp
Howell, D. G. (1993): Tectonics of Suspect Terranes. Chapman and Hall (London), 232pp
Imbrie, J., J. D. Hays, D. G. Martinson, A. McIntyre, A. C. Mix, J. J. Mauley, N. G. Pisias, W. L. Prell, and N. J. Shackleton (1984): The orbital theory of climate – support from a revised chronology of the marine δ18O record. In Milankovitch and Climate: Understanding the Response to Astronomical Forcing, ed. A. Berger. Reidel (Dordrecht), pp. 269–305
James, D. A., and Simmonds, I. (1993): A climatology of Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones. Climate Dynamics, 9, 131–45
Jenkins, W. J. (1988): The use of anthropogenic tritium and helium-3 to study subtropical gyre ventilation and circulation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 325, 43–61
Jerlov, N. G. (1976): Optical Oceanography. Elsevier (Amsterdam), 194pp
Kiehl, J. T. and Trenberth, K. E. (1997): Earth's annual global mean energy budget. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 78, 197–208
King, J. C., and J. Turner (1997): Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 409pp
Lalli, C. M., and T. R. Parsons (1997): Biological Oceanography: An Introduction. Butterworth-Heinemann (Oxford), 319pp
Lamb, H. H. (1977): Climates of the Past, Present and Future, Volumes I and II. Methuen (London)
Lehman, S. J., and Keigwin, L. D. (1992): Sudden changes in North Atlantic circulation during the last deglaciation. Nature, 356, 757–62
Levitus, S., R. Burgett and T. P. Boyer (1982): World Ocean Atlas, Volume 4: Temperature. NOAA (Washington, DC)
Ludlam, F. H. (1980): Clouds and Storms: The Behaviour and Effect of Water in the Atmosphere. Pennsylvania State University Press (Philadelphia), 405pp
Maier-Reimer, E., and Mikolajewicz, U. (1990): Ocean general circulation model sensitivity experiment with an open central American isthmus. Paleoceanogr., 5, 349–66
Manahan, S. E. (1990): Environmental Chemistry, 4th edition. Lewis (New York), 612pp
Mann, K. H., and J. R. N. Lazier (1991): Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems. Blackwell (Oxford), 466pp
Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S. and Hughes, M. K. (1999): Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties and limitations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 759–62
Mason, B. J. (1971): The Physics of Clouds, 2nd edition. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 671pp
Mauritzen, C. (1996): Production of dense overflow waters feeding the North Atlantic across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge. 1. Evidence for a revised circulation scheme. Deep-Sea Res. I, 43, 769–806
McIlveen, R. (1992): Fundamentals of Weather and Climate. Chapman and Hall (London), 497pp
Oberhuber, J. M. (1988): Atlas of COADS Data. Max-Planck Institute (Hamburg)
Oort, A. H. (1983): Global atmospheric circulation statistics 1958–73. NOAA Prof. Paper No. 14, US Govt. Printing Office, Washington DC
Oort, A. H. (1988): Climate observations and diagnostics. In Physically-based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change, ed. M. E. Schlesinger. Kluwer (Dordrecht), 813–40
Open University Course Team (1989): Ocean Circulation. Pergamon Press (Oxford), 238pp. Other titles in chemistry, waves and sediments also exist
Owens, N. J. P., Law, C. S., Mantoura, R. F. C., Burkill, P. H. and Llewellyn, C. A., Nature, 354, 293–5
Parrish, J. M., J. T. Parrish, and A. M. Ziegler (1986): Permian–Tertiary paleogeography and paleoclimatology and implications for therapsid distribution. In The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles, eds. N. Hotton II, P. D. MacLean, J. J. Roth, and E. C. Roth. Smithsonian Institution Press (Washington, DC), pp. 109–31
Parsons, T. R., M. Takahashi, and B. Hargrave (1984): Biological Oceanographic Processes. Pergamon (Oxford), 330pp
Peltier, W. R. (1994): Ice age paleotopography. Science, 265, 195–201
Persson, A. (2000): Coriolis: Part 1 – What is the Coriolis force? Weather, 55, 165–70
Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N. I., Barnola, J. M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V. M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V. Y., Lorius, C., Pepin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzman, E. and Stievenard, M. (1999): Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399, 429–36
Philander, S. G. (1990): El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press (San Diego), 293pp
Philander, S. G., Yamagata, T., and Pacanowski, R. C. (1984): Unstable air–sea interactions in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 604–13
Pickard, G. L., and W. J. Emery (1982): Descriptive Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press (Oxford), 249pp
Pickart, R. S., Torres, D. J., and Clarke, R. A. (2002): Hydrography of the Labrador Sea during active Convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 428–57
Pinet, P. R. (1992): Oceanography. West (St. Paul), 571pp
Pond, S., and G. L. Pickard (1983): Introductory Dynamical Oceanography. Pergamon Press (Oxford), 329pp
Prentice, I. C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S. P., Lehmans, R., Manserud, R. A., and Solomon, A. M. (1992): A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. J. Biogeogr., 19, 117–34
Quinn, W. H., and V. T. Neal (1993): The historical record of El Niño events. In Climate Since A.D. 1500, eds. R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones. Routledge (London), pp. 623–48
Rasmussen, E. M., and Carpenter, T. H. (1982): Variation in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 354–84
Raymo, M. E., Ruddiman, W. F., Shackleton, N. J., and Oppo, D. W. (1990): δ13C gradients over the last 2.5 million years. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 97, 353–68
Rogers, R. R., and M. K. Yau (1991): A Short Course in Cloud Physics, 3rd edition. Pergamon Press (Oxford), 293pp
Rostek, F., Ruhland, G., Bassinot, F. C., Müller, P. J., Labeyrie, L. D., Lancelot, Y., and Bard, E. (1993): Reconstructing sea surface temperature and salinity using Mü18O and alkenone records. Nature, 364, 319–21
Street-Perrott, F. A., and S. P. Harrison (1985): Lake levels and climate reconstruction. In Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling, ed. A. D. Hecht. Wiley (Chichester), 291–340
Taljaard, J. J., and H. Van Loon (1984): Climate of the Indian Ocean south of 35°S. In World Survey of Climatology, Volume 15, Climates of the Oceans, ed. H. Van Loon. Elsevier (Amsterdam), pp. 505–601
Terada, K., and M. Hanzawa (1984): Climate of the North Pacific Ocean. In World Survey of Climatology, Volume 15, Climates of the Oceans, ed. H. Van Loon. Elsevier (Amsterdam), pp. 431–503
Thunell, R. C., Willams, D. F., and Cita, M. B. (1983): Glacial anoxia in the eastern Mediterranean. J. Foram. Res., 13, 283–90
Tomczak, M., and J. S. Godfrey (1994): Regional Oceanography: An Introduction. Pergamon Press (Oxford), 422pp
Veizer, J., Ala, D., Azmy, K., Bruckschen, P., Buhl, D., Bruhn, F., Carden, G. A. F., Diener, A., Ebneth, S., Godderis, Y., Jasper, T., Korte, C., Pawellek, F., Podlaha, O. G. and Strauss, H. (1999): 87 Sr/86 Sr, δ13 Cand δ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chem. Geol., 161, 59–88
Veum, T., Jansen, E., Arnold, M., Beyer, I., and Duplessey, J.-C. (1992): Water mass exchange between the North Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea during the past 28,000 years. Nature, 356, 783–5
Webster, P. J. (1983): Large-scale structure of the tropical atmosphere. In Largescale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere, eds. B. J. Hoskins and R. P. Pearce. Academic Press (New York), pp. 235–75