Adelaar, K. A. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective. In Adelaar, K. A. and Himmelmann, N. P. (eds.), The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge, pp. 1–42.Google Scholar

Agar, M. H. 1996. The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Ager, D. 1996. Language Policy in Britain and France: The Processes of Policy. London: Cassell.Google Scholar

Aitchison, J. W. and Carter, H. 2000. The Welsh language 1921–1991: a geolinguistic perspective. In Jenkins, G. H. and Williams, M. A (eds.), Let’s Do Our Best for the Ancient Tongue. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 29–107.Google Scholar

Ajello, R. 2006. The importance of having a description of the endangered languages: the case of Gizey (Cameroon). In de Dominicus, A. (ed.), Undescribed and Endangered Languages. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press, pp. 8–21.Google Scholar

Åkermark, S. S., Laakso, J, Sarhimaa, A. and Toivanen, R. 2013. EuLaViBar Toolkit: Practical Guide to the EuLaViBar Tool, with Reference to the ELDIA Comparative Report. ELDIA Project.Google Scholar

Alfredsson, G. 2013. Good governance in the Arctic. In Loukacheva, N. (ed.), Polar Law Textbook II. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, pp. 185–97.Google Scholar

All-Russian Census 2010. Vserossiiskaia perepis’ naseleniia 2010 goda, vol. 1. [2010All-Russia Population Census, vol. 1.]. www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

Anaya, J. 2013. Implementing Declaration on Indigenous Rights will be difficult or impossible without greater awareness of human rights values, Third Committee told. United Nations, 21 October 2013 [Press release on special rapporteur report to the Third Committee.] Available online: www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/gashc4074.doc.htm (last accessed 23 March 2015.Google Scholar

Anderson, B. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Anderson, B. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (revised reprint). New York: Verso.Google Scholar

ANLPAC 2014. Alaska Native Language and Preservation Advisory Council. http://commerce.alaska.gov/dnn/dcra/AKNativeLanguagePreservationAdvisoryCouncil.aspx (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

Arends, J., Muysken, P. and Smith, N. (eds.) 1995. Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Austin, P. K. 2013. Language documentation in the twenty-first century. In Haji Momin, A. (ed.), Forum kepelbagaian Bahasa di Borneo: Bahasa sebagai mosaik social ekonomi dan Budaya. Bandar Seri Begawan, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, pp. 390–411.Google Scholar

Avolio, F. 2009. Lingue e dialetti d’Italia. Rome: Carocci.Google Scholar

Baker, C. 1995. A Parents’ and Teachers’ Guide to Bilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Baker, C. 2003. Language planning: a grounded approach’ In Dewaele, J. M., Housen, A. and Wie, L. (eds.), Bilingualism: Beyond Basic Principles. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 88–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, C. 2006. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (4th edn, reprint 1993). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Baker, C. 2007. Becoming bilingual at school. In Auer, P. and Wei, L. (eds.), Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 131–52.Google Scholar

Baker, C. and Prys Jones, M. 2000. Welsh language education: a strategy for revitalisation. In Williams, C. H. (ed.), Language Revitalisation: Policy and Planning in Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 116–37.Google Scholar

Ball, S. J. 2003. Class Strategies and the Education Market. London: Routledge Falmer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bamgbose, A. 2000. Language and Exclusion: The Consequences of Language Policies in Africa. Münster: LIT.Google Scholar

Barry, T., Grenoble, L. A., Friðriksson, F., Olsen, C. Chr. and Mustonen, T. 2013. Linguistic diversity. In Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and Trends in Arctic Biodiversity. Akureyri: Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Arctic Council, pp. 431–41.Google Scholar

Bartens, A. 2001. The rocky road to education in creole. Estudios de Sociolingüística, 2(2): 27–56.Google Scholar

Batibo, H. 2009. Poverty as a crucial factor in language maintenance and language death: case studies from Africa. In Harbert, W., McConnell-Ginet, S., Miller, A. and Whitman, J. (eds.), Language and Poverty. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp. 23–36.Google Scholar

Bauman, J. A. 1980. A Guide to Issues in Indian Language Retention. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

BBC 2012. Census 2011: Number of Welsh Speakers Falling. Available online at: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-20677528 (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Bec, P. 1963. La Langue occitane. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar

Benincà, P. and Vanelli, L. 2005. Linguistica friulana. Udine: Unipress.Google Scholar

Bensa, A. 2006. La Fin de l’exotisme, essais d’anthropologie critique. Toulouse: Anacharsis.Google Scholar

Bensa, A. 2011. Ethnographie et engagement politique en Nouvelle-Calédonie. In Naudier, D. and Simonet, M. (eds.), Des sociologues sans qualités? Pratiques de recherche et engagements. Paris: La Découverte.Google Scholar

Bensa, A. and Fassin, D. (eds.) 2008. Les Politiques de l’enquête. Épreuves ethnographiques. Paris: La Découverte.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berresford Ellis, P. 1974. The Cornish Language and Its Literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Berruto, G. and Cerruti, M. 2011. La linguistica. Un corso introduttivo. Turin: UTET.Google Scholar

Beswick, J. 2002. Galician language planning and implications for regional identity: restoration or elimination? National Identities, 4(3): 257–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bialystok, E. 2001. Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy and Cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billig, M. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Biloa, E. and Echu, G. 2008. Cameroon: official bilingualism in a multilingual state. In Simpson, A. (ed.), Language and National Identity in Africa. Oxford University Press, pp. 199–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blanchet, P. 2010. Review Article: ‘Discours savants, discours militants: l’exemple de l’imbroglio occitaniste et les lecons d’epistomogie des sciences que l’on peut en tirer’. Journal des Anthropologues, 120/121: 378–88.Google Scholar

Blanchet, P. and Schiffman, H. 2004. Revisiting the sociolinguistics of Occitan. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 169: 3–24.Google Scholar

Blommaert, J. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalisation. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bòrd na Gàidhlig n.d. Gaelic Education. Available online at: www.gaidhlig.org.uk/bord/en/our-work/education/ (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Boungouendza, E. 2008. Des usages démocratiques des langues du Gabon. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P. 1982. Ce que parler veut dire: l’économie des échanges linguistiques. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J. C. 1990. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture [reprint 1977, original 1970, R. Nice, trans.]. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Boyer, H. 1986. ‘Diglossie’: un concept à l’épreuve du terrain. L’élaboration d’une sociolinguistque du conflit en domaines catalan et occitan. Lengas 20: 31–54.Google Scholar

Boyer, H. and Gardy, P. (eds.) 2001. Dix Siècles d’usages et d’images de l’occitan: des troubadours à l’internet. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Breton, R. 2003. Sub-Saharan Africa. In Maurais, J. and Morris, M. (eds.), Languages in a Globalising World. Cambridge University Press, pp. 203–17.Google Scholar

Breton, R. and Fohtung, B. 1991. Atlas administratif des langues nationales du Cameroun. Yaoundé: CERTODOLA/CREA, Paris: ACCT.Google Scholar

Bril, I. 2000. Enquête linguistique et enjeux culturels. In Bensa, A. and Leblic, I. (eds.), En pays Kanak. Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, Cahier 14, pp. 273–92.Google Scholar

Broudic, F. 1995. La Pratique du breton de l’Ancien Régime à nos jours. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar

Broudic, F. 1999. Qui parle breton aujourd’hui? Qui le parlera demain? Brest: Leoriou bihan Brud Nevez.Google Scholar

Broudic, F. 2009. Parler breton au XXIe siècle. Le nouveau sondage de TMO Régions. Brest: Emgleo Breiz.Google Scholar

Bugarski, R. 1992. Language situation and general policy. In Bugarski, R. and Hawkesworth, C. (eds.), Language Planning in Yugoslavia. Columbus, OH: Slavica, pp. 10–26.Google Scholar

Buszard-Welcher, L. 2001. Can the web help save my language? In Hinton, L. and Hale, K. (eds.), The Green Book of Language Revitalisation in Practice. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Calvet, L. J. 1999. La guerre des langues [reprint 1987]. Paris: Hachettes Littératures.Google Scholar

Cameroon Info Net 2007a. Langues nationales: plus de 60% des audiences de la CrTV. Available online at: www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,19585,@,langues-nationales-plus-de-60-des-audiences-de-la-crtv.html (last accessed 3 June 2014).Google Scholar

Cameroon Info Net 2007b. Nos langues: elles sont menacées de disparition, le Cameroun cherche à sauver 280 langues locales. Available online at: www.cameroon-info.net/reactions/@,19030,7,nos-langues-elles-sont-menacees-de-disparition-le-cameroun-cherche-a-sauver-280-.html (last accessed 3 June 2014).Google Scholar

Cameroon Info Net 2008a. Bilinguisme: le fulfuldé à la place de l’anglais. Available online at: www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,21776,@,bilinguisme-le-fulfulde-a-la-place- de-l-anglais.html (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Cameroon Info Net 2008b. Culture: un dictionnaire qui parle bassa. Available online at: www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,23004,@,culture-un-dictionnaire-qui-parle -bassa.html (last accessed 3 June 2014).Google Scholar

Cameroon Info Net 2009. M. N. Ntouba Ngollè: les langues maternelles feront partie des examens officiels. Available online at: www.cameroon-info.net /stories/0,24623,@,education-les-langues-maternelles-au-programme.html (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Cameroon Info Net 2013. Culture: le Canton Bell enseigne la langue et la culture. Available online at: www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,48052,@,culture-le-canton-bell-enseigne-la-langue-et-la-culture-duala.html (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Canagarajah, S. 2013. Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations. Oxford: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Careers Wales 2004–2014. Dewis Da – Why Choose Welsh? Available online at: www.careerswales.com/en/tools-and-resources/dewis-da-why-choose-welsh/ (last accessed 3 March 2015).Google Scholar

Caron, R. 2013. Redéfinir une politique publique en faveur des langues régionales et de la pluralité linguistique interne. Rapport présenté à la ministre de la culture et de la communication par le Comité consultatif pour la promotion des langues régionales et de la pluralité linguistique interne. Available online at: www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/134000439/ (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Castellani, A. 1982. Quanti erano gli italofoni nel 1861? Studi Linguistici Italiani, 1: 3–26.Google Scholar

Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública (CESOP) 2011. Descripción sociodemográfica de la población hablante de lengua, autoadscrita como indígena y el resto de la población, a partir de los datos del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010. Mexico City: LXI Legislatura de la Cámara de Diputados de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.Google Scholar

Chang, P. F. 2002. History of Bidayuh in Kuching Division. Kuching, Malaysia: Sarawak Press Sdn. Bhd.Google Scholar

Chappell, D. 2013. Recent challenges to nation-building in Kanaky New Caledonia. Australian National University: SSGM Discussion Paper 2013/1. Available online at: ips.cap.anu.edu.au/ssgm (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Chiatoh, B. 2006. Language, culture, identity and the national question in Cameroon. In Mbangwana, P., Mpoche, K. and Mbuh, T. (eds.), Language, Literature and Identity. Göttingen: Cuvillier, pp. 144–53.Google Scholar

Chiatoh, B. 2012. Official bilingualism and the construction of a Cameroonian identity. In Echu, G. and Ebongue, A. E. (eds.), 50 Ans de bilinguisme official au Cameroun (1961-2011) – état des lieux, enjeux et perspectives. Paris: L’Harmattan. pp. 65–87.Google Scholar

Chumbow, B. 1980. Language and language policy in Cameroon. In Kofele-Kale, N. (ed.), An African Experience in Nation Building: The Bilingual Cameroonian Republic Since Reunification. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 281–311.Google Scholar

Chumbow, B. and Simo Bobda, A. 1996. The life cycle of post-imperial English in Cameroon. In Fishman, J. A., Conrad, A. and Rubal-Lopez, (eds.), Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies 1940–1990. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Clément, R. and Gardner, R. C. 2001. Second language mastery. In Robinson, W. P. and Giles, H. (eds.), The New Handbook of Language and Social Psychology. New York: Wiley, pp. 489–504.Google Scholar

Clifford, J. 1982. Person and Myth: Maurice Leenhardt in the Melanesian World. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clivio, G. B. 2002. Il Piemonte. In Cortelazzo, M. et al. (eds.), I Dialetti Italiani. Turin: UTET, pp. 151–95.Google Scholar

Clynes, A. J. 2005. Belait. In Adelaar, K. A. and Himmelmann, N. P. (eds.), The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge, pp. 429–55.Google Scholar

CnES n.d. ‘Gaelic language plan 2013–2017’. Available online at: www.cne-siar.gov.uk/sgioba/documents/languageplan/plan_e.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Cobarrubias, J. and Fishman, J. A. (eds.) 1983. Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar

Cole, A. and Williams, C. H. 2004. Institutions, identities and lesser-used languages in Wales and Brittany. Regional and Federal Studies, 14(4): 554–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colleges Wales 2012. Further Education: Key Issues. Briefing Paper. Cardiff: Colleges Wales.Google Scholar

Collins, J. T. 2004. Malayic languages of Sarawak. In Omar, A. H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Malaysia, vol. 9: Languages and Literature. Singapore: Éditions Didier Millet.Google Scholar

Coluzzi, P. 2004. Regional and minority languages in Italy. A general introduction to the present situation and a comparison of two case studies: language planning for Milanese (Western Lombard) and Friulian. Ciemen Mercator Working Papers, 14: 9–15.Google Scholar

Coluzzi, P. 2008. Language planning for Italian regional languages (‘dialects’). Language Problems and Language Planning, 32(3): 215–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coluzzi, P. 2010. Endangered languages in Brunei: a survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei. Oceanic Linguistics, 49(1): 119–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coluzzi, P., Riget, P. N. and Wang, X. 2013. Language vitality among the Bidayuh of Sarawak (East Malaysia). Oceanic Linguistics, 52(2): 375–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (CPEUM) 2011. Mexico City: Comisión Nacional para los Derechos Humanos.Google Scholar

Cooper, R. L. 1989. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Coulmas, F. 2013. Sociolinguistics: The Study of Speakers’ Choices.Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Council of Europe (CoE) 1992. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. European Treaty Series – No. 148, Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992.Google Scholar

Council of Europe (CoE) 2001. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Council of Europe (CoE) 2014. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Available online at: www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/aboutcharter/default_en.asp (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

Coupland, N. and Aldridge, M. 2009. Introduction: a critical approach to the revitalisation of Welsh. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 195: 5–13.Google Scholar

Coupland, N., Bishop, H., Williams, A., Evans, B. and Garrett, P. 2005. Affiliation, engagement, language use and vitality: secondary school students’ subjective orientations to Welsh and Welshness. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 8(1): 1–24.Google Scholar

Courouau, J. F. 2005. L’invention du patois ou la progressive émergence d’un marqueur sociolinguistique français. XIIIe-XVIIe siècles. Revue de linguistique romane, 69: 185–225.Google Scholar

Coyos, J.-B. 2004. Politique linguistique: langue basque et langue occitane du Béarn et de Gascogne. Bayonne: Elkar.Google Scholar

Crystal, D. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, D. 2000. Language Death. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cummins, J. 1995. Empowering minority students: a framework for intervention [reprint 1986]. In Garcia, O. and Baker, B. (eds.), Policy and Practices in Bilingual Education: A Reader. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 103–17.Google Scholar

Cummins, J. 2000. Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cummins, J. 2003. Bilingual education: basic principles. In Dewaele, J.-M., Housen, A. and Wei, L. (eds.), Bilingualism: Beyond Basic Principles. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 56–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

D’Achille, P. 2010. L’italiano contemporaneo. Bologna: Il Mulino.Google Scholar

D’Agostino, M. 2007. Sociolinguistica dell’Italia contemporanea. Bologna: Il Mulino.Google Scholar

Darrigrand, R. 2012. Initiation au gascon. Orthez: Per Noste.Google Scholar

Dauenhauer, N. M. and Dauenhauer, R. 1998. Technical, emotional, and ideological issues in reversing language shift: examples from Southeast Alaska. In Grenoble, L. and Whaley, L. (eds.), Endangered Languages: Current Issues and Future Prospects. Cambridge University Press, pp. 57–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davies, A. J. and Trystan, D. 2012. ‘Build it and they shall come?’ An evaluation of qualitative evidence relating to student choice and Welsh-medium Higher Education. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 15(2): 147–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davies, B. 2005. Communities of practice: legitimacy not choice. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(4): 557–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dayak Bidayuh National Association (DBNA) 2013. Buk Bang Sinda (Bau-Jagoi Bidayuh – English–Malay dictionary). Kuching, Malaysia: Dayak Bidayuh National Association.Google Scholar

Dayak Bidayuh National Association n.d. Multilingual Education Project. Information brochure for Bidayuh parents. Kuching, Malaysia: Dayak Bidayuh National Association.Google Scholar

Deacon, B. 1996. Language revival and language debate. In Payton, P. (ed.), Cornish Studies, vol. 4. University of Exeter Press, pp. 88–106.Google Scholar

Dealwis, C. 2007. A small tree below the rainforest canopies seeking for recognition: Bidayuh language in schools. In David, M. K. (ed.), Language and Human Rights. Serdang, Malaysia: Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, pp. 234–50.Google Scholar

Dealwis, C. 2008. Language choice among the Dayak Bidayuh undergraduates. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Malaya.Google Scholar

De Mauro, T. 1972. Storia Linguistica dell’Italia Unita. Bari: Laterza.Google Scholar

Derhemi, E. 2002. Thematic introduction: protecting endangered minority languages: sociolinguistic perspectives. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 2(2): 150–61.Google Scholar

Derrick-Mescua, M. 1980. A phonology and morphology of Mikasuki. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Florida). Available through ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (AAT 8025367).Google Scholar

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei Darussalam 1991. Kamus Bahasa Tutong-Bahasa Melayu, Melayu-Tutong. Bandar Seri Begawan, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei Darussalam 1995. Dialek memperkaya bahasa. Bandar Seri Begawan, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei Darussalam 2001. Daftar leksikal 7 dialek Brunei Darussalam. Bandar Seri Begawan, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar

Djité, P. 2008. The Sociolinguistics of Development in Africa. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dołowy-Rybińska, N. 2011. Jȩzyki i kultury mniejszościowe w Europie: Bretończycy, Łużyczanie, Kaszubi. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dorian, N. C. 2004. Minority and endangered languages. In Bhatia, T. K. and Ritchie, W. C. (eds.), The Handbook of Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 437–59.Google Scholar

Drinkwater, S. J. and O’Leary, N. C. 1997. Unemployment in Wales: does language matter? Regional Studies, 31(6): 583–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duchêne, A. and Heller, M. (eds.) 2007. Discourses of Endangerment. London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Duncan-Andrade, J. 2009. Note to educators: hope required when growing roses in concrete. Harvard Educational Review, 79(2): 181–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Echu, G. and Ebongue, A. (eds.) 2012. Cinquante ans de bilinguisme officiel au Cameroun (1961–2011). État des lieux, enjeux et perspectives. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Echu, G. and Kiwoh Nsai, T. 2012. Evolution of the political linguistic landscape in Cameroon fifty years after reunification. In Echu, G. and Ebongue, A. (eds.), Cinquante ans de bilinguisme officiel au Cameroun (1961–2011). État des lieux, enjeux et perspectives. Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 21–43.Google Scholar

Eckert, P. 1983. The paradox of national language movements. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 4(4): 289–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckert, P. and Wenger, E. 1994. Transition from school to work: an apprenticeship in institutional identity. Working Papers on Learning and Identity, 1. Palo Alto: Institute for Research on Learning. Available online at: www.stanford.edu/~eckert/PDF/transition.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 1985. Language, Society and Identity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 1994. Multilingualism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 2004. Foundations of bilingualism. In Bhatia, T. K. and Richie, W. C., (eds.), The Handbook of Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 7–31.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 2007. Societal multilingualism: reality, recognition and response. In Auer, P. and Wei, L. (eds.), Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication. Oxford: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 447–67.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 2010. Minority Languages and Group Identity. Cases and Categories. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

EGE 2009. Edinyi Gosudarstvennyi Èkzamen. [Unified State Exam]. Available online at: http://ege.edu.ru/ (last accessed 07 April 2014).Google Scholar

Estyn 2008. Welsh-Medium and Bilingual Provision for 14–19 Learners. Cardiff: Estyn.Google Scholar

Evans, W. G. 2000. The British state and Welsh-language education 1914–1991. In Jenkins, G. H. and Williams, M. A. (eds.), Let’s Do Our Best for the Ancient Tongue. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 343–469.Google Scholar

Everson, M. 2010. Preface to the 2010 edition of Henry Jenner’s Handbook of the Cornish Language. Available online at www.evertype.com/gram/gerlyver-2000-preface-me.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Ewumbue-Monono, C. 2009. Youth and Nation-Building in Cameroon. A Study of National Youth Day Messages and Leadership Discourse 1949–2009. Bamenda: Langaa RPCIG.Google Scholar

Extra, G. and Gorter, D. 2001. Comparative perspectives on regional and immigrant minority languages in multicultural Europe. In Extra, G. and Gorter, D. (eds.), The Other Languages of Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. 1989. Language and Power. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar

Fakoya, A. 2008. Endangerment scenario: the case of Yoruba. In Priya, S. (ed.), Vanishing Voices: The Endangered Languages Across the Globe. Hyderabad: Icfai University Press, pp. 101–23.Google Scholar

Fasold, R. W. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Favero, L. W. and Heath, R. G. 2012. Generational perspectives in the workplace: interpreting the discourses that constitute women’s struggle to balance work and life. Journal of Business Communication, 49: 332–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, C. A. 1959. Diglossia. Word, 15: 325–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, G. 2006. Language Planning and Education. Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fillol, V. and Vernaudon, J. 2004. Les langues kanak et le français, langues d’enseignement et de culture en Nouvelle-Calédonie: d’un compromis à un bilinguisme équilibré?. ELA, 133: 55–67.Google Scholar

Fisher, D. 2013 France in the South Pacific: Power and Politics. Canberra: Australian National University E Press. Available online: www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=459945 (last accessed 20 March 2015).Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 1967. Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia with and without bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues, 23(2): 29–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 1985. ‘Nothing under the sun’: a case study of alternatives in language and ethnocultural identity. In Fishman, J. A., Esther, M. H., Lowry, G. and Milan, W. G. (eds.), The Rise and Fall of the Ethnic Revival. Berlin: Mouton, pp. 77–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 1989. Language and Ethnicity in Minority Sociolinguistic Perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 1991. Reversing Language Shift. Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 1995. On the limits of ethnolinguistic democracy. In Skutnabb-Kangas, T. and Phillipson, R. (eds.), Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyer, pp. 49–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 2001. Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Reversing language shift, revisited: a twenty-first century perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 2006. Do Not Leave Your Language Alone. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foskett, N. H. and Hesketh, A. J. 1997. Constructing choice in contiguous and parallel markets: institutional and school leavers’ responses to the new post‐16 marketplace. Oxford Review of Education, 23(3): 299–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freire, P. 1997. Pedagogy of Hope. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar

Gall, M. D. and Acheson, K. A. 2010. Clinical Supervision and Teacher Development. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Gamboa Montejano, M. 2008. Derechos indígenas. Estudio Teórico Conceptual, de Antecedentes e Iniciativas, presentes en la LIX Legislatura y en los Dos Primeros Años de Ejercicio de la LX Legislatura (Primera Parte), Mexico City: Dirección de Servicios de Investigación y Análisis de la Cámara de Diputados de la LX Legislatura – Centro de Documentación y Análisis.Google Scholar

Gardner, R. C. and Lambert, W. E. 1972. Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Gauthier, J. 1996. Les Ecoles populaires Kanak: Une révolution pédagogique? Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Gellner, E. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

General Register Office for Scotland 2005a. Scotland’s Census 2001: Gaelic report. Edinburgh: General Register Office for Scotland, 10 Oct 2005. Available online at: www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/gaelic-rep-english-commentary .pdf/ (last accessed 21 April 2010).Google Scholar

General Register Office for Scotland 2005b. News release, Scotland’s census 2001-Gaelic report, 10 October 2005. Available online at: www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census- 2001-gaelic-report.html (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

General Register Office for Scotland 2013 News Release 26 September 2013 updated 12 November 2013. Available online at: www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/2013/census-2011-release-2a.html (last accessed 14 April 2014).Google Scholar

Genesee, F. 1995. The Canadian second language immersion programme. In García, O. and Baker, C. (eds.), Policy and Practice in Bilingual Education: A Reader Extending the Foundations. Bangor: Multilingual Matters, pp. 118–33.Google Scholar

George, K. 2009. Cornish. In Ball, M. J. and Müller, N. (eds.), The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge, pp. 488–535.Google Scholar

Gewirtz, S., Ball, S. J. and Bowe, R. 1995. Markets, Choice and Equity in Education. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar

Giannini, S. and Scaglione, S. 2011. Lingue e diritti umani. Rome: Carocci.Google Scholar

Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y. and Taylor, D. M. 1977. Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In Giles, H. (ed.), Language, Ethnicity, and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press, pp. 307–48.Google Scholar

Golla, V. 2007. North America. In Moseley, C. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the World’s Languages in Danger. New York: Routledge, pp. 1–99.Google Scholar

Grace, G. 1981. Direct inheritance and the aberrant Melanesian languages. In Hollyman, J. and Pawley, A. (eds.), Studies in Pacific Languages and Cultures. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand, pp. 255–68.Google Scholar

Grenoble, L. A. 2010. Revitalization and documentation in the Siberian context. In Ramallo, F. and Flores Farfán, J. A. (eds.), New Perspectives on Endangered Languages. Bridging Gaps Between Sociolinguistics, Documentation and Language Revitalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 65–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grenoble, L. A. 2013a. Language revitalisation. In Bayley, R., Cameron, D. and Lucas, C. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press, pp. 792–811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grenoble, L. A. 2013b. The Arctic Indigenous Language Initiative: assessment, promotion, and collaboration. In Norris, M. J., Anonby, E., Junker, M.-O., Ostler, N. and Patrick, D. (eds.), Endangered Languages Beyond Boundaries. Langues en péril au-delà des frontières. Proceedings of the 17th FEL Conference. Ottawa, Canada, 1–4 October 2013. Bath, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages FEL, pp. 80–7.Google Scholar

Grenoble, L. A. and Olsen, C. Chr 2014. Language and well-being in the Arctic: building indigenous language sustainability. In Exner-Pirot, H., Plouffe, J., and Lassi, H. (eds.), Arctic Yearbook 2014. Available online at: www.arcticyearbook.com/images/Arcticles_2014/Grenoble_AY2014_FINAL.pdf (last accessed 23 March 2015).Google Scholar

Grenoble, L. and Whaley, L. 2006. Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalisation. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Grenoble, L. and Whaley, L. 1998. Toward a typology of language endangerment. In Grenoble, L. and Whaley, L. (eds.), Endangered Languages: Current Issues and Future Prospects. Cambridge University Press, pp. 22–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Griffiths, S. and Robson, L. DATE Cultural ecologies of endangered languages: the cases of Wawa and Njanga. Anthropological Linguistics, 52(2): 217–38.Google Scholar

Grillo, R. D. 1989. Dominant Languages. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Grin, F. 2003. Language Policy Evaluation and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grin, F. and Vaillancourt, F. 1998. Language Revitalisation Policy: An Analytical Study. Theoretical Framework, Policy Experience and Implementation to Te Reo Māori. Treasury Working Paper 98/6. New Zealand.Google Scholar

Gross, J. and Mark, V.. 2001. Regionalist accents of global music: the Occitan rap of Les Fabulous Trobadors. The Irish Journal of French Studies, 2: 99–111.Google Scholar

Gruffudd, H. 2012. Census debate 4: Demand for Welsh-medium education promises future growth. Click on Wales: The IWA News Analysis Magazine. Available online at: www.clickonwales.org/2012/12/census-debate-4-demand-for-welsh-medium-education-promises-future-growth/ (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Guéguen, J. 2006. Le Fantasme de l’immersion linguistique en Breton. Unpublished PhD thesis, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest.Google Scholar

Haarman, H. 1990. Language planning in the light of a general theory of language: a methodological framework. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 86: 103–26.Google Scholar

Harper’s Weekly, v.26 (no. 1327), May 27, 1882: 324 (illus.), 327 (text).Google Scholar

Harris, A. 2004. Hīkoi – Forty Years of Māori Protest. Wellington: Huia.Google Scholar

Harris, J. and Murtagh, L. 1999. Teaching and Learning Irish in Primary Schools. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann.Google Scholar

Hartig, M. 1985. The language situation and language policy in Belgium. In Beer, W. R. and Jacob, J. E. (eds.), Language Policy and National Unity. Totowa: Rowman and Allanheld Publications, pp. 67–78.Google Scholar

Haruna, A. 2003. An endangered language: the Gùrdùŋ language of the southern Bauchi area, Nigeria. In Janse, M. and Tol, S. (eds.), Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 189–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haugen, E. 1972. The Ecology of Language. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Hawkins, R. 1993. Regional variation in France. In Sandars, C. (ed.), French Today: Language in Its Social Context. Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hayward, P. 1998. Sound Alliances: Indigenous Peoples, Cultural Politics, and Popular Music in the Pacific. London: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heller, M. 1999a. Heated language in a cold climate. In Blommaert, J. (ed.), Language Ideological Debates. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 369–71.Google Scholar

Heller, M. 1999b. Linguistic Minorities and Modernity. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Heller, M. 2003a. Crosswords: Language, Education and Ethnicity in French Ontario [reprint 1994 edition]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Heller, M. 2003b. Globalisation, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7(4): 473–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Higgins, R. R. 2008. The Value of Te Kōhanga Reo. Research report commissioned by Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust.Google Scholar

Higgins, R. R 2009. Kia kore koe e ngaro…he hokinga mahara, he titiro whakamua. Research report commissioned by Te Rūnanga o Te Ataarangi.Google Scholar

Higgins, R. R. and Rewi, P. 2014. ZePA – Right-shifting: reorientation towards normalisation. In Higgins, R., Rewi, P. and Olsen-Reeder, V. (eds.), The Value of the Māori Language – Te Hua o Te Reo Māori. Ngā Pae o Te Māramatanga Edited Collections, volume 2. Wellington: Huia.Google Scholar

Hinton, L. 2011. Revitalisation of endangered languages. In Austin, P. K. and Sallabank, J. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages. Cambridge University Press, pp. 291–311.Google Scholar

Hobsbawm, E. 1983. Introduction: inventing traditions. In Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T., The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hodges, R. S. 2009. Welsh language use among young people in the Rhymney Valley. Contemporary Wales, 22(1): 16–35.Google Scholar

Hodges, R. S. 2012. Welsh-medium education and parental incentives: the case of the Rhymni Valley, Caerffili. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 15(3): 355–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hornberger, N. H. 1989. Bilingual education and indigenous languages in the light of language planning. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 77: 5–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hornberger, N. H. (ed.) 2011. Can Schools Save Indigenous Languages? Policy and Practice on Four Continents. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Hornberger, N. H. and King, K. A. 1996. Bringing the language forward: School-based initiatives for Quechua language revitalisation in Ecuador and Bolivia. In Hornberger, N. H. (ed.), Indigenous Literacies in the Americas: Language Planning from the Bottom Up. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 299–319.Google Scholar

Hornsby, D. C. 2006. Redefining Regional French: Koinéization and Dialect Levelling in Northern France. Oxford: Legenda.Google Scholar

Hudson, A. B. 1976. The Barito Isolects of Borneo. Ithaca: Cornell University.Google Scholar

Humphreys, H. L. 1991. The geolinguistics of Breton. In Williams, C. H. (ed.), Language in Geographic Context. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 96–120.Google Scholar

Hymes, D. 1996. Ethnography, Linguistics, Narrative Inequality. Toward an Understanding of Voice. London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

ICC 2009. A circumpolar Inuit declaration on sovereignty in the Arctic. Available online at: www.inuitcircumpolar.com/sovereignty-in-the-arctic.html (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

IEOM (Institut d’Emission d’Outre-Mer) 2011. Regional exchanges between New Caledonia and French Polynesia: limiting factors and support. Available online at: www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ne28_eclairage_echanges_regionaux_nc_et_pf_version_anglaise.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Ik Pahon, J., Josak, S., Tan, G.O., Vega, M. and Simpson, S. E. 2010. First language based multilingual education for minority communities – a Bidayuh example. Paper presented at the International Conference on Majority and Minority: Language, Culture and Identity, Kuching, Malaysia, November, 2010. Available online at: www.dbna.org.my/mle/first_language_based_multilingua.htm (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

ILO 1989. The Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in independent countries. International Labour Organization Convention No.169. Available online at: www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312314:NO (last accessed 24 April 201419 February 2015).Google Scholar

ILO 2014. Convention No. 169. Available online at: www.ilo.org/indigenous/Conventions/no169/lang--en/index.htm (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

INSEE 2003. Langue bretonne et autres langues: pratique et transmission, (Le Boëtté, I.) Octant 92. Available online at: www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document .asp?reg_id=2&ref_id=5754 (last accessed 3 April 2010).Google Scholar

ILO 2008. La population active bretonne au 1er janvier 2005, (Moro, S.), Octant, 111: 13–16. Also available online at: www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/bretagne/themes/octant/oc106/oc106art3.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

INSEE-INED 1993. Enquête Éducation INSEE-INED. INED: Bayard-Presse.Google Scholar

Institut d’Estudis Occitans. Available online at: www.ieo-oc.org/Academie-de-la-Lenga-Occitana (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) 2010. Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.Google Scholar

Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI) 2008. Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales: Variantes Lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas. In: Diario Oficial de la Federeación(14 January). Mexico City: Diario Oficial de la Federeación, pp. 31–112.Google Scholar

Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI) 2009. Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales: Variantes Lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas.Google Scholar

Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI) 2012. Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas – Talleres Gráficos de México.Google Scholar

ISTAT 2006. La Lingua Italiana, i Dialetti e le Lingue Straniere. Rome: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica.Google Scholar

Jacob, J. E. and Gordon, D. C. 1985. Language policy in France. In Beer, W. R. and Jacob, J. E. (eds.), Language Policy and National Unity. New Jersey: Rowman & Allanheld, pp. 106–31.Google Scholar

Jaffe, A. 1999. Ideologies in Action: Language Politics in Corsica. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jaffe, A. 2009. The production and reproduction of language ideologies in practice. In Coupland, N. and Jaworski, A. (eds.), The New Sociolinguistics Reader. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 390–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnstone, R. M., Harlen, W., Thorpe, G., MacNeil, M. and Stradling, R. 1999. The Attainments of Pupils Receiving Gaelic-Medium Primary Education in Scotland. Stirling: Scottish Centre for Information on Language Teaching and Research.Google Scholar

Jones, B. M. 1992. Linguistic Performance and Language Background: A Study of Pupils in Welsh-Medium Schools. Aberystwyth: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar

Jones, D. V. and Martin-Jones, M. 2004. Bilingual education and language revitalisation in Wales: past achievements and current issues. In Tollefson, J. W. and Tsui, A. M. M. (eds.), Medium of Instruction Policies: Which Agenda? Whose Agenda? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 43–70.Google Scholar

Jones, G. M. 2008. The evolution of language-in-education policies in Brunei Darussalam. Available online at: www.seameo.org/images/stories/Projects/2008_MotherTongueBridgeLang/Policies/papers_and_pdf/Brunei_MotherTongue_Policies20jan08.pdf (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

Jones, M. 2012. On target for seven-year-old Welsh speakers reaching 25% by 2015. The Welsh Agenda, 46: 40–3.Google Scholar

Jones, M. C. 1998a. Language Obsolescence and Revitalisation: Linguistic Change in Two Sociolinguistically Contrasting Welsh Communities. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, M. C. 1998b. Death of a language, birth of an identity: Brittany and the Bretons. Language Problems and Language Planning, 22(2): 129–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, M. C. 2000. Swimming against the tide: language planning on Jersey. Language Problems and Language Planning, 24(2): 167–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones-Parry, R. and Robertson, A. (eds.) 2013. The Commonwealth Yearbook 2013. Cambridge: Nexus Strategic Partnerships.Google Scholar

Joubert, A. 2011. Après le retroussement de la diglossie: l’occitan entre folklore et underground. In Rieger, A. and Sumien, D. (eds.), L’Occitanie invitée de l’Eurorégion. Actes du Neuvième Congrès International de l’Association Internationale d’Etudes Occitanes, Aix-la-Chapelle, 24–31 Août 2008, Aachen: Shaker.Google Scholar

Judge, A. 1998. The impact of European linguistic policies on French. In Marley, D., Hintze, M.-A. and Parker, G. (eds.), Linguistic Identities and Policies in France and the French-Speaking World. London: CILT, pp. 291–318.Google Scholar

Jussem Dundon, S. 1989. Bidayuh language and dialects. Sarawak Museum Journal, 61 (New Series): 407–13.Google Scholar

Kamwangamalu, N. 2010. Vernacularisation, globalisation and language economics. Language Problems and Language Planning, 34(1): 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaplan, R. B. and Baldauf, R. B. 1997. Language Planning from Practice to Theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. 1992. The Bretons and Normans of England 1066–1154: the family, the fief and the feudal monarchy. Nottingham Mediaeval Studies, 36: 42–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, K. A. 1999. Inspecting the unexpected: language status and corpus shifts as aspects of Quechua language revitalisation. Language Problems and Language Planning, 23(2): 109–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, K. A. 2000. Language ideologies and heritage language education. Language Problems and Language Planning, 23(2): 109–32.Google Scholar

King, K. A., Schilling-Estes, N., Fogle, L, Lou, J.J. and Soukup, B. 2008. Sustaining Linguistic Diversity: Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Kloss, H. 1967. Abstand languages and Ausbau languages. Anthropological Linguistics, 9(7): 29–41.Google Scholar

Kloss, H. 1969. Research Possibilities on Group Bilingualism: A Report. Quebec: International Center for Research on Bilingualism.Google Scholar

Kouega, J. P. 2008. Minority language use in Cameroon and educated indigenes’ attitudes to their languages. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 189: 85–113.Google Scholar

Kramsch, C. 2009. The Multilingual Subject. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Krauss, M. 1997. The indigenous languages of the North: a report on their present state. In Shoji, H. and Janhunen, J. (eds.), Northern Minority Languages: Problems of Survival. (Senri Ethnological Studies, 44) Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar

Kremnitz, G. 2001. Le Travail normatif en Occitan. In Boyer, H. and Gardy, P. (eds.), Dix siècles d’usages et d’images de l’occitan: des troubadours à l’internet. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Kremnitz, G. (ed.) 2013. Histoire sociale des langues de France. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar

Kroeger, P. R. 2009. The dialects of Biatah. In Martin, P. W. and Sercombe, P. G. (eds.), Languages in Borneo: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives. Williamsburg, VA: Borneo Research Council, pp. 111–44. Also available online at: www .sil.org/resources/archives/4873 (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

Kuter, L. 1989. Breton vs. French: language and the opposition of political, economic, social, and cultural values. In Dorian, N. C. (ed.), Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 91–102.Google Scholar

Labov, W. and Waletzky, J. 1967. Narrative analysis: oral versions of personal experience. In Helm, J. (ed.), Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Available online at: http://courses.umass.edu/bh391/read/labov_waletzsky_001.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Lafitte, J. 1996. Le gascon, langue à part entière, et le béarnais, âme du gascon. LiGam DiGam: Cadèrn de lingüistica e de lexicografia gasconas, 4.Google Scholar

Lafont, R. 1997. Quarante ans de sociolinguistique à la périphérie. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Landry, R. and Bourhis, R.Y.. 1997. Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: an empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16(1): 23–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Landweer, M. L. (2001). Indicators of ethnolinguistic vitality. Notes on Sociolinguistics, 5 (1): 5–22. Available online at: www.sil.org/sociolx/ndg-lg-indicators.html (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

Larsen-Freeman, D. and Cameron, L., L. 2008. Complex Systems and Applied Linguistics. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Le Berre, Y. and Le Dû, J. 1997. Ce que nomme ‘Breton’. In Tabouret- Keller, A., (ed.), Les Enjeux de la nomination des langues, Louvain: Peeters-Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l’Institut de linguistique de Louvain-95, pp. 99–116.Google Scholar

Leclerc, J. 2014. L’aménagement linguistique dans le monde: Nouvelle-Calédonie. Available online at: www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/pacifique/ncal.htm (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Le Dû, J. 1980. Sociolinguistique et diglossie: Le cas du breton’ In Gardin, B. and Marcellesi, J.-B. (eds.), Sociolinguistique: approches, théories, pratiques. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp. 153–63.Google Scholar

Le Dû, J. and Le Berre, Y. 2013. La langue bretonne dans la société régionale contemporaine. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 223: 43–54.Google Scholar

Le Pipec, E. 2013. Le breton, langue-totem? La Bretagne linguistique 18: 1–40.Google Scholar

Lewis, H. 2010. Y Gymraeg yn amod cyflogaeth: cam derbyniol o safbwynt rhyddfrydol? Gwerddon, 55–73.Google Scholar

Lewis, H. G. and Williams, E. 2006. Adroddiad ar Agweddau Myfyrwyr Ôl-16 at Addysg Uwch Cyfrwng Cymraeg. Cardiff: Dysg.Google Scholar

Lewis, M. P. 2008. Evaluating endangerment: proposed metadata and implementation. In King, K. A., Schilling-Estes, N., Fogle, L., Lou, J. J. and Soukup, B. (eds.), Sustaining Linguistic Diversity: Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 35–49.Google Scholar

Lewis, M. P. and Simons, G. F. 2010. Assessing endangerment: expanding Fishman’s GIDS. Revue Roumaine de Linguistique, 2: 103–19.Google Scholar

Lewis, M. P., Simons, G. F. and Fennig, C. D. (eds.) 2013. Ethnologue: Languages of the World (17th edn). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Available online at: www.ethnologue.com (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Lewis, W. G. 2006. Welsh-medium primary education: the challenges and opportunities of the twenty-first century. In Redknap, C., Lewis, W. G., Williams, S. R. and Laugharne, J. (eds.), Welsh-Medium and Bilingual Education. Bangor: School of Education, University of Wales, Bangor.Google Scholar

Lippi-Green, R. 2011. English with an Accent: Language, Ideology and Discrimination in the United States. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Lixinski, L. 2013. Intangible Cultural Heritage in International Law. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lo Bianco, J. 2010. The importance of language policies and multilingualism for cultural diversity. International Social Science Journal, 61(199): 37–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lodge, A. 1993. French, from Dialect to Standard. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lupinu, G., Mongili, A., Oppo, A., Spiga, R., Perra, S. and Valdes, M., 2007. Le Lingue dei Sardi. Una ricerca sociolinguistica. Regione Autonoma della Sardegna.Google Scholar

MacCaluim, A. 2007. Reversing Language Shift: The Social Identity and Role of Scottish Gaelic Learners. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.Google Scholar

MacKinnon, K. 1977. Language, Education and Social Processes in a Gaelic Community. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

MacKinnon, K. 2000. An Independent Academic Study on Cornish: Report to Government Office for the South West. EKOS Ltd. SGRUD Research.Google Scholar

MacKinnon, K. 2004. Gaelic in the 2001 census: a few green shoots amidst the gloom. In McClure, D. (ed.), Doonsin’ Emerauds: new scrieves anent Scots an Gaelic / New Studies in Scots and Gaelic. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona, pp. 24–35.Google Scholar

MacNeil, M. M. and Stradling, B. 2000. Home and Community: Their Role in Enhancing the Gaelic Language Competencies of Children in Gaelic-Medium Education. Isle of Skye: Lèirsinn.Google Scholar

Maguire, M., Ball, S. J. and Macrae, S. 1999. Promotion, persuasion and class-taste: marketing (in) the UK post-compulsory sector. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 20(3): 291–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Manassah, K. 2013. 2014 critical for the Kanaky struggle. Pacific Politics. Pacific Institute of Public Policy. Available online at: http://pacificpolitics.com/2013/02/2014-critical-for-the-kanaky-struggle/ (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Marazzini, C. 2002. La Lingua Italiana: profilo storico. Bologna: Il Mulino.Google Scholar

Marcato, C. 2001. Friuli Venezia Giulia. Bari: Laterza.Google Scholar

Marcato, C. 2006. Dialetto, dialetti e italiano. Bologna: Il Mulino.Google Scholar

Martel, P. 2001. De l’occitan au français: la résistible ascension de la langue du Roi. In Boyer, H. and Gardy, P. (eds.), Dix siècles d’usages et d’images de l’occitan: des troubadours à l’internet. Paris: L’Harmattan, 71–91.Google Scholar

Martel, P. 2013. L’occitan. In Kreminitz, G. (ed.), Histoire sociale des langues de France. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, pp. 511–30.Google Scholar

May, S. 2000. Accommodating and resisting minority language policy: the case of Wales. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 3(2): 101–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

May, S. 2001. Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Language. New York: Longman.Google Scholar

May, S. 2005. Language rights: moving the debate forward. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(3): 319–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

May, S. 2008. Language education, pluralism and citizenship. In May, S. and Hornberger, N. H. (eds.), Language Policy and Political Issues in Education, vol. 1, Encyclopedia of language and education. New York: Springer, pp. 15–29.Google Scholar

May, S. and Hill, R. 2008. Māori-medium education: current issues and challenges. In Hornberger, N. H. (ed.),Can Schools Save Indigenous Languages? Policy and Practice on Four Continents. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 66–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mazurek, M. 2010. Jȩzyk, przestrzeń, pochodzenie. Analiza tożsamości kaszubskiej. Gdańsk: Instytut Kaszubski.Google Scholar

McCarty, T. L. 1997. American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian bilingual education. In Cummins, J. and Corson, D. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Language and Education, vol. 5, Bilingual education. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, pp. 45–56.Google Scholar

McCarty, T. L. 2008. Language education planning and policies by and for indigenous peoples. In May, S. and Hornberger, N. H. (eds.), Language Policy and Political Issues in Education, vol. 1, Encyclopedia of Language and Education. New York: Springer, pp. 137–50.Google Scholar

McCarty, T. L. (ed.) 2011. Ethnography and Language Policy. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

McCarty, T. L., Romero-Little, M. E. and Warhol, L. 2011. Critical ethnography and indigenous language survival: some new directions in language policy research and praxis. In McCarty, T. L. (ed.), Ethnography and Language Policy. New York: Routledge, pp. 31–51.Google Scholar

McDonald, M. 1989. We Are Not French. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

McLellan, J. and anak Nojeg, R. 2009. Lexical choice in Bau-Jagoi Bidayuh discourse: an empirical study. In Martin, P. W. and Sercombe, P. G. (eds.), Languages in Borneo: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives. Williamsburg, VA: Borneo Research Council, pp. 143–54.Google Scholar

McLellan, J. and Campbell, Y. M. 2015. Bidayuh as a subject at pre-school and primary levels: towards a greater role for a Borneo indigenous language in the Malaysian education system. In Volker, C. and Anderson, F. (eds.), Education in Languages of Lesser Power: An Asia-Pacific Perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 131–51.Google Scholar

McLellan, J. and Yeo, A. W. 2006. Borneo languages in cyberspace: a proposal for revitalisation of Borneo languages through development of online communities. Paper presented at Borneo Research Council Conference, ‘Borneo in the new century’, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia, 31 July–1 August 2006.Google Scholar

McLellan, N. 2005. Conflict and reconciliation in New Caledonia: building the Mwâ Kâ. Australian National University Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Discussion Paper 2005/1. Available online at: https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/10142/1/Maclellan_ConflictReconciliation2005.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

McLeod, W. 2003. Gaelic-medium education in Scotland. In Scott, M. and Ní Bhaoill, R. (eds.), Gaelic-medium Education Provision: Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona, pp. 104–32.Google Scholar

McRae, K. D. 1997. Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societies: Finland. Helsinki and Waterloo (CA): The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters and Wilfried Laurier University Press.Google Scholar

McWhorter, J. H. 2000. Language Change and Language Contact in Pidgins and Creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Menken, K. and Garcia, O. (eds.) 2010. Negotiating Language Policies in Schools. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyerhoff, M. 2002. Communities of practice. In Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, P. and Schilling-Estes, N. (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 526–48.Google Scholar

Michel, L. 1885. Légendes et chants de gestes canaques. Paris: Kéva. Available online at: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k82414w (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Mills, J. 2014. Methodology and methods. In Mills, J. and Birks, M. (eds.), Qualitative Methodology. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Minardi, S. and Barni, M. 2013. Language Rich Europe chiude a Bruxelles e lancia il suo messaggio. Le parole chiave della conferenza finale. British Council Blog. April 2013.Google Scholar

Mitchell, R. 2009. A Study in Syntactic Variation: Mood Usage in Gabonese French. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar

Mitchell, R. 2012. Language, education and identity in Gabon. In Esch, E. and Solly, M. (eds.), The Sociolinguistics of Language Education in International Contexts. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 123–47.Google Scholar

Mooney, D. 2014. Illustrations of the IPA: Béarnais (Gascon). Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44(3): 343–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mordawski, J. 2005. Statystyka ludności kaszubskiej: Kaszubi u progu XXI wieku. Gdańsk: Instytut Kaszubski.Google Scholar

Moreux, B. 2004. Béarnais and Gascon today: language behaviour and perception. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 169: 25–62.Google Scholar

Moreux, B. and Puyau, J.-M. 2002. Dictionnaire Français-Béarnais. Monein: Éditions PyréMonde-Prince Negue.Google Scholar

Morris Jones, S. 2010. Mesur y galw am addysg ôl-16 trwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg ymhlith disgyblion Blwyddyn 11 sydd yn astudio’r Gymraeg fel iaith gyntaf mewn tair ysgol uwchradd yng Ngheredigion. Unpublished MA dissertation, Trinity University College, Wales.Google Scholar

Morrison, M. F. 2006. A’Chiad Ghinealach – the first generation: a survey of Gaelic-medium education in the Western Isles. In McLeod, W. (ed.), Revitalising Gaelic in Scotland. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, pp. 139–54.Google Scholar

Moseley, C. (ed.) 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger (3rd edn). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. Available online at: www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/ (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Moyse-Faurie, C., Rivierre, J.-C. and Vernaudon, J. 2012. Les langues kanak. In Bonvalot, J. and Gay, J.-C. (eds.), Atlas de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Nouméa: IRD, pp. 119–22.Google Scholar

Naepels, M. 2013. Conjurer la guerre: Violence et pouvoir à Houaïlou (Nouvelle-Calédonie). Paris: Editions de l’EHESS.Google Scholar

Nais, W. 1988. Bidayuh-English Dictionary. Kuching Malaysia: Persatuan Kesusasteraan Sarawak.Google Scholar

NCAI (National Congress of American Indians) 2013. Annual Report. Available online at: www.ncai.org/resources/ncai-publications/ncai-annual-reports/2013_Annual_Report.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Nettle, D. and Romaine, S. 2000. Vanishing Voices. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ngā Matakiirea (in association with Tim Thorpe Consulting) 2010. Mainstream Māori Programming – Research report commissioned by NZ On Air.Google Scholar

Ngefac, A. 2012. From skin colour mutilation to tongue rejection: Cameroonians’ attitudes towards their local tongues. In Echu, G. and Ebongue, A. (eds.), Cinquante ans de bilinguisme officiel au Cameroun (1961–2011). État des lieux, enjeux et perspectives. Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 163–80.Google Scholar

Nicolas, H. 2010. The impact of decolonisation on Kanak girls’ school success, Lifu, New-Caledonia. Journal of Polynesian Society, 119(2): 181–204.Google Scholar

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) 2001. Available online at: www2.ed.gov/nclb/landing .jhtml (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Nocus, I., Guimard, P., Vernaudon, J., Sam, L., Colombel, C., C. and Florin, A. 2010. Résultats de l’évaluation psycholinguistique en Nouvelle-Calédonie (début et fin CP). Rapport de recherche. Contrat Agence Nationale de la Recherche ‘Ecolpom’. Available online at: www.ecolpom.univ-nantes.fr/73416277/0/fiche___pagelibre/&RH=1257174301992&RF=1257172895582 (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Noeb, J. and Ridu, R. S. 2006. Language development in Bidayuh: Past, present and future. In Rensch, C. R., Rensch, C. M., Noeb, J. and Ridu, R. S., The Bidayuh Language: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Kuching, Malaysia: Dayak Bidayuh National Association, pp. 3–30.Google Scholar

Noor Azam OKMB Haji-Othman, 2005. Changes to the Linguistic Diversity of Negara Brunei Darussalam. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leicester.Google Scholar

Noor Azam OKMB Haji-Othman, (in press). Teaching an unwritten language: Tutong. In Sercombe, P., Clynes, A. and Boutin, M. (eds.), Studies in Memory of Professor Peter W. Martin. Williamsburg, VA: Borneo Research Council.Google Scholar

Norahim, N. 2010. Language Choice of Bidayuh Graduates in Kuching-Samarahan Division. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Malaya.Google Scholar

Nordic Council 2014. Available online at: www.norden.org/en/fakta-om-norden-1/language (last accessed 23 March 2015).Google Scholar

Nothofer, B. 1991. The Languages of Brunei Darussalam. In Steinhauer, H. (ed.), Papers in Austronesian Linguistics, 1: 151–76.Google Scholar

Ntsobe, A., Biloa, E. and Echu, G. 2008. Le Camfranglais, quelle parlure? Étude linguistique et sociolinguistique. Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Oakes, L. 2011. Regional languages, the European Charter and Republican values in France today. In Norrby, C. and Hajek, J. (eds.), Uniformity and Diversity in Language Policy. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Ó Giollagáin, C., Mac Donnacha, S., Ní Chualáin, F., Ní Shéaghdha, A. and O’Brien, M. 2007. Comprehensive Linguistic Study of the Use of Irish in the Gaeltacht: Principal Findings and Recommendations. Dublin: Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Ó Riagáin, P. 1997. Language Policy and Social Reproduction. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ofis ar Brezhoneg 2003. Un avenir pour la langue bretonne? Rapport sur l’état de la langue bretonne. Rennes: Observatoire de la Langue Bretonne.Google Scholar

Ofis publik ar Brezhoneg, n.d. Key figures. Available online at: www.fr.opab-oplb .org/5-chiffres-cles.htm (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

ONS (Office for National Statistics) 2012. 2011 Census: Key Statistics for Unitary Authorities in Wales. Available online at: www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/rft-table-data-cube-pivot-table.xls (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Orange, C. 1987. The Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar

Palay, S. 1932. Dictionnaire du béarnais et du gascon modernes. Pau: Marrimpouey Jeune.Google Scholar

Pawley, A. 2006. Explaining the aberrant Austronesian languages of southeast Melanesia: 150 years of debate. Journal of the Polynesian Society, 115: 215–58.Google Scholar

Payton, P. 1997. Paralysis and revival: the reconstruction of Celtic-Catholic Cornwall 1890–1945. In Westland, E. (ed.), Cornwall: The Cultural Construction of Place. Penzance: Patten Press, pp. 25–39.Google Scholar

Payton, P. 2004. Cornwall: A History. Fowey: Cornwall Editions.Google Scholar

Porȩbska, M. 2006. Das Kaschubische, Sprachtod oder Revitalisierung? Empirische Studien zur ethnolinguistischen Vitalität einer Sprachminderheit in Polen. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner.Google Scholar

Power, S., Edwards, T., Whitty, G. and Wigfall, V. 2003. Education and the Middle-Class. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar

Pratt, R. 1973. The advantages of mingling Indians with Whites. In Prucha, F. (ed.), Americanising the American Indians: Writings by the ‘Friends of the Indian’, 1880–1900. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 260–70.Google Scholar

Price, G. 1984. The Languages of Britain. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar

Price, R. 2010. Senses of Welsh identity: further education students’ perceptions of Wales and Welshness. Contemporary Wales, 23(1): 17–35.Google Scholar

Prout, A. 2000. Children’s participation: control and self-realisation in British late modernity. Children and Society, 14: 304–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Puyau, J.-M. 2009. Conjuguer en béarnais. Monein: Éditions Pyrémonde.Google Scholar

Quinn Patton, M. 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Rensch, C. R. 2006. Studies in the early Bidayuh language: Proto Bidayuh and its relatives. In Rensch, C. R., Rensch, C. M., Noeb, J. and Ridu, R. S. (eds.), The Bidayuh Language: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Kuching, Malaysia: Dayak Bidayuh National Association, pp. 135–442.Google Scholar

RhAG 2012. The Growth of Welsh-Medium Education 2002–2012. Cardiff: RhAG.Google Scholar

Ricento, T. 2005. Problems with the ‘language-as-resource’ discourse in the promotion of heritage languages in the USA. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(3): 348–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ricento, T. (ed.) 2006. An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Ricento, T. and Hornberger, N. H. 1996. Unpeeling the onion: language planning and policy and the ELT professional. TESOL Quarterly, 30(3): 401–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rickard, P. 1974. A History of the French Language. Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar

Rivierre, J. C. 1994. Contact-induced phonological complexification in New Caledonia. In Dutton, T. E. and Tryon, D. T. (eds.), Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 497–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robbins, J. 2006. Excuse me, What did you say? In Agor, B. (ed.), Integrating EFL Standards into Chinese Classroom Settings, Junior Level. Alexandria, VA: McGraw-Hill Education, pp. 31–56.Google Scholar

Robinson, C. 1996. Language Use in Rural Development: An African Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Romaine, S. 1989. Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Romaine, S. 2000. Language in Society (2nd edn). Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Romaine, S. 2002. The impact of language policy on endangered languages. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 4(2). Available online at: www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2romaine.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Rose, D. and Martin, J. 2012. Learning to Write, Reading to Learn: Genre, Knowledge and Pedagogy in the Sydney School. South Yorkshire, UK: Equinox Press.Google Scholar

Rosekrans, K., Sherris, A., A. and Chatry-Komarek, M. 2012. Education reform for the expansion of mother-tongue education in Ghana. International Review of Education, 58(5): 593–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rowse, A. L. 1941. Tudor Cornwall. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar

Russian Federal Law 29.12.2012 N 273-ФЗ. About education in the Russian Federation. Available online at: www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163992/?frame=14#p1928 (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Saami Political Program. 1986. Saami Council statements. Available online at: www.saamicouncil.net/?deptid=2178 (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

Sadembuou, E. 2008. Basic Standardisation of All Unwritten African languages (BASAL). Paris: UNESCO. Available online at: www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/src/00847-EN.doc (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Sakha (Yakutia) 2011. Language policy in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Status and future perspectives. [Iazykovaia politika v Respublike Saxa (Iakutia): sostoianie i perspektivy]. Available online at: http://sakha.gov.ru/node/56790 (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

Salaün, M. 2005. De la mentalité primitive au choc des cultures. L’échec scolaire kanak et son étiologie: état des lieux (communs). In Fillol, V. and Vernaudon, J. (eds.), Stéréotypes et représentations en Océanie. Nouméa: Corail/Grain de sable, pp. 129–44. Available online at: www.recherches-nouvelle-caledonie.org/IMG/pdf/Corail.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Salaün, M. 2007. Are Kanak languages to be taught? Social demands and linguistic dilemmas in contemporary New Caledonia. Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 125(2): 262–9.Google Scholar

Salaün, M. 2010. Un colonialisme ‘glottophage’? L’enseignement de la langue française dans les écoles indigènes en Nouvelle-Calédonie (1863–1945). Histoire de l’éducation, 128: 53–77. Available online at: http://histoire-education.revues.org/2264 (last accessed 20 February 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sallabank, J. 2011. Language policy for endangered languages. In Austin, P. K. and Sallabank, J. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages. Cambridge University Press, pp. 277–90.Google Scholar

Sallabank, J. 2013. Attitudes to Endangered Languages. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saukkonen, P. 2012. The Finnish paradox: Language and politics in Finland. RECODE Online Working Paper No. 5. Available online at: www.recode.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Saukkonen-Pasi-2012-RECODE.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Sauzet, P. 1996. Paradis ou parité: ou de la coquetterie linguistique. Bretagne Linguistique, 10: 349–70.Google Scholar

Sauzet, P. 2008. Se pòt existir une lenga sens una marina de guèrra? A prepaus de l’occitan. In Massip, A. (ed.), Llengua i identitat. Barcelona: Publicacions de la Universitat de Barcelona, pp. 109–33.Google Scholar

Sauzet, P. 2012. Occitan: de l’importance d’être une langue. In Dotte, A. L., Muni Toke, V. and Sibille, J. (eds.), Langues de France, langues en danger: aménagement et rôle des linguistes. Paris: Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication.Google Scholar

Schieffelin, B. B., Woolard, K. A. and Kroskrity, P. (eds.) 1998. Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schiffman, H. F. 1996. Linguistic Culture and Language Policy. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schlieben-Lange, B. 1971. La conscience linguistique des occitans. Revue de linguistique romane, 35: 298–303.Google Scholar

Schooling, S. J. 1990. Language Maintenance in Melanesia : Sociolinguistics and Social Networks in New Caledonia. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics / University of Texas at Arlington.Google Scholar

Schweitzer, P., Irlbacher Fox, S., Csonka, Y., and Kaplan, L.. 2010. Cultural well-being and cultural vitality. In Nymand Larsen, J., Schweitzer, P. and Fondahl, G. (eds.), Arctic Social Indicators. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, pp. 91–108.Google Scholar

Scottish Council for Research in Education 1961. Gaelic-speaking Children in Highland Schools. London University Press.Google Scholar

SEAMEO (Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organisation) 2008. Mother tongue as a bridge language of education. Available online at: www.seameo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=225:mother-tongue-as-bridge-language-of-instruction-2008&catid=108:mother-tongue-as-bridge-language-of-instruction&Itemid=549 (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

Sebba, M. 2007. Spelling and Society. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Seca, J. M. 2001. Les Musiciens underground. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar

Seidman, I. 2006. Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar

Selleck, C. L. R. 2013. Inclusive policy and exclusionary practice in secondary education in Wales. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 16(1): 20–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sherris, A. 2010. Leadership et formation mutuelle parmi les enseignants: le cas du Ghana. In Chatry-Komarek, M. (ed.), Professionnaliser les enseignants de multilingues en Afrique. Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 111–31.Google Scholar

Sherris, A. 2012. Three strategies to sensitively engage veiled and visible learner identities: policy from the classroom. Paper presented at the annual TESOL International Convention, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 2012.Google Scholar

Sherris, A. 2013. Re-envisioning the Ghanaian ecolinguistic landscape: local illustration and literacy. Intercultural Education, 24(4): 348–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sherris, A., Sulemana, O., Alhassan, A., Abudu, G. and Karim, A.-R. 2014. School for life in Ghana: promoting literate opportunities for rural youth. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(7): 692–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shohamy, E. 2006. Language Policy. Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Simo Bobda, A. 2006. Life in a tower of Babel without a language policy. In Putz, M., Fishman, J. A. and Neff van Aertselaer, J. (eds.), Along the Routes to Power: Explanations of Empowerment Through Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 367–72.Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, T. 2000. Linguistic Genocide in Education or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Small, D. 1996. The rise and fall of the écoles populaires kanak in New Caledonia. Paper presented at the 9th World Congress of Comparative Education, Sydney, 1–6 July 1996. Available online at: http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4718 (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Smith, K. 2003. Minority language education in Malaysia: four ethnic communities’ experiences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 6(1): 52–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, L. T. 1999. Decolonising Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Sol, M. 2013. Imaginaire des langues et dynamique de français à Yaoundé: enquête sociolinguistique. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Sommer, G. 1992. A survey on language death in Africa. In Brenzinger, M. (ed.), Language Death. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 301–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Spolsky, B. 2004. Language Policy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Spolsky, B. 2009. Language Management. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stockdale, A., MacGregor, B. and Munro, G. 2003. Migration, Gaelic-Medium Education and Language Use. Isle of Skye: Ionad Nàiseanta na h-Imrich, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig. Available online at: www.linguae-celticae.org/dateien/Migration_Report-Laxdale-Castlebay-Ullapool.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Stoyle, M. 2002. West Britons: Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State. University of Exeter Press.Google Scholar

Street, B. 1984. Literacy in Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stroud, C. 2007. Multilingualism in ex-colonial contexts. In Auer, P. and Wei, L. (eds.), Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication, vol. 5. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Sumien, D. 2006. La Standardisation pluricentrique de l’occitan. Turnhout: Brepols.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Synak, B. 1998. Kaszubska tożsamość: cia̧głość i zmiana. Studium socjologiczne. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego.Google Scholar

Tamburelli, M. 2014. Uncovering the ‘hidden’ multilingualism of Europe: an Italian case study. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(3): 252–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tarnanen, M. and Huhta, A. 2008. Interaction of language policy and assessment in Finland. Current Issues in Language Planning, 9(3): 262–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Telmon, T. 2001. Piemonte e Valle d’Aosta. Bari: Laterza.Google Scholar

Te Paepae Motuhake 2011. Te Reo Mauriora: Te Arotakenga o Te Rāngai Reo Māori me te Rautaki Reo Māori – Review of the Māori Language Sector and the Māori Language Strategy. Wellington: Te Puni Kōkiri.Google Scholar

Te Puni Kōkiri 2003. Te Rautaki Reo Māori – The Māori Language Strategy. Wellington: Te Puni Kōkiri.Google Scholar

Te Puni Kōkiri 2008. Te Oranga o te Reo Māori – The Health of the Māori Language in 2006. Wellington: Te Puni Kōkiri.Google Scholar

Te Puni Kōkiri 2009. Rangahau i Ngā Waiaro, Ngā Uara me Ngā Whakapono Mō te Reo Māori – 2009 Survey of Attitudes, Values and Beliefs Towards the Māori Language. Wellington: Te Puni Kōkiri.Google Scholar

Te Taura Whiri i Te Reo Māori 2011. Briefing for the incoming Minister of Māori Affairs. Available online at: www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz/english/pub_e/bim.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Thomas, H. 2010. Brwydr i Baradwys?: Y Dylanwadau Ar Dwf Ysgolion Cymraeg De-ddwyrain Cymru. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar

Thomas, N. and Gruffudd, H. 2003. An action plan for Welsh. Planet: The Welsh Internationalist, 157: 77–81.Google Scholar

Thompson, J. B. 1991. Introduction. In Bourdieu, P. (ed.), Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 1–31.Google Scholar

Thomsen, M. L. 2013. Greenland and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In Loukacheva, N. (ed.), Polar Law Textbook II. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, pp. 241–67.Google Scholar

Timm, L. A. 1980. Bilingualism, diglossia and language shift in Brittany. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 25: 29–41.Google Scholar

Ting, S.H. 2012. Variable impact of Malaysia’s national language planning on non-Malay speakers in Sarawak. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 12(2). Available online at: www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1984-63982012000200008 &script=sci_arttext (last accessed 20 February 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tingal, M. 2013. New Caledonia: uproar over use of Kanaky name lingers on. Pacific Media Centre August 13, 2012. Available online at: www.pmc.aut.ac.nz/pacific-media-watch/new-caledonia-uproar-over-use-kanaky-name-lingers-8055 (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Tjibaou, J.-M. 1985. Entretien. Les Temps modernes, 464: 1587–601.Google Scholar

Todd, L. 1983. Language options for education in a multilingual society: Cameroon. In Kennedy, C. (ed.), Language Planning and Language Education. London: Allen & Unwin, pp. 160–71.Google Scholar

Topping, D. M. 1990. A dialect survey of the Land Dayaks of Sarawak. In Collins, J. T. (ed.), Language and Oral Traditions in Borneo. Williamsburg, VA: Borneo Research Council, pp. 247–74.Google Scholar

Treder, J. 2011. The Kashubian language and its dialects: the range of use. In Obracht-Prondzyński, C. and Wicherkiewicz, T. (eds.), The Kashubs: Past and Present. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 80–1.Google Scholar

Trépied, B. 2011. Recherche et décolonialisation en Nouvelle-Calédonie: lectures croisées. Revue d’histoire des sciences humaines, 24: 159–87.Google Scholar

Trueba, H. 1991. The role of culture in bilingual instruction. In Garcia, O. (ed.), Bilingual Education: Focusschrift in Honour of J.A. Fishman. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 43–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tulloch, S. (ed.) 2012. Proceedings of the Arctic Indigenous Languages Symposium. ICC Canada. Available online at: www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/arctic-peoples/languages (last accessed 9 July 2014).Google Scholar

Tulloch, S. and Hust, V. 2003. An analysis of language provisions in the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. In Duhaime, G. and Bernard, N. (eds.), Arctic Development and Self Government. Quebec: GETIC, Université Laval, pp. 283–96.Google Scholar

UNESCO 2003a. Education in a Multilingual World. UNESCO Education position paper. Available online at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001297/129728e.pdf (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

UNESCO 2003b. Language Vitality and Endangerment. Available online at: www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/src/00120-EN.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

UNESCO 2003c. International Expert Meeting on UNESCO Programme Safeguarding of Endangered Languages, Paris, 10–12 March 2003.Google Scholar

UNESCO 2003d. Recommendations for Action Plans, 4. Available online at: www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/src/00117-EN.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

UNESCO 2003e. Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Available online at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001325/132540e.pdf (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

UNESCO 2005a. From Spoken to Written Languages in Cameroon. Available online at: www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/dynamic-content-single-view-project/news/from_spoken_to_written_languages_in_cameroon/#.U2A1ZkbjjMw (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

UNESCO 2005b. Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Available online at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001429/142919e.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

UNESCO 2010. Enhancing Learning of Children from Diverse Language Backgrounds: Mother Tongue-Based Bilingual or Multilingual Education in Eerly Childhood and Early Primary School Years. Available online at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002122/212270e.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

United Nations 2007. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Available online at: www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf (last accessed 19 February 2015).Google Scholar

US Census Bureau 2010. The American Indian and Alaska Native Population. Available online at: www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Valdovinos, M. 2002. Los cargos del pueblo de Jesús María (Chuísete’e): una réplica de la cosmovisión cora. Unpublished Bachelor’s dissertation, National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH), Mexico.Google Scholar

Verkuyten, M. and deWolf, A. 2002. Being, feeling and doing: discourses and ethnic self-definitions among minority group members. Culture Psychology, 8(4): 371–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vernaudon, J. 2011. Kanak languages at school in New Caledonia: a long process. Sorosoro blog, September 30, 2011. Available online at: http://blog.sorosoro.org/en/kanak-languages-at-school-in-new-caledonia-a-long-process (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Vernaudon, J. 2013. L’enseignement des langues kanak en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Hermès, La Revue, 65: 112–18.Google Scholar

Viaut, A. 2001. L’Institution de l’occitan dans le Val d’Aran en Espagne. In Boyer, H. and Gardy, P. (eds.), Dix Siècles d’usages et d’images de l’occitan: des troubadours à l’internet. Paris: L’Harmattan, 405–413.Google Scholar

Waddell, E. W. 2008. Jean-Marie Tjibaou, Kanak Witness to the World: an intellectual biography. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar

Waitangi Tribunal 1986. Te Reo Māori Claim. Wellington: Waitangi Tribunal.Google Scholar

Waitangi Tribunal 2010. Pre-publication Te Reo Māori – WAI 262: Waitangi Tribunal Report. Wellington: Waitangi Tribunal.Google Scholar

Walter, H. 1988. Le Francais dans tous les sens. Paris: Robert Laffont.Google Scholar

Walter, H. 2008. Aventures et mésaventures des langues de France. Paris: Honoré Champion.Google Scholar

Ward, R. 2003. Managing provision: the school perspective. In Nicolson, M. and MacIver, M. (eds.), Gaelic-Medium Education. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, pp. 35–62.Google Scholar

Watahomigie, L. and Yamamoto, A. 1992. Local reactions to perceived language decline. Language, 68(1): 10–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weber, E. 1976. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France 1870–1914. London: Chatto & Windus.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wei, L. 2000. Dimensions of bilingualism. In Wei, L. (ed.), The Bilingualism Reader. London: Routledge, pp. 3–25.Google Scholar

Welsh Assembly Government 2003. Iaith Pawb: A National Action Plan for a Bilingual Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.Google Scholar

Welsh Assembly Government 2010. Welsh-Medium Education Strategy. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.Google Scholar

Welsh Government 2012a. 2011 Census: first results on the Welsh language. Cardiff: Welsh Government.Google Scholar

Welsh Government 2012b. Promoting Linguistic Progression between Key Stages 2 and 3. Cardiff: Welsh Government.Google Scholar

Welsh Government 2013a. One Language for All: Review of Welsh Second Language at Key Stages 3 and 4. Report and recommendations. Cardiff: Welsh Government.Google Scholar

Welsh Government 2013b. Welsh in Higher Education Institutions, 2011–2012. Cardiff: Welsh Government.Google Scholar

Welsh Government 2013c. Welsh-Medium Education Strategy: Annual Report 2012–2013. Cardiff: Welsh Government.Google Scholar

Welsh Government 2014. Welsh-Medium Education Strategy: Annual Report 2013-14. Cardiff: Welsh Government.Google Scholar

Welsh Language Board 1996. Welsh Language Schemes: Their Preparation and Approval in Accordance with the Welsh Language Act 1993. Cardiff: Welsh Language Board.Google Scholar

Wenger, E. 1998. Communities of Practice. Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wicherkiewicz, T. 2011. Language policy and the sociolinguistics of Kashubian. In Obracht-Prondzyński, C. and Wicherkiewicz, T. (eds.), The Kashubs: Past and Present. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 141–78.Google Scholar

Wiley, T. G. 2008. Bilingual education as language policy. In González, J. M. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education, Los Angeles, CA: Sage, pp. 70–5.Google Scholar

Willemyns, R. 1997. Toward a plurilingual urban environment: language policy and language planning in Brussels. In Pütz, M. (ed.), Language Choices. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 179–93.Google Scholar

Williams, C. 2000. Bilingual teaching and language distribution at 16+. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 3(2): 129–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williams, C. 2003. Addysg Uwch Cyfrwng Cymraeg. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar

Williams, C. H. 2005. ‘Iaith pawb’: the doctrine of plenary inclusion. Contemporary Wales, 17(1): 1–27.Google Scholar

Williams, C. H. 2013. Linguistic Minorities in Democratic Context. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Williams, H. W. 1992. Dictionary of the Māori Language. Wellington: GP Publications.Google Scholar

Winitana, C. 2011. My Language, My Inspiration: The Struggle Continues. Wellington: Huia.Google Scholar

Winslow, D. 1991. Land and independence in New Caledonia. Cultural Survival Quarterly, 15(2). Available online at: www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/land-and-independence-new-caledonia#sthash.ER32hJlh.dpuf (last accessed 20 February 2015).Google Scholar

Woehrling, J. M. 2013. Histoire du droit des langues en France. In Kremnitz, G. (ed.), Histoire sociale des langues de France. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, pp. 71–88.Google Scholar

Wolcott, H. 1999. Ethnography: A Way of Seeing. Oxford: Altamira Press.Google Scholar

Woolard, K. A. 1998. Introduction: Language ideology as a field of inquiry. In Schieffelin, B., Woolard, K. A. and Kroskrity, P. V. (eds.) Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory. Oxford University Press, pp, 3–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wurm, S. A. 2002. Strategies for language maintenance and revival. In Bradley, D. and Bradley, M. (eds.), Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance. London: Routledge, pp. 11–23.Google Scholar