Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- List of abbreviations
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 The theory of forms
- Chapter 2 The theory criticized
- Chapter 3 The theory modified: methodology
- Chapter 4 The First Deduction
- Chapter 5 The Second Deduction
- Chapter 6 From the Appendix to the Fourth Deduction
- Chapter 7 From the Fifth to the Eighth Deduction
- Conclusion
- References
- Index of forms discussed
- Index of Deductions
- Index of passages cited
- General index
- References
References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 September 2009
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- List of abbreviations
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 The theory of forms
- Chapter 2 The theory criticized
- Chapter 3 The theory modified: methodology
- Chapter 4 The First Deduction
- Chapter 5 The Second Deduction
- Chapter 6 From the Appendix to the Fourth Deduction
- Chapter 7 From the Fifth to the Eighth Deduction
- Conclusion
- References
- Index of forms discussed
- Index of Deductions
- Index of passages cited
- General index
- References
Summary
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- Information
- Plato's Forms in TransitionA Reading of the Parmenides, pp. 251 - 256Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2006
References
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. 1997. “Knowledge and Belief in Republic Ⅴ.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 79: 239–272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2000. Socratic Wisdom: The Model of Knowledge in Plato's Early Dialogues. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1993. “Vlastos's Quest for the Historical Socrates.” Ancient Philosophy 13: 293–312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1986. “Being in the Sophist: A Syntactical Inquiry.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 4: 49–70Google Scholar
1961. Plato on the One: The Hypotheses in the Parmenides. New Haven: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1957. “The Relation of the Timaeus to Plato's Later Dialogues.” American Journal of Philology 78: 225–266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1971. “Plato's Theory of Causality: Phaedo 95–106.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 49: 244–249CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1962–1963. An Examination of Plato's Doctrines. 2 vols. London: Routledge and Kegan PaulGoogle Scholar
1984. “The One, The Many, and the Forms: Philebus 15b1–8.” Ancient Philosophy 4: 160–193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1994. “Separation and Immanence in Plato's Theory of Forms.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 12: 63–90Google Scholar
. 1994. Form and Good in Plato's Eleatic Dialogues: The Parmenides, Theaetetus, Sophist, and Statesman. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
. 1978. “Knowledge and Belief in Republic Ⅴ.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 60: 121–139. Reprinted in Fine 2003, 66–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1984. “Separation.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 2: 31–87. Reprinted in Fine 2003, 252–300Google Scholar
. 1985. “Separation: A Reply to Morrison.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3: 159–165Google Scholar
. 1990. “Knowledge and Belief in Republic Ⅴ–Ⅶ.” In Epistemology: Companions to Ancient Thought, vol. Ⅰ, edited by , 85–115. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted in Fine 2003, 85–116Google Scholar
. 1993. On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms. Oxford: Clarendon PressGoogle Scholar
1972. “Plato's Parmenides: The Structure of the First Hypothesis.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 10: 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1996. “Plato's Response to the Third Man Argument in the Paradoxical Exercise of the Parmenides.” Ancient Philosophy 16: 47–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerson, Lloyd P. 2000. “Plato Absconditus.” In Who Speaks for Plato: Studies in Platonic Anonymity, edited by , 201–210. Lanham: Rowman & LittlefieldGoogle Scholar
Gill, Mary Louise. 1996. “Introduction.” In Gill and Ryan 1996, 1–116
and (eds.). 1996. Plato: Parmenides. Indianapolis: Hackett. Reprinted, without the introduction, in Cooper 1997, 360–397Google Scholar
. 1996. “Propositions or Objects? A Critique of Gail Fine on Knowledge and Belief in Republic Ⅴ.” Phronesis 41: 245–275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. Plato on Parts and Wholes: The Metaphysics of Structure. Oxford: Clarendon PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. “A Conception of Truth in Republic Ⅴ.” History of Philosophy Quarterly 17: 311–332Google Scholar
Irwin, Terence H. 1999. “The Theory of Forms.” In Plato Ⅰ: Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited by , 143–170. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
1996. Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
(ed.). 1992a. The Cambridge Companion to Plato. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
1992a. The Cambridge Companion to Plato. Cambridge: 1992b. “Introduction to the Study of Plato.” In Kraut 1992a, 1–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1976. “The Principle that the Cause is Greater than Its Effect.” Phronesis 21: 146–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. Plato on the Self-Predication of Forms: Early and Middle Dialogues. Oxford: Clarendon PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinwald, Constance C. 1992. “Good-bye to the Third Man.” In Kraut 1992a, 365–396
1986. Plato's Parmenides: The Conversion of the Soul. Princeton: Princeton University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
1985a. “Separation in Aristotle's Metaphysics.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3: 31–89Google Scholar
. 1993. “Problems with Vlastos's Platonic Developmentalism.” Ancient Philosophy 13: 273–291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nails, Debra. 2000. “Mouthpiece Schmouthpiece.” In Who Speaks for Plato: Studies in Platonic Anonymity, edited by , 15–26. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
. 1975a. “Plato on the Imperfection of the Sensible World.” American Philosophical Quarterly 12: 105–117. Reprinted in Nehamas 1999, 138–158Google Scholar
1975b. “Confusing Universals and Particulars in Plato's Early Dialogues.” Review of Metaphysics 29: 287–306. Reprinted in Nehamas 1999, 159–175Google Scholar
1979. “Self-Predication and Plato's Theory of Forms.” American Philosophical Quarterly 16: 93–103. Reprinted in Nehamas 1999, 176–195Google Scholar
1982. “Participation and Predication in Plato's Later Thought.” Review of Metaphysics 36: 343–374. Reprinted in Nehamas 1999, 196–223Google Scholar
1999. Virtues of Authenticity: Essays on Plato and Socrates. Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
1953. “The Place of the Timaeus in Plato's Dialogues.” Classical Quarterly, N. S. 111: 79–95. Reprinted in Owen 1986, 65–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1957. “A Proof in the Peri Ideōn.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 77: 103–111. Reprinted in Owen 1986, 165–179Google Scholar
1968. “Dialectic and Eristic in the Treatment of the Forms.” In Aristotle on Dialectic: The Topics (Papers of The Third Symposium Aristotelicum, Oxford: Oxford University Press), edited by , 103–125. Reprinted in Owen 1986, 221–238Google Scholar
1970. “Notes on Ryle's Plato.” In Ryle: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by and , 341–372. Reprinted in Owen 1986, 85–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1986. Logic, Science, and Dialectic: Collected Papers in Greek Philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar
1999. “Forms, Fallacies, and the Functions of Plato's Parmenides.” Apeiron 32: 89–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1987. The Ascent From Nominalism: Some Existence Arguments in Plato's Middle Dialogues. Dordrecht: D. ReidelCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1973. “A Reasonable Self-Predication Premise for the Third Man Argument.” Philosophical Review 82: 451–470CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1981. “The Greatest Difficulty for Plato's Theory of Forms: The Unknowability Argument of Parmenides 133c–134c.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 63: 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1996. “Plato's Parmenides: A Principle of Interpretation and Seven Arguments.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 34: 167–192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. “The Language Game in Plato's Parmenides.” Ancient Philosophy 20: 19–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. “New Rounds of the Exercise in Plato's Parmenides.” Modern Schoolman 80: 245–278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Press, Gerald A. 2000. “The Logic of Attributing Characters’ Views to Plato.” In Who Speaks for Plato: Studies in Platonic Anonymity, edited by , 27–38. Lanham: Rowman & LittlefieldGoogle Scholar
2004. Review of Silverman 2002. Journal of the History of Philosophy 42: 97–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1998a. “How Parmenides Saved the Theory of Forms.” Philosophical Review 107: 501–554CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1998b. “Socrates' Moral Intellectualism.” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 79: 355–367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1980. “Empty Forms in Plato.” In Reforging the Great Chain of Being, edited by , 19–56. Dordrecht: D. ReidelGoogle Scholar
1959. “Plato's Parmenides.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 64: 89–120. Reprinted in Allen 1965, 149–184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1939. “Plato's Parmenides.” Mind 48: 129–151 and 302–325. Reprinted in Allen 1965, 97–147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1983. Plato's Late Ontology: A Riddle Resolved. Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1996. Parmenides’ Lesson: Translation and Explication of Plato's Parmenides. South Bend: University of Notre Dame PressGoogle Scholar
. 1996. “Likeness and Likenesses in the Parmenides.” In Form and Argument in Late Plato, edited by and , 49–77. Oxford: Clarendon PressGoogle Scholar
. 2002. The Dialectic of Essence: A Study of Plato's Metaphysics. Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
1915–1916. “Parmenides, Zeno, and Socrates.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 16: 234–289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1981. The Development of Plato's Metaphysics. University Park: Pennsylvania State University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1998. The Parmenides and Plato's Late Philosophy. Toronto: University of Toronto PressGoogle Scholar
. 1954. “The Third Man Argument in the Parmenides.” Philosophical Review 63: 319–349. Reprinted, with an addendum, in Vlastos 1995, 166–193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1965b. “Degrees of Reality in Plato.” In New Essays on Plato and Aristotle, edited by , 1–19. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Reprinted in Vlastos 1981, 58–75Google Scholar
1969. “Plato's ‘Third Man’ Argument (Parm. 132a1–b2): Text and Logic.” Philosophical Quarterly 19: 289–301. Reprinted in Vlastos 1981, 342–365CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1974. “A Note on ‘Pauline Predications’ in Plato.” Phronesis 19: 95–101. Reprinted in Vlastos 1981, 404–409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1991. Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher. Ithaca: Cornell University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
1995. Studies in Greek Philosophy, vol. ii: Socrates, Plato, and Their Tradition. Edited by . Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1955. Plato's Philosophy of Mathematics. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell. Chapter 3 reprinted in Plato: A Collection of Critical Essays, vol. Ⅰ: Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited by , 28–52. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday AnchorGoogle Scholar
1977. “The ‘Many’ in Republic 475a–480a.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 7: 291–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1992. “Plato's Metaphysical Epistemology.” In Kraut 1992a, 277–310
1960. “Participation and Predication in Plato's Middle Dialogues.” Philosophical Review 69: 147–164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1983. Plato's Parmenides: Translation and Analysis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota PressGoogle Scholar
. 1997. “Knowledge and Belief in Republic Ⅴ.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 79: 239–272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2000. Socratic Wisdom: The Model of Knowledge in Plato's Early Dialogues. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1993. “Vlastos's Quest for the Historical Socrates.” Ancient Philosophy 13: 293–312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1986. “Being in the Sophist: A Syntactical Inquiry.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 4: 49–70Google Scholar
1961. Plato on the One: The Hypotheses in the Parmenides. New Haven: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1957. “The Relation of the Timaeus to Plato's Later Dialogues.” American Journal of Philology 78: 225–266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1971. “Plato's Theory of Causality: Phaedo 95–106.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 49: 244–249CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1962–1963. An Examination of Plato's Doctrines. 2 vols. London: Routledge and Kegan PaulGoogle Scholar
1984. “The One, The Many, and the Forms: Philebus 15b1–8.” Ancient Philosophy 4: 160–193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1994. “Separation and Immanence in Plato's Theory of Forms.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 12: 63–90Google Scholar
. 1994. Form and Good in Plato's Eleatic Dialogues: The Parmenides, Theaetetus, Sophist, and Statesman. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
. 1978. “Knowledge and Belief in Republic Ⅴ.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 60: 121–139. Reprinted in Fine 2003, 66–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1984. “Separation.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 2: 31–87. Reprinted in Fine 2003, 252–300Google Scholar
. 1985. “Separation: A Reply to Morrison.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3: 159–165Google Scholar
. 1990. “Knowledge and Belief in Republic Ⅴ–Ⅶ.” In Epistemology: Companions to Ancient Thought, vol. Ⅰ, edited by , 85–115. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted in Fine 2003, 85–116Google Scholar
. 1993. On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms. Oxford: Clarendon PressGoogle Scholar
1972. “Plato's Parmenides: The Structure of the First Hypothesis.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 10: 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1996. “Plato's Response to the Third Man Argument in the Paradoxical Exercise of the Parmenides.” Ancient Philosophy 16: 47–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerson, Lloyd P. 2000. “Plato Absconditus.” In Who Speaks for Plato: Studies in Platonic Anonymity, edited by , 201–210. Lanham: Rowman & LittlefieldGoogle Scholar
Gill, Mary Louise. 1996. “Introduction.” In Gill and Ryan 1996, 1–116
and (eds.). 1996. Plato: Parmenides. Indianapolis: Hackett. Reprinted, without the introduction, in Cooper 1997, 360–397Google Scholar
. 1996. “Propositions or Objects? A Critique of Gail Fine on Knowledge and Belief in Republic Ⅴ.” Phronesis 41: 245–275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. Plato on Parts and Wholes: The Metaphysics of Structure. Oxford: Clarendon PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. “A Conception of Truth in Republic Ⅴ.” History of Philosophy Quarterly 17: 311–332Google Scholar
Irwin, Terence H. 1999. “The Theory of Forms.” In Plato Ⅰ: Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited by , 143–170. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
1996. Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
(ed.). 1992a. The Cambridge Companion to Plato. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
1992a. The Cambridge Companion to Plato. Cambridge: 1992b. “Introduction to the Study of Plato.” In Kraut 1992a, 1–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1976. “The Principle that the Cause is Greater than Its Effect.” Phronesis 21: 146–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. Plato on the Self-Predication of Forms: Early and Middle Dialogues. Oxford: Clarendon PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinwald, Constance C. 1992. “Good-bye to the Third Man.” In Kraut 1992a, 365–396
1986. Plato's Parmenides: The Conversion of the Soul. Princeton: Princeton University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
1985a. “Separation in Aristotle's Metaphysics.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3: 31–89Google Scholar
. 1993. “Problems with Vlastos's Platonic Developmentalism.” Ancient Philosophy 13: 273–291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nails, Debra. 2000. “Mouthpiece Schmouthpiece.” In Who Speaks for Plato: Studies in Platonic Anonymity, edited by , 15–26. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
. 1975a. “Plato on the Imperfection of the Sensible World.” American Philosophical Quarterly 12: 105–117. Reprinted in Nehamas 1999, 138–158Google Scholar
1975b. “Confusing Universals and Particulars in Plato's Early Dialogues.” Review of Metaphysics 29: 287–306. Reprinted in Nehamas 1999, 159–175Google Scholar
1979. “Self-Predication and Plato's Theory of Forms.” American Philosophical Quarterly 16: 93–103. Reprinted in Nehamas 1999, 176–195Google Scholar
1982. “Participation and Predication in Plato's Later Thought.” Review of Metaphysics 36: 343–374. Reprinted in Nehamas 1999, 196–223Google Scholar
1999. Virtues of Authenticity: Essays on Plato and Socrates. Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
1953. “The Place of the Timaeus in Plato's Dialogues.” Classical Quarterly, N. S. 111: 79–95. Reprinted in Owen 1986, 65–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1957. “A Proof in the Peri Ideōn.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 77: 103–111. Reprinted in Owen 1986, 165–179Google Scholar
1968. “Dialectic and Eristic in the Treatment of the Forms.” In Aristotle on Dialectic: The Topics (Papers of The Third Symposium Aristotelicum, Oxford: Oxford University Press), edited by , 103–125. Reprinted in Owen 1986, 221–238Google Scholar
1970. “Notes on Ryle's Plato.” In Ryle: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by and , 341–372. Reprinted in Owen 1986, 85–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1986. Logic, Science, and Dialectic: Collected Papers in Greek Philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar
1999. “Forms, Fallacies, and the Functions of Plato's Parmenides.” Apeiron 32: 89–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1987. The Ascent From Nominalism: Some Existence Arguments in Plato's Middle Dialogues. Dordrecht: D. ReidelCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1973. “A Reasonable Self-Predication Premise for the Third Man Argument.” Philosophical Review 82: 451–470CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1981. “The Greatest Difficulty for Plato's Theory of Forms: The Unknowability Argument of Parmenides 133c–134c.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 63: 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1996. “Plato's Parmenides: A Principle of Interpretation and Seven Arguments.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 34: 167–192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. “The Language Game in Plato's Parmenides.” Ancient Philosophy 20: 19–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. “New Rounds of the Exercise in Plato's Parmenides.” Modern Schoolman 80: 245–278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Press, Gerald A. 2000. “The Logic of Attributing Characters’ Views to Plato.” In Who Speaks for Plato: Studies in Platonic Anonymity, edited by , 27–38. Lanham: Rowman & LittlefieldGoogle Scholar
2004. Review of Silverman 2002. Journal of the History of Philosophy 42: 97–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1998a. “How Parmenides Saved the Theory of Forms.” Philosophical Review 107: 501–554CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1998b. “Socrates' Moral Intellectualism.” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 79: 355–367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1980. “Empty Forms in Plato.” In Reforging the Great Chain of Being, edited by , 19–56. Dordrecht: D. ReidelGoogle Scholar
1959. “Plato's Parmenides.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 64: 89–120. Reprinted in Allen 1965, 149–184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1939. “Plato's Parmenides.” Mind 48: 129–151 and 302–325. Reprinted in Allen 1965, 97–147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1983. Plato's Late Ontology: A Riddle Resolved. Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1996. Parmenides’ Lesson: Translation and Explication of Plato's Parmenides. South Bend: University of Notre Dame PressGoogle Scholar
. 1996. “Likeness and Likenesses in the Parmenides.” In Form and Argument in Late Plato, edited by and , 49–77. Oxford: Clarendon PressGoogle Scholar
. 2002. The Dialectic of Essence: A Study of Plato's Metaphysics. Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
1915–1916. “Parmenides, Zeno, and Socrates.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 16: 234–289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1981. The Development of Plato's Metaphysics. University Park: Pennsylvania State University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1998. The Parmenides and Plato's Late Philosophy. Toronto: University of Toronto PressGoogle Scholar
. 1954. “The Third Man Argument in the Parmenides.” Philosophical Review 63: 319–349. Reprinted, with an addendum, in Vlastos 1995, 166–193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1965b. “Degrees of Reality in Plato.” In New Essays on Plato and Aristotle, edited by , 1–19. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Reprinted in Vlastos 1981, 58–75Google Scholar
1969. “Plato's ‘Third Man’ Argument (Parm. 132a1–b2): Text and Logic.” Philosophical Quarterly 19: 289–301. Reprinted in Vlastos 1981, 342–365CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1974. “A Note on ‘Pauline Predications’ in Plato.” Phronesis 19: 95–101. Reprinted in Vlastos 1981, 404–409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1991. Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher. Ithaca: Cornell University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
1995. Studies in Greek Philosophy, vol. ii: Socrates, Plato, and Their Tradition. Edited by . Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1955. Plato's Philosophy of Mathematics. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell. Chapter 3 reprinted in Plato: A Collection of Critical Essays, vol. Ⅰ: Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited by , 28–52. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday AnchorGoogle Scholar
1977. “The ‘Many’ in Republic 475a–480a.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 7: 291–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1992. “Plato's Metaphysical Epistemology.” In Kraut 1992a, 277–310