And even today, intact atoms make up no more than a tiny fraction of the observable universe. As a result, the effort to understand a broad spectrum of phenomena – from the way stars and planets coalesce out of plasma discs, to the evolution of galaxies, to the magnetic maelstroms around black holes and the firing of interstellar bullets we call “cosmic rays” – requires the perspective of plasma science.

What is surprising, however, is the remarkable ubiquity of magnetic fields in the universe, and the relationship of those fields to plasmas on size and intensity scales that range over dozens of orders of magnitude. There is no obvious reason that so many objects and aggregations of objects – including individual stars and planets, the interstellar medium, whole galaxies, and even the vast evacuated spans between galaxies – should have associated long-lived magnetic fields. But they do, and the dynamics of these bodies are strongly affected by the interplay of plasmas and fields.