One important aspect of the outlaw hero tradition is the connection between certain individual figures and a strong sense of identity among their resistant communities and the descendants of those communities. Sometimes those identities are regional or provincial, sometimes they are national. Sometimes they are based on ethnicity. Frequently they are some combination of all these elements. Even though familiar around much of the world, Robin Hood remains a quintessentially English figure. Pancho Villa is inseparable from the Mexican Revolution and its aspirations for nation building. The bushranger Ned Kelly has come to be a kind of de facto Australian national hero with strong inflections of Irish rebelliousness, while figures such as the Cossack Stenka Razin and the Slovakian Janosik are indissolubly accreted to the troubled national and ethnic identities of their respective countries and groups. Other national and ethnic outlaw heroes include the Swiss William Tell, the South African Tseule Tsilo and the Javanese Wisanggeni, to name only some. Wherever and whenever they are found, these connections between cultural identity and outlaw heroes are an important marker of the complex power relationships within societies. The lives and legends of a selection of these figures highlight the interplay of myth and history in the production and perpetuation of notions of identity.