Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:20:27.470Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Work–Nonwork Balance and Employee Well-Being

from Part III - Major Issues Relating to Stress and Well-Being

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 February 2023

By
Wendy J. Casper ,
Julie Holliday Wayne ,
Frederick Rice  and
Hoda Vaziri
Edited by
Laurent M. Lapierre  and
Sir Cary Cooper
Laurent M. Lapierre
Affiliation:
University of Ottawa
Sir Cary Cooper
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
Get access

Summary

This chapter reviews research on work–nonwork balance, starting with early research on the topic and discussing how the conceptualization and measurement of balance has changed over time. Drawing from social psychological research on attitudes and person-environment fit theory, balance is defined as a multi-dimensional construct with three facets: affective balance, effectiveness balance, and involvement balance. The measurement of both global balance and the facets of balance is discussed. The literature that examines the link between balance and employee well-being is reviewed. Finally, directions for future research on work–nonwork balance are discussed.

Keywords

global work–nonwork balancework–nonwork balance facetswork–nonwork involvement balancework–nonwork affective balancework–nonwork effectiveness balancewell-being
Type
Chapter
Information
Organizational Stress and Well-Being , pp. 155 - 184
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, T. D., French, K. A., Braun, M. T., & Fletcher, K. (2019). The passage of time in work–family research: Toward a more dynamic perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 245–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, T. A., Wayne, J. H., Casper, W. J., & Caza, B. (2012, June). Work–family balance: A qualitative investigation. Presented at the Inaugural Work–Family Researchers Network Conference, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Aryee, S., Srinivas, E. S., & Tan, H. H. (2005). Rhythms of life: Antecedents and outcomes of work–family balance in employed parents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 132–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude–behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888–918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, M. D., Martin, K. J., & Garza, C. J. 2019. Satisfaction with work–family balance mediates the relationship between workplace social support and depression among hospice nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 51(2), 187–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauld, R., Brough, P., & Timms, C. M. (2009). Working to live or living to work? The impact of time demands and preferred working hours on work and family outcomes. In Langford, P. H., Reynolds, N. J., & Kehoe, J. E. (Eds.), 8th Industrial and Organisational Psychology Conference (IOP): Meeting the Future: Promoting Sustainable Organisational Growth (pp. 12–16). Australian Psychological Society.Google Scholar
Brough, P., Timms, C., O’Driscoll, M. P., Kalliath, T., Siu, O. L., Sit, C., & Lo, D. (2014). Work–life balance: A longitudinal evaluation of a new measure across Australia and New Zealand workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 2724–2744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buffardi, L. C., Smith, J. L., O’Brien, A. S., & Erdwins, C. J. (1999). The impact of dependent-care responsibility and gender on work attitudes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 356–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulger, C. A., Matthews, R. A., & Hoffman, M. E. (2007). Work and personal life boundary management: Boundary strength, work/personal life balance, and the segmentation-integration continuum. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 365–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Zivnuska, S. (2009). Is work–family balance more than conflict and enrichment? Human Relations, 62 (10), 1459–1486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Wayne, J. H., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2006). Measuring the positive side of the work–family interface: Development and validation of a work–family enrichment scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 131–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casper, W. J., De Hauw, S., & Wayne, J. H. (2013). Concepts and measures in the work–family interface: Implications for work–family integration. In Major, D. & Burke, R. (Eds.), Handbook of work–life integration of professionals: Challenges and opportunities. Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Casper, W. J., Vaziri, H. Wayne, J. H., De Hauw, S. & Greenhaus, J. (2018). The jingle-jangle of work–nonwork balance: A comprehensive and meta-analytic review of its meaning and measurement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103, 182–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Well-being concepts. www.cdc.gov/hrqol/wellbeing.htmGoogle Scholar
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53, 747–770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooke, R. A., & Rousseau, D. M. (1984). Stress and strain from family roles and work-role expectations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 252–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eby, L. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. (2005). A retrospective on work and family research in IO/OB: A content analysis and review of the literature [Monograph]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 124–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eurofond (2012). Sixth European conditions survey: Overview report. Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
Frone, M. R. (2003). Work–family balance. In Quick, J. C. and Tetrick, L. E. (Eds.), Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (pp. 143–162). American Psychological Association. http://doi.org/10.1037/10474-007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gareis, K. C., Barnett, R. C., Ertel, K. A., & Berkman, L. F. (2009). Work–family enrichment and conflict: Additive effects, buffering, or balance? Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 696–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goode, W. J. (1974). A theory of strain. American Sociological Review, 25, 483–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H. & Allen, T. D. (2011). Work–family balance: A review and extension of the literature. In Quick, J. C. and Tetrick, L. E. (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 165–183). American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Foley, S. (2004 April 1–4). Work–family balance: Exploration of a concept [Conference presentation]. 19th Annual SIOP Conference, Chicago, IL, United States.Google Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work–family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 510–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work–family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., Ziegert, J. C., & Allen, T. A. (2012). When family-supportive supervision matters: Relations between multiple sources of support and work–family balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80 (2), 266–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grzywacz, J. G., & Carlson, D. S. (2007). Conceptualizing work–family balance: Implications for practice and research. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9, 455–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work–family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haar, J. (2013). Testing a new measure of work–life balance: A study of parent and non-parent employees from New Zealand. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 3305–3324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haar, J., Russo, M., Suñe, A. & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361–373.Google Scholar
Haider, S., Jabeen, S., & Ahmad, J. (2018). Moderated mediation between work life balance and employee job performance: The role of psychological wellbeing and satisfaction with coworkers. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 34(1), 29–37.Google Scholar
Halpern, D. F., & Murphy, S. E. (2005). From balance to interaction: Why the metaphor is important. In Halpern, D. F. & Murphy, S. E. (Eds.), From work–family balance to work–family interaction. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hennessy, K. D. (2007). Work–family balance: An exploration of conflict and enrichment for women in a traditional occupation. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 68(8-A), 3295.Google Scholar
Hirshi, A., Shockley, K. M., & Zacher, H. (2019). An action regulation model of work–family management. An action regulation model of work–family management. Academy of Management Review, 44(1), 150–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Wiley.Google Scholar
Lapierre, L. M., Li, Y., Kwan, H. K., Greenhaus, J. H., DiRenzo, M. S., & Shao, P. (2018). A meta-analysis of the antecedents of work–family enrichment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39, 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.Google Scholar
Lucia-Casademunt, A. M., García-Cabrera, A. M., Padilla-Angulo, L., & Cuéllar-Molina, D. (2018). Returning to work after childbirth in Europe: Well-being, work–life balance, and the interplay of supervisor support. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–30.Google Scholar
Lu, J., Siu, O., Spector, P. E., & Shi, K. (2009). Antecedents and outcomes of a fourfold taxonomy of work–family balance in Chinese employed parents. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14, 182–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lunau, T., Bambra, C., Eikemo, T. A., van der Wel, K. A., & Dragano, N. (2014). A balancing act? Work–life balance, health and well-being in European welfare states. European Journal of Public Health, 24(3): 422–427. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maertz, C. P. Jr., & Boyar, S. L. (2011). Work–family conflict, enrichment, and balance under “levels” and “episodes” approaches. Journal of Management, 37, 68–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, S. R., & MacDermid, S. M. (1996). Multiple roles and the self: A theory of role balance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 417–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odle-Dusseau, H. N., Britt, T. W., & Bobko, P. (2012). Work–family balance, well-being, and organizational outcomes: Investigating actual versus desired work/family time discrepancies. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27, 331–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odle-Dusseau, H. N., Matthews, R. A., & Wayne, J. H. (2018). Employees’ financial insecurity and health: The underlying role of stress and work–family conflict appraisals. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(3), 546–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odle-Dusseau, H. N., Matthews, R. A., Wayne, J. H., & Huang, S. (2019). Critical incidents of financial hardship and worker health: A mixed-methods retrospective study. Occupational Health Science, 3, 145–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD. (2020). Measuring well-being and progress: Well-being research. www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-well-being-and-progress.htmGoogle Scholar
Orth, U., Clark, D. A., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2020). Testing prospective effects in longitudinal research: Comparing seven competing cross-lagged models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication. http://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000358CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pleck, J. (1977). The work–family role system. Social Problems, 24, 417–427.Google Scholar
Rahim, N. B., Osman, I., & Arumugam, P. V. (2020). Linking work–life balance and employee well-being: Do supervisor support and family support moderate the relationship? International Journal of Business and Society, 21(2), 588–606.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scanlan, J., Meredith, P., & Poulsen, A. (2013). Enhancing retention of occupational therapists working in mental health: Relationships between wellbeing at work and turnover intention. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60(6), 395–403.Google Scholar
Sturges, J. & Guest, D. (2004). Working to live or living to work? Work/life balance early in the career. Human Resource Management Journal, 14, 5–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderpool, C., & Way, S. A. (2013). Investigating work–family balance, job anxiety, and turnover intentions as predictors of health care and senior services customer contact employee voluntary turnover. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(2), 149–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valcour, M. (2007). Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between hours and satisfaction with work–family balance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1512–1523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voydanoff, P. (2005). Toward a conceptualization of perceived work–family fit and balance: A demands and resources approach. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 822–836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voydanoff, P. (2002). Linkages between the work–family interface and work, family, and individual outcomes: An integrative model. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 138–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wayne, J. H. (2009). Reducing conceptual confusion: Clarifying the positive side of the work–family interface. In Crane, D. R. & Hill, J. (Eds.), Handbook of families and work: Interdisciplinary perspectives. University Press of America.Google Scholar
Wayne, J. H., Butts, M., Casper, W. J. & Allen, T. D. (2017). In search of balance: A conceptual and empirical integration of multiple meanings of work–family balance. Personnel Psychology, 70, 167–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wayne, J. H., Vaziri, H., & Casper, W. J. (2021). Work–nonwork balance: Development and validation of a global and multidimensional measure. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wepfer, A. G., Allen, T. D., Brauchli, R., Jenny, G. J., & Bauer, G. F. (2018). Work–life boundaries and well-being: Does work-to-life integration impair well-being through lack of recovery? Journal of Business and Psychology, 33, 727–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, L., Rusyidi, B., Claiborne, N., & McCarthy, M. L. (2013). Relationships between work–life balance and job-related factors among child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 1447–1454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×