Adamolekun, L., D. Olowu, and M. Laleye. 1988. Local Government in Africa since Independence. Lagos: University of Lagos Press

Adams, Adrian. 1977a. The Senegal River Valley: What Kind of Change?Review of African Political Economy, 10:33–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, Adrian. 1977b. Le Long Voyage des Gens du Fleuve. Paris: Maspero

Adams, Adrian. 1985. La Terre et les Gens du Fleuve. Paris: L'Harmattan

Adams, Adrian, and Jaabe So. 1996. A Claim to Land by the River: A Household in Senegal, 1720–1994. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Adedeji, Adebayo. 1994. An Alternative for Africa. Journal of Democracy, 5, 4 (October):119–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Africa Confidential. Periodical

Africa South of the Sahara. Yearly. London: Europa Publications

Agrawal, Arun, and Gibson, Clark C.. 1991. Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation. World Development, 27, 4:629–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agrawal, Arun, and Ribot, Jesse. 1999. Accountability in Decentralization: A Framework with South Asian and West African Cases. Journal of Developing Areas, 33, 4:473–502Google Scholar

Agrawal, Arun. Forthcoming. Environmentality: Technologies of Government and the Making of Subjects. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press

Ake, Claude. 1993. The Unique Case of African Democracy. International Affairs, 69, 2:239–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Akpan, Ntieyong U. 1956. Epitaph to Indirect Rule: A Discourse on Local Government in Africa. London: Caswell and Co

Alderfer, Harold F. 1964. Local Government in Developing Countries. New York McGraw-Hill

Allman, Jean Marie. 1993. The Quills of the Porcupine: Asante Nationalism in an Emergent Ghana. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Allman, Jean Marie. 2001. Review of Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951–60, by Richard Rathbone. African Studies Review, 44, 3 (December):116–18CrossRef

Alston, Lee J., and Joseph P. Ferrie. 1999. Southern Paternalism and the American Welfare State: Economics, Politics, and Institutions in the South, 1865–1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Amin, Samir. 1967. Le Développement du Capitalisme en Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: Editions de Minuit

Amin, Samir. 1969. Le Monde des Affaires Sénégalais. Paris: Editions de Minuit

Amin, Samir. 1973. Neo-Colonialism in West Africa. London: Monthly Review Press

Amon d'Aby, F. J. 1958. Le Problème des Chefferies Traditionelles en Côte d'Ivoire. Abidjan: Institut d'Ethno-Sociologie, Université d'Abidjan

Amondji, Marcel. 1986. Côte d'Ivoire, le PDCI, et la Vie Politique de 1944 à 1985. Paris: L'Harmattan

Amondji, Marcel. 1988. Côte d'Ivoire: La Dépendance et l'Épreuve des Faits. Paris: L'Harmattan

Anderson, Perry. 1974. Lineages of the Absolutist State. London: New Left Books

Anyang' Nyong'o, Peter. 1987. “The Development of Agrarian Capitalist Classes in the Ivory Coast, 1945–75.” In Paul Lubeck, ed., The African Bourgeoisie, 185–248. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Press

Aprin, Robert. 1980. Développement et Résistance Paysanne: Le Cas des Soninkés de Bakel. Memoire, Paris [S.1.: s.n], mimeo

Apter, David E. 1968. Ghana in Transition. New York: Anetheneum. First published as Gold Coast in Transition, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955

Apter, David E. 1972. Ghana in Transition. 2d ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press. First published as Gold Coast in Transition, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955

Arrighi, Giovanni. 1970. “Labor Supplies in Historical Perspective: A Study of Proletarianization of the African Peasantry in Rhodesia.” In Giovanni Arrighi and John S. Saul, eds., Essays on the Political Economy of Africa, 180–236. New York: Monthly Review Press

Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et du Développement (APAD). 1998. Les Dimensions Sociales et Economiques du Développement Local et la Décentralisation en Afrique au Sud du Sahara. APAD Bulletin, 15 (May)

Atta, Noël Brou [Brou Noël]. 1991. “Analyse Économique de la Collecte Primaire de l'Igname dans le Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire: Etude de Cas dans la Région de Korhogo,” Thése de doctorat 3ème cycle en Sciences Economiques (Economie Rurale), Université Nationale de Côte d'Ivoire, Faculté des Sciences Economiques, Centre Ivoirien de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (CIRES), Abijdan

Atta, Brou Noël. 1992. Rapport de Synthèse sur la Filière Café-Cacao. Unpublished manuscript, Abidjan, 10 janvier

Augé, Marc. 1973. L'illusion Villageoise: Limites Sociologiques et Politiques de “Développement” Villageois en Côte d'Ivoire. Archives Internationale de Sociologie de la Coopération et du Développement, 34 (juillet-décembre):240–51Google Scholar

Austin, Dennis. 1964. Politics in Ghana: 1946–1960. London: Oxford University Press

Austin, Dennis, and Robin Luckman, eds. 1975. Politicians and Soldiers in Ghana, 1966–1972. London: Frank Cass

Austin, Gareth. 1987. The Emergence of Capitalist Relations in South Asante Cocoa-Farming, c. 1916–1933. Journal of African History, 28, 2:259–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, Gareth. 1988. Capitalists and Chiefs in the Cocoa Hold-Ups in South Asante, 1927–38. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 21, 1:63–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, Gareth. 1996. National Poverty and the ‘Vampire State’ in Ghana: A Review Article. Journal of International Development, 8, 4:553–733.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakary, Tessy D. 1985. Côte d'Ivoire: Logiques du Recrutement Politique et Eventuels Changements à la Tête de l'Etat. Le Mois en Afrique, 237–8 (octobre–novembre):3–32Google Scholar

Bakary, Tessy D. 1986. Côte d'Ivoire: Une'Décentralisation Politique Centralisée. Géopolitique Africaine, 2, 1 (juin):205–30, and 2, 2 (octobre):65–104Google Scholar

Bakary, Tessy D. 1991. Côte d'Ivoire: l'Étatisation de l'Etat. “In Jean-Francois Médard, ed., Etats d'Afrique Noire: Formation, Mécanismes, et Crise, 53–91. Paris: Karthala

Balans, Jean-Louis, Christian Coulon, and Jean-Marc Gastellu. 1975. Autonomie Locale et Intégration Nationale au Sénégal. Paris: A. Pedone

Barkan, Joel D., ed. 1984. Politics and Public Policy in Kenya and Tanzania. Rev. ed. New York: Praeger (first edition in 1979)

Barkan, Joel D., and Chege, Michael. 1989. Decentralising the State: District Focus and the Politics of Reallocation in Kenya. Journal of Modern African Studies, 27, 3:431–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barker, Jonathan. 1971. “The Paradox of Development: Reflections on a Study of Local-Central Political Relations in Senegal.” In Michael F. Lofchie, ed., The State of the Nations: Constraints on Development in Independent Africa, 47–63. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Barker, Jonathan. 1985. Gaps in the Debates about Agriculture in Senegal, Tanzania, and Mozambique. World Development, 13, 1:59–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barker, Jonathan. 1987. Political Space and the Quality of Participation in Rural Africa: A Case from Senegal [Birkelane]. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 21, 1:1–16Google Scholar

Barnes, Leonard. 1969. African Renaissance. London: Victor Gollancz

Barreteau, Olivier. 1998. “Un Système Multi-Agent pour Explorer la Viabilité des Systèmes Irrigués: Dynamiques des Intéractions et Modes d'Organisation [Senegal River Valley].” Thèse presentée pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l'ENGREF [Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts], Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts, Centre de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

Bassett, Thomas J. 1984. “Food, Peasantry, and the State in Northern Ivory Coast, 1898–1982.” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, Department of Geography

Bassett, Thomas J. 1988. The Development of Cotton in Northern Ivory Coast. Journal of African History, 29:267–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bassett, Thomas J. 1993. “Land Use Conflicts in Pastoral Development in Northern Côte d'Ivoire.” In Thomas J. Bassett and Donald E. Crummey, eds., Land in African Agrarian Systems, 131–56. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Bassett, Thomas J. 2001. The Peasant Cotton Revolution: Côte d'Ivoire, 1880–1995. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Bassett, Thomas J., and Donald E. Crummey, eds. 1993. Land in African Agrarian Systems. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Bates, Robert H. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa. Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press

Bates, Robert H. 1988. Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Instituitonalism. Politics and Society, 16, 2–3:387–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bates, Robert H. 1989. Beyond the Miracle of the Market: The Political Economy of Agrarian Development in Kenya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Bates, Robert H. 1990. Capital, Kinship, and Conflict: The Structuring Influence of Capital in Kinship Societies. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 24:151–64Google Scholar

Bates, Robert H. 1991. “Agricultural Policy and the Study of Politics in Post-Independence Africa.” In Douglas Rimmer, ed., Africa 30 Years On, 115–29. London: James Currey and Heinemann

Bates, Robert H. 2001. Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Development. New York: Norton

Bates, Robert H., and William T. Bianco. 1990. “Comment: Applying Rational Choice Theory.” In Karen Schweers Cook and Margaret Levi, eds., The Limits of Rationality, 349–58. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Bates, Robert H., Margaret Levi, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, and Barry R. Weingast. 1998. Analytic Narratives. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Baulin, Jacques. 1989. La Succession d'Houphouët-Boigny. Paris: Editions Eurafor Press

Bayart, Jean-François. 1985. L'Etat au Cameroun. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques

Bayart, Jean-François. 1989. L'Etat en Afrique: La Politique du Ventre. Paris: Fayard

Bayart, Jean-François, ed. 1994. La Réinvention du Capitalisme. Paris: Karthala

Beck, Linda J. 1996a. “ ‘Patrimonial Democrats’ in a Culturally Plural Society: Democratization and Political Accommodation in the Patronage Politics of Senegal.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Political Science

Beck, Linda J. 1996b. “Decentralization in Senegal: Political Reform or Rhetoric?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, San Francisco, Calif., November

Beck, Linda J. 1998. Patrimonial Democrats: Incremental Reform and the Obstacles to Consolidating Democracy in Senegal. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 31, 1:1–31Google Scholar

Beck, Linda J. 2001. Reining in the Marabouts? Democratization and Local Governance in Senegal. African Affairs, 100:601–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beckman, Bjorn. 1976. Organising the Farmers: Cocoa Politics and National Development in Ghana. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies

Beckman, Bjorn. 1981. “Ghana: 1951–78: Agrarian Basis of the Post-Colonial State.” In Judith Heyer et al., eds., Rural Development in Tropical Africa, 143–67. New York: St. Martin's Press

Behrman, Lucy C. 1970. Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal. Cambridge: Harvard University Press

Benveniste, C[orrine]. 1974. Le Boucle de Cacao, Côte d'Ivoire: Etude Regionale des Circuits de Transport. Paris: ORSTOM. Photocopy

Bergmann, H. 1974. Les Notables Villageois: Chef de Village et Imam Face à la Coopérative Rurale dans une Région du Sénégal. Bulletin de l'IFAN [Dakar], 36, ser. B., n. 2:283–322Google Scholar

Berman, Bruce. 1984. Structure and Process in the Bureaucratic States of Colonial Africa. Development and Change, 15:161–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, Bruce, and John Lonsdale. 1992. Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa. Book One: State and Class. London and Nairobi: James Currey and Heineman Kenya

Bernstein, Henry, and Byres, Terence J.. 2001. From Peasant Studies to Agrarian Change. Journal of Agrarian Change, 1, 1 (January):1–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berry, Sara. 1985. Fathers Work for Their Sons: Accumulation, Mobility, and Class Formation in an Extended Yorùbá Community. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Berry, Sara. 1993. No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Berry, Sara. 2001. Chiefs Know Their Boundaries: Essays on Property, Power, and the Past in Asante, 1896–1996. Portsmouth, NH, Oxford, and Cape Town: Heinemann, James Currey, and David Philip Publishers

Berry, Sara. 2002. Debating the Land Question in Africa. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 44, 4(October):638–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Béthemont, Jacques, 1986. Acteurs et Stratégies de l'Eau dans la Vallée du Sénégal. Revue de Géographie de Lyon, 61, 1:63–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beugre Owo Sero, Pierre, and Yaya D'Alepe. 1992. “L'Exemple des Commerçants-Planteurs du Sud-Est de la Côte d'Ivoire de 1930–1960.” In Leonard Harding and Pierre Kipré, eds., Commerce et Commerçants en Afrique de I'Ouest: la Côte d'Ivoire, 189–243. Paris: L'Harmattan

Biebuyck, D., ed. 1963. African Agrarian Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Binder, Leonard. 1978. In a Moment of Enthusiasm: Political Power and the Second Stratum in Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Blair, Harry. 1996. “Supporting Democratic Local Governance: Lessons from International Donor Experience – Initial Concepts and Some Preliminary Findings.” Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, Calif., 29 August–1 September

Bloch, Peter C. 1991. “Des Aménagements Hydroagricoles pour Qui? L'Avenir de l'Irrigation dans la Vallée du Sénégal Vu d'une Zone Périphérique: Bakel.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 237–54. Paris: Karthala

Bloch, Peter C. 1993. “An Egalitarian Development Project in a Stratified Society: Who Ends Up with the Land?” In Thomas J. Bassett and Donald E. Crummey, eds., Land in African Agrarian Systems, 222–46. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Blundo, Giorgio. 1995. Les Courtiers du Développement en Milieu Rural Sénégalaise. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 35–1, 137 (August):73–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blundo, Giorgio. 1998a. “Decentralization, Participation, and Corruption in Senegal [SE groundnut basin].” Paper presented at the fourteenth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographical Sciences, 26 July–1 August, Williamsburg, Va

Blundo, Giorgio. 1998b. Logiques de Gestion Publique dans la Décentralisation Sénégalaise: Participation Factionnelle et Ubiquité Réticulaire. APAD [Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et du Développement] Bulletin 15 (May):21–48Google Scholar

Bogner, Arthur. 2000. “The 1994 Civil War in Northern Ghana: The Genesis and Escalation of a ‘Tribal’ Conflict.” In Carola Lentz and Paul Nuent, eds., Ethnicity in Ghana: The Limits of Invention, 183–203. Houndmills and London: Macmillan

Bonin, Hubert. 1987. CFAO: Cent Ans de Compétition. Paris: Economica

Bonnal, A. 1986. L'Administration et le Parti Face aux Tensions [Côte d'Ivoire]. Politique Africaine, 24 (décembre):20–8Google Scholar

Bonnefonds, Asté Léon. 1968. La Transformation du Commerce de Traite en Côte-d'Ivoire Depuis la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale et l'Indépendance. Cahiers d'Outre Mer, 84:395–413CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1992. Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal, 1930–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Boone, Catherine. 1993. Commerce in Côte d'Ivoire: Ivoirianization without Ivoirian Traders. Journal of Modern African Studies, 31, 1:67–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1994a. “States and Ruling Classes in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Enduring Contradictions of Power.” In Joel Migdal, A. Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces, 108–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Boone, Catherine. 1994b. Trade, Taxes, and Tribute: Market Liberalizations and the New Importers in West Africa. World Development, 22, 3:453–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1995a. The Social Origins of Ivoirian Exceptionalism: Rural Society and State Formation. Comparative Politics, 27, 4 (July):445–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1995b. Rural Interests and the Making of Modern African States. Journal of African Economic History, 23:1–36Google Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1998. State Building in the African Countryside: Structure and Process at the Grassroots. Journal of Development Studies, 34, 4 (April):1–33 (corrigenda in 35, 1, October)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine, and Batsell, Jake. 2001. Politics and AIDS in Africa: Research Agendas in Political Science and International Relations. Africa Today, 48, 2:3–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Botchway, Karl Quaye. 1998. “Interrogating ‘Development’ in Ghana: The Case of the Northern Region Rural Integrated Program (NORRIP).” Ph.D. diss., New York, New School for Social Research, Department of Political and Social Science

Boumedouha, Said. 1987. “The Lebanese in Senegal: A History of Relationship between an Immigrant Community and its French and African Rulers.” Ph.D. diss., Centre of West African Studies, University of Birmingham

Boutillier, Jean-Louis 1960. Bongouanou, Côte d'Ivoire: Etude Socio-Economique d'une Subdivision. Paris: Editions Berger-Lavrault

Boutillier, Jean-Louis. 1963. “Les Rapports du Système Foncier Toucouleur et de l'Organisation Social et Économique Traditionelle: Leur Évolution Actuelle.” In Daniel Biebuych, ed., African Agrarian Systems, 116–36. London: Oxford University Press

Boutillier, Jean-Louis, P. Cantrelle, J. Caussé, C. Laurent, and Th. N'Doye. 1962. La Moyenne Vallée du Sénégal: Etude Socio-Économique. Paris: République Française, Ministère de la Coopération and Presses Universitaires de France

Boye, François. 1992. “Les Mécanismes Économiques en Perspective.” In Momar Coumba Diop, ed., Sénégal: Trajectoires d'un Etat, 39–94. Paris and Dakar: Karthala and CODESRIA

Boylan, Delia. 1998. Preeemptive Strike: Central Bank Reform in Chile's Transition from Authoritarian Rule. Comparative Politics, 30, 4 (July):443–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bratton, Michael. 1987. The Comrades and the Countryside: The Politics of Agricultural Policy in Zimbabwe. World Politics, 39, 2 (January):174–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bredeloup, Sylvie. 1989. Négociants au Long Cours: Rôle Moteur du Commerce dans une Région de Côte-d'Ivoire en Declin (Dimbokro). Paris: L'Harmattan

Brenner, Robert. 1976. Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe. Past and Present, 70 (February):30–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brenner, Robert. 1982. The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism. Past and Present, 97 (November):16–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brustein, William. 1989. The Social Origins of Political Regionalism in France: 1849–1981. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Buchanan, James, and Gordon Tullock. 1962. The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press

Bunce, Valerie. 1999. Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Bunker, Stephen G. 1987. Peasants against the State: The Politics of Market Control in Bugisu, Uganda, 1900–1983. Urbana: University of Illinois Press

Callaghy, Thomas, Ronald Kassimir, and Robert Latham, eds. 2001. Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Cammack, Paul. 1992. The New Institutionalism: Predatory Rule, Institutional Persistence, and Macrosocial Change. Economy and Society, 21, 4 (November):397–429CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, Bonnie. 1973. “The Social, Political, and Economic Consequences of French Private Investment in the Ivory Coast.” Ph.D. diss., University of Sussex, November

Campbell, Bonnie. 1984. “Inside the Miracle: Cotton in the Ivory Coast.” In Jonathan Barker, ed., Politics of Agriculture in Tropical Africa, 143–73. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications

Campbell, Bonnie. 1985. “The Fiscal Crisis of the State: The Case of the Ivory Coast.” In Henry Bernstein and Bonnie K. Campbell. eds., Contradictions of Accumulation in Africa, 267–310. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications

Campbell, Bonnie. 1987. “The State and Capitalist Development in the Ivory Coast.” In Paul Lubeck, ed., The African Bourgeoisie, 281–306. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Press

Casswell, N. 1984. Autopsie de l'ONCAD: La Politique Arachidière du Sénégal, 1966–1980. Politique Africaine, 14 (juin):39–73Google Scholar

Caverivière, Monique, and Marc Debene. 1988. Le Droit Foncier Sénégalais. Paris: Berger-Levrault

Chappell, David A. 1989. The Nation as Frontier: Ethnicity and Clientelism in Ivoirian History. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 22, 4:671–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charbonneau, R. 1968. Les Libano-Syriens en Afrique Noire. Le Mois en Afrique: Revue Française d'Etudes Politiques Africaines, 26:56–71Google Scholar

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre. 1980. “Agricultural Production and Social Formation: The Baule Region of Toumodi-Kokumbo in Historical Perspective.” In Martin A. Klein, ed., Peasants in Africa: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, 143–76. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre. 1982. “Le Status du Foncier dans l'Analyse de l'Économie de Plantation au Ghana.” In E. Le Bris, E. Le Roy, and F. Leimdorfer, eds., Enjeux Fonciers en Afrique Noire, 45–56. Paris: Karthala

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre. 2002. Une Lecture Sociologique de la Loi Ivoirienne de 1998 sur le Domaine Foncier. IRD [Institut de Recherche pour le Développement], Unité de Recherche 095: Régulations foncières, Document de Travail n. 6 (septembre). Montpellier, France

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre, and Jean-Pierre Dozon. 1987. “Au Coeur des Éthnies Ivoiriennes … L'État.” In Emmanuel Terray, ed., L'Etat Contemporain en Afrique, 221–96. Paris: L'Harmattan

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre, Dozon, Jean-Pierre, and Richard, J.. 1981. Histoires de Riz, Histoires d'Igname: Le cas de la Moyenne Côte d'Ivoire. Africa, 55, 2:621–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre, and Richard, J.. 1977. Une ‘Périphérie Recentrée’: À Propos d'un Système Local d'Économie de Plantation en Côte d'Ivoire. Cahiers d'études Africaines, 17:485–523CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chege, Michael. 1988. “The African Economic Crisis and the Fate of Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In Walter O. Oyugi et al., eds., Democratic Theory and Practice in Africa, 191–205. Portsmouth: Heinemann and Currey

Chege, Michael. 1995. Between Africa's Extremes. Journal of Democracy, 6, 1:44–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clapham, Christopher. 1982. “The Politics of Failure: Clientelism, Political Instability and National Integration in Liberia and Sierra Leone.” In C. Clapham, ed., Private Patronage and Public Power: Political Clientelism in the Modern State, 75–92. London: Frances Pinter

Cohen, Michael A. 1973. The Myth of the Expanding Centre: Politics in the Ivory Coast. Journal of Modern African Studies, 11, 2:227–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen, Michael A. 1974. Urban Policy and Political Conflict in Africa: A Study of the Ivory Coast. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Cohen, John M., and Stephen B. Peterson. 1996. “Methodological Issues in the Analysis of Decentralization.” Development Discussion Paper, no. 555 (October). Cambridge: Harvard Institute of International Development

Cohen, John M., and Stephen B. Peterson. 1997. “Administrative Decentralization: A New Framework for Improved Governance, Accountability, and Performance.” Development Discussion Paper, no. 582 (May). Cambridge: Harvard Institute for International Development

Cohen, John M., and Stephen B. Peterson. 1999. Administrative Decentralization: Strategies for Developing Countries. West Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press

Cohen, William B. 1971. Rulers of Empire: The French Colonial Service in Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press

Collier, David, and Norden, Deborah L.. 1992. Strategic Choice Models of Political Change in Latin America. Comparative Politics, 24, 21 (January):229–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colvin, Lucie Gallistel, ed. 1981. The Uprooted of the Western Sahel: Migrants' Quest for Cash in the Senegambia. New York: Praeger

Commander, Simon, Ousseynou Ndoye, and Ismael Ouedrago. 1989. “Senegal, 1979–88.” In Simon Commander, ed., Structural Adjustment and Agriculture, 145–74. London: Overseas Development Institute

Compagnie d'Etudes Industrielles et d'Aménagement du Territoire et la Société d'Etudes et de Réalisations Economique et Sociales dans l'Agriculture (CINAM et SERESA). 1960. “Rapport Général sur les Perspectives de Développement du Sénégal. Archives Nationales de France, Section Outre-Mer, D3135 (janvier). Photocopy

Contamin, Bernard, and Yves A. Fauré. 1990. La Bataille des Entreprises Publiques en Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: L'Harmattan

Copans, Jean. 1988. Les Marabouts de l'Arachide: La Confrérie Mouride et les Paysans du Sénégal. Paris: L'Harmattan. First published in 1980 by Le Sycomore

Cottingham, Clement. 1970. Political Consolidation and Centre-Local Relations in Senegal. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 4, 1 (Winter):101–120Google Scholar

Coulibaly, Sinali. 1978. Le Paysan Senoufo. Abidjan and Dakar: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines

Coulon, Christian. 1981. Le Marabout et le Prince: Islam et Pouvoir au Sénégal. Paris: Editions A. Pedone

Crook, Richard C. 1986. Decolonization, the Colonial State, and Chieftaincy in the Gold Coast. African Affairs, 85, 338:75–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crook, Richard C. 1988. “Farmers and the State.” In Douglas Rimmer, ed., Rural Transformation in Tropical Africa, 116–39. Athens: Ohio University Press

Crook, Richard C. 1989. Patrimonialism, Administrative Effectiveness and Economic Development in Côte d'Ivoire. African Affairs: The Journal of the Royal African Society, 88, 351 (April):205–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crook, Richard C. 1990. Politics, the Cocoa Crisis, and Administration in Côte d'Ivoire. Journal of Modern African Studies, 28, 4 (December):649–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crook, Richard C. 1991. “State, Society and Political Institutions in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana.” In James Manor, ed., Rethinking Third World Politics, 213–42. London and New York: Longman

Crook, Richard C., and Manor, James. 1995. Democratic Decentralisation and Institutional Performance: Four Asian and African Experiences Compared. Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 33, 3 (November):309–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crook, Richard C., and James Manor. 1998. Democracy and Decentralization in South Asia and West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Crook, Richard C., and A. S. Sverrisson. 1999. “To What Extent can Decentralised Forms of Government Enhance the Development of Pro-Poor Policies and Improve Poverty-Alleviation Outcomes?” Unpublished manuscript, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, August

Crook, Richard C., and A. S. Sverrisson. 2001. “Decentralisation and Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis, OR, is West Bengal Unique?” University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies Working Paper, n. 130

Crousse, Bernard, E. Le Bris, and E. le Roy, eds. 1986. Espaces Disputés en Afrique Noire: Pratiques Foncières Locales. Paris: Karthala

Crousse, Bernard, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds. 1991. La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990). Paris: Karthala

Crowder, Michael. 1964. Indirect Rule – French and British Style. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 34, 3 (July):197–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crowder, Michael. 1968. West Africa Under Colonial Rule. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press

Crowder, Michael, and Obaro Ikime, eds. 1970. West African Chiefs: Their Changing Status under Colonial Rule and Independence. New York: Africana

O'Brien, Cruise, , Donal B. 1967. Political Opposition in Senegal: 1960–67. Government and Opposition, 2, 4 (July–October):557–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cruise O'Brien, Donal B. 1971a. The Mourides of Senegal: Political and Economic Organisation of an Islamic Brotherhood. Oxford: Oxford University Press

O'Brien, Cruise, , Donal B. 1971b. Co-operators and Bureaucrats: Class Formation in a Senegalese Peasant Society. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 41, 4 (October):263–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cruise O'Brien, Donal B. 1975. Saints and Politicians: Essays in the Organisation of a Senegalese Peasant Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Cruise O'Brien, Donal B. 1979. “Ruling Class and Peasantry in Senegal: 1960–1976.” In Rita Cruise O'Brien, ed., The Political Economy of Underdevelopment: Dependence in Senegal, 209–27. London: Sage Publications

O'Brien, Cruise, Donal, B. 1984. Les Bienfaits de l'Inégalité: l'État et l'Économie Rurale au Sénégal. Politique Africaine, 14 (June):34–8Google Scholar

Darbon, Dominique. 1988. L'Administration et le Paysan en Casamance: Essai d'Anthropologie Administrative. Paris: Pedone

Davidson, Basil. 1992. “Africa: The Politics of Failure.” In Ralph Miliband and Leo Panitch, eds., Socialist Register 1992, 212–26. London: Merlin Press

de la Rochière, Jacqueline Dutheil. 1976. L'Etat et le Développement Economique de la Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: Editions A. Pedone

Delavignette, Robert. 1950. Freedom and Authority in French West Africa. London: Oxford University Press

de Miras, Claude. 1982. “L'entrepreneur Ivoirien ou une Bourgeoisie Privée de son État.” In Yves A. Fauré and J.-F. Médard, eds., Etat et Bourgeoisie en Côte-d'Ivoire, 181–230. Paris: Karthala

Deschamps, Hubert. 1963. Et Maintenant, Lord Lugard?Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 33, 4 (October):293–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dia, Ibrahima, and Boubacar Fall. 1991. “Dimensions Socio-Culturelles dans la Conception des Aménagements.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 141–60. Paris: Karthala

Diahou, A. Y. 1990. L'Etat et les Municipalités en Côte d'Ivoire: Un Jeu de Cache-Cache?Politique Africaine, 40 (décembre):51–9Google Scholar

Diallo, Youssouf. 1995. Les Peuls, les Sénoufo et l'Etat au Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire: Problèmes Fonciers et Gestion du Pastoralisme. APAD Bulletin [Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et de Développement], 10 (décembre):35–46Google Scholar

Dian, Boni. 1985. L'Economie de Plantation en Côte d'Ivoire Forestière. Abidjan-Dakar-Lomé: Nouvelles Editions Africaines

Diarra, Samba. 1997. Les Faux Complôts d'Houphouet-Boigny. Paris: Karthala

Diarrassouba, Valy Charles. 1968. L'Evolution des Structures Agricoles du Sénégal: Destructuration et Restructuration de l'Économie Rurale. Paris: Editions Cujas

Diaw, Aminata, and Mamadou Diouf. 1992. “Ethnies et Nation au Miroir des Discourses Identitaires: Le cas Sénégalais [Casamance].” Paper presented at the CODESRIA seminiar on “Conflicts Ethniques en Afrique,” Nairobi, Kenya, 16–18 November

Dione, Samba. 1992. “Evolution des Politiques de Décentralisation au Sénégal.” Dakar, Ecole Nationale d'Economie Appliquée (ENEA). Photocopy

Diop, Abdoulaye[-Bara]. 1965. Société Toucouleur et Migration: Enquéte sur la Migration Toucouler à Dakar. Dakar: IFAN

Diop, Abdoulaye-Bara. 1981. La Société Wolof, Tradition et Changement: Les Systèmes d'Inegalité et de Domination. Paris: Karthala

Diop, M[omar] C[oumba]. 1981. Les Affaires Mourides à Dakar. Politique Africaine, 1, 4 (novembre):90–100Google Scholar

Diop, Momar Coumba, ed. 2002. Le Sénégal Contemporain. Paris: Karthala

Diop, Momar Coumba, and Mamadou Diouf. 1990. Le Sénégal sous Abdou Diouf: Etat et Société. Paris: Karthala

Diop, Momar Coumba, and Diouf, Mamadou. 1992a. L'administration Sénégalaise, les Confréries Religieuses, et les Paysanneries. Africa Development, 17, 2:65–87Google Scholar

Diop, Momar Coumba, and Diouf, Mamadou. 1992b. Enjeux et Contraintes Politiques de la Gestion Municipale au Sénégal [Dakar]. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 26, 1:1–23Google Scholar

Doboscq, Pierre, and Patrick Quantin, eds. 1993. Les Paysans du Monde: Électeurs sous Influence. Paris: L'Harmattan

Doornbos, M. 1986. “Incorporation and Cultural ‘Receptivity’ to Change.” In van Binsbergen, Filip Reyntjens, and G. Hesseling, eds., Etat et Communauté Locale en Afrique, 349–68. Bruxelles: CEDAF

Dozon, J. P. 1978. Logique des Développeurs/ Réalité des Développés: Bilan d'une Expérience de Développement Rizicole en Côte-d'Ivoire. Mondes en Développement, 24:909–34Google Scholar

Dozon, J. P. 1982. “Epistémologie du ‘Foncier’ dans le Cadre des Économies de Planation Ivoiriennes.” In E. Le Bris, Etienne Le Roy, et F. Leimdorfer, eds., Enjeux Fonciers en Afrique Noire, 56–60. Paris: Karthala

Dubresson, Alain, and Claudine Vidal. 1991. “Loin d'Abidjan: Les Cadres, Urbanistes de l'Intérieur – La préfecture de Toumodi.” Unpublished report. Abidjan: Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération [ORSTOM], Centre ORSTOM de Petit-Bassam, Avril

Due, Jean M. 1969. Agricultural Development in the Ivory Coast and Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 4:637–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dumont, René. 1972. Paysanneries aux Abois: Ceylan, Tunisie, Sénégal. Paris: Editions du Seuil

Dunn, John. 1975. “Politics in Asunafo.” In Dennis Austin and Robin Luckham, eds., Politicians and Soldiers in Ghana, 164–213. London: Frank Cass

Dunn, John, and A. F. Robertson. 1973. Dependence and Opportunity: Political Change in Ahafo (Ghana). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Dzisah, Melvis. 1998. “Rights – Côte d'Ivoire: Land Conflict Leaves a Trail of Blood.” Interpress: Third World New Agency (IPS), worldwide web distribution via APC networks, received via email 28 May 1998

Elkins, Catherine. 1995. “Property and Rights at the Microlevel: Rural Communities in the Middle Valley (Senegal).” Unpublished manuscript, Duke University, Department of Political Science, 25 October

Engelhard, Philippe. 1991. “La Vallée ‘;;Revisitée’ ou les Enjeux de l'Après Barrage cinq ans Plus Tard.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., 1991. La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 45–76. Paris: Karthala

Ensminger, Jean. 1992. Making a Market: The Institutional Transformation of an African Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Ensminger, Jean, and Andrew Rutten. 1990. “The Political Economy of Property Rights: Dismantling a Kenyan Commons.” Political Economy working paper, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Business and Center in Political Economy, September

Epstein, David, and Sharyn O'Halloran. 1999. Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making under Separate Powers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Fauré, Yves A. 1982. “Le Complexe Politico-Économique.” In Yves A. Fauré and J.-F. Médard, eds., L'Etat et Bourgeoisie en Côte d'Ivoire, 21–60. Paris: Karthala

Fauré, Yves A. 1988. “Le Monde des Entreprises en Côte d'Ivoire: Sources Statistiques et Données de Structure.” Abidjan: ORSTOM (novembre)

Fauré, Yves A. 1993. Democracy and Realism: Reflections on the Case of Côte d'Ivoire. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 63, 3:313–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fauré, Yves A. and J.-F. Médard, eds. 1982. L'Etat et Bourgeoisie en Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: Karthala

Faye, Jacques. 1981. “Zonal Approach to Migration in the Senegalese Peanut Basin.” In Lucie Gallistel Colvin, ed., The Uprooted of the Western Sahel, 136–60. New York: Praeger

Fearon, James D., and David, D. Laitin. 1996. Explaining Interethnic Cooperation. American Political Science Review, 90, 4 (December):715–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, James. 1999. Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Fieldhouse, D. K. 1986. Black Africa, 1945–1980: Economic Decolonization and Arrested Development. London: Allen and Unwin

Firmin-Sellers, Kathryn. 1992. “The Concentration of Authority: Constitutional Creation in the Gold Coast, 1950.” Paper presented at the annual convention of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago

Firmin-Sellers, Kathryn. 1996. The Transformation of Property Rights in the Gold Coast: An Empirical Analysis Applying Rational Choice Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Firmin-Sellers, Kathryn. 1997. “Institutions and Outcomes: Explaining the Impact of European Colonial Rule in West Africa.” Unpublished manuscript, Indiana University, Department of Political Science. Photocopy

Firmin-Seller, Kathryn. 2000. Institutions, Context and Outcomes: Explaining French and British Rule in West Africa. Comparative Politics, 32, 3:253–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar

First, Ruth. 1970. Power in Africa. New York: Pantheon Books

Fitch, Bob, and Mary Oppenheimer. 1966. Ghana: End of an Illusion. New York: Monthly Review Press

Foltz, William J. 1977. “Social Structure and Political Behavior of Senegalese Elites.” In Stetten W. Schmidt, James C. Scott, Carl Landé, and Laura Guasti, eds., Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism, 242–50. Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press

Forrest, Joshua. 1998. “The Colonial and Social Origins of Rural Power and Prospects for Democratic Decentralization.” Paper presented to the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, Chicago, November

Forrest, Joshua. 2002. “Guinea-Bissau.” In Patrick Chabal, ed., A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa, 236–63. London: Hurst

Forum Economique (Abidjan). Periodical

Foster, Philip, and Aristide R. Zolberg, eds. 1971. Ghana and the Ivory Coast: Perspectives on Modernization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–77. Edited by Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books

Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard. 1979. Quels Changements dans l'Agriculture Ivoirienne?Africa Development, 4, 1:71–8Google Scholar

Fox, Jonathan. 1990. Editor's Introduction. Special Issue on “The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Philippines.” Journal of Development Studies, 26, 4 (July):1–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox, Jonathan. 1984. The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico. World Politics, 46 (January):151–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frankenberger, Timothy R., and Mark B. Lynham. 1993. “Household Food Security and Coping Strategies along the Senegal River Valley.” In Thomas K. Park, ed., Risk and Tenure in Arid Lands: The Political Ecology of Development in the Senegal River Basin, 51–86. Tucson: University of Arizona Press

Fraternité Edition. 1980. Côte d'Ivoire, 20 Ans. Abidjan

Fraternité Matin (Abidjan). Periodical

Fréchou, H. 1955. Les Plantations Européenes en Côte d'Ivoire. Cahiers d'Outre Mer, 8, 29: 56–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frélastre, Georges. 1983. En Côte d'Ivoire: Prudente mise en Oeuvre de la Nouvelle Politique de Développement Rural Intégré. Le Mois en Afrique, 18, 213–4 (octobre–novembre):52–62Google Scholar

Freund, Bill. 1998. The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800. 2d. ed. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Press (first edition published by Indiana University Press, 1984)CrossRef

Frieden, Jeffry A. 1991. Debt, Development, and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1965–1985. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Frye, Timothy. 1997. “Delegation and Competition: Governing Emerging Markets in the Post-Communist World.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C., 28– 31 August

Furedi, Frank. 1989. The Mau Mau War in Perspective. London, Nairobi, and Athens, Ohio: James Currey Ltd, Heinemann Kenya, and Ohio University Press

Gal. See Le Gal

Galvan, Dennis. 1995. “Commodification, Land Pawning, and Peasant Lore: Responses to the Standardization of Tenure in the Siin Region of Senegal.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, Orlando, Fla

Galvan, Dennis. 1996. “ ‘The State Is Now the Master of Fire’: Adapting Institutions and Culture in Rural Senegal,” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, Department of Political Science

Galvan, Dennis. Forthcoming. Crafting a Local Modernity: Institutional Syncretism and Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Garnier, Maurice, et al. 1992. “The Experience in Ivory Coast with Decentralized Approaches to Local Delivery of Primary Education and Primary Health Services.” Unpublished manuscript prepared by Associates in Rural Development (ARD), Burlington, Vt., 20 January

Gastellu, J[ean]-M[arc]. 1982. “Droit d'Usage et Propriété Privée.” In E. Le Bris, Etienne Le Roy, et F. Leimdorfer, eds., Enjeux Fonciers en Afrique Noire, 269–80. Paris: Karthala

Gastellu, Jean-Marc. 1989. Riches Paysans de Côte-d'Ivoire. Paris: L'Harmattan

Gbagbo, Laurent. 1982. Côte-d'Ivoire: Economie et Société à la Veille de l'Indépendance (1940–1960). Paris: L'Harmattan

Gbetibouo, Mathurin, and Christopher L. Delgado. 1984. “Lessons and Constraints of Export Crop-Led Growth: Cocoa in Ivory Coast.” In I. William Zartman and Christopher Delgado, eds., The Political Economy of the Ivory Coast, 115–47. New York: Praeger

Geddes, Barbara. 1991. A Game Theoretic Model of Reform in Latin American Democracies. American Political Science Review, 85:371–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geddes, Barbara. 1994. Politician's Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Gellar, Sheldon. 1987. “Circulaire 32 Revisited: Prospects for Revitializing the Senegalese Cooperative Movement in the 1980s.” In John Waterbury and Mark Gersovitz, eds., The Political Economy of Risk and Choice in Senegal, 123–59. London: Frank Cass

Gellar, Sheldon. 1990. “State Tutelage vs. Self-Governance: The Rhetoric and Reality of Decentralization in Senegal.” In James S. Wunch and Dele Owolu, eds., The Failure of the Centralized State, 130–47. Boulder: Westview

Gentil, Dominique. 1986. Les Mouvements Coopératifs en Afrique de l'Ouest: Interventions de l'Etat ou Organisations Paysannes? Paris: Editions L'Harmattan

George, Alexander L., and Timothy, J. McKeown. 1985. Case Studies and Theories of Organizational Decision Making. Advances in Information Processing in Organizations, 2:21–58Google Scholar

Geschiere, Peter. 1982. Village Communities and the State: Changing Relations among the Maka of Southern Cameroon since Colonial Conquest. London: Kegan Paul International

Geschiere, Peter. 1985. “Imposing Capitalist Dominance through the State: The Multifarious Role of the Colonial State in Africa.” In Wim van Binsbergen and Peter Geschiere, eds., Old Modes of Production and Capitalist Encroachment: Anthropological Explorations in Africa, 94–143. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

Geschiere, Peter. 1986. “Hegemonic Regimes and Popular Protest – Bayart, Gramsci, and the State in Cameroon.” In Wim van Binsbergen, Filip Reyntjens, and Gerti Hesseling, eds., State and Local Community in Africa, 309–400. Brussels: CEDAF [Centre d'Etude et de Documentation Africaines]

Geschiere, Peter. 1989. “Accumulation and Non-Accumulation in Agriculture: Regional Variations in South Cameroon.” Paper presented at the African Social History Workshop, Columbia University, 31 October

Geschiere, Peter. 1993. Chiefs and Colonial Rule in Cameroon: Inventing Chieftaincy, French and British. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 63, 2:151–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geschiere, Peter, and Gugler, Josef. 1998. The Urban-Rural Connection: Changing Issues of Belonging and Identification. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 68, 3 (Summer):309–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geschiere, Peter, and J. van der Klei. 1987. “Le Rélation Etat-Paysans et ses Ambivalences: Modes Populaires d'Action Politique chez les Maka (Cameroun) et les Diola (Casamance).” In E. Terray, ed., L'Etat Contemporain en Afrique, 297–340. Paris: L'Harmattan

Gibson, Edward L. 1997. The Populist Road to Market Reform: Policy and Electoral Coalitions in Mexico and Argentina. World Politics, 49 (April):339–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Girard, Jean. 1963. “De la Communauté Traditionelle à la Collectivité Moderne en Casamance.” In University of Dakar Faculté de Droit et des Sciences Economiques, Annales Africaines, 135–65. Paris: Pedone

Goheen, Mitzi. 1992. Chiefs, Subchiefs, and Local Control: Negotiations over Land, Struggles over Meaning. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 62, 3:389–412CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goody, Jack. 1980. Rice-Burning and the Green Revolution in Northern Ghana. Journal of Development Studies, 16, 2 (January):136–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gourevitch, Peter Alexis. 1980. Paris and the Provinces: The Politics of Local Government Reform in France. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Gramsci, Antonio. 1988. An Antonio Gramsci Reader: Selected Writing, 1916–1935. Edited by David Forgacs. New York: Schocken Books

Green, Daniel. 1998. “Ghana: Structural Adjustment as State (Re)Formation.” In Leonardo Villalon and Phillip Huxtable, eds., The African State at a Critical Juncture, 185–212. Boulder: Lynne Rienner

Green, Reginald H. 1971. “Reflections on Economic Strategy, Structure, Implementation, and Necessity: Ghana and the Ivory Coast, 1957–67.” In Philip Foster and Aristide R. Zolberg, ed., Ghana and the Ivory Coast: Perspectives on Modernization, 231–64. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Grier, Beverly. 1987. “Contradiction, Crisis, and Class Conflict: The State and Capitalist Development in Ghana Prior to 1948.” In Irving Leonard Markovitz, ed., Studies in Class and Power in Africa, 27–49. New York: Oxford University Press

Griffeth, Robert R. 1968. “The Islamic Theme in Senegalese Institution-Building: The Nineteenth Century.” In Arnold Rivkin, ed., Nations by Design: Institution-Building in Africa, 184–92. Garden City, N. Y.: Anchor Books

Gunderson, William Charles. 1975. “Village Elders and Regional Intermediaries: Differing Responses to Change in the Korhogo Region of the Ivory Coast.” Ph.D. diss. Department of Political Science, Indiana University

Guyer, David. 1970. Ghana and the Ivory Coast: The Impact of Colonialism in an African Setting. New York: Exposition Press

Guyer, Jane. 1980. Head Tax, Social Structure, and Rural Incomes in Cameroun, 1922–37. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 20, 3:305–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guyer, Jane. 1981. Household and Community in African Studies. African Studies Review, 24, 2/3 (June/September):87–137CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guyer, Jane. 1991. “Representation without Taxation: An Essay on Democracy in Rural Nigeria, 1952–1990.” Boston University African Studies Center Working Paper, no. 152. (Published under same title in African Studies Review, 35, 1 (1992):41–79.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halpern, Jan. 1972. La Confrérie des Mourides et le Développement au Sénégal. Cultures et Développement, 3, 1:99–125Google Scholar

Hamer, Alice. 1981. “Diola Women and Migration: A Case Study.” In Lucie Gallistrel Colvin, ed., The Uprooted of the Western Sahel: Migrants' Quest for Cash in the Senegambia, 183–203. New York: Praeger

Hansen, Emmanuel, and Kwame A. Ninsin, eds. 1989. The State, Development, and Politics in Ghana. London: CODESRIA Book Series

Harbeson, John W. 1990. “Centralization and Development in Eastern Africa.” In James S. Wunch and Dele Owolu, eds., The Failure of the Centralized State, 174–92. Boulder, Colo.: Westview

Harbeson, John W., Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds. 1994. Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers

Harms, Robert. 1987. Games Against Nature: An Eco-Cultural History of the Nunu of Equatorial Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Hart, Keith. 1982. The Political Economy of West African Africulture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Harvey, David. 2001. Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography. London: Routledge

Hecht, Robert M. 1982. “Cocoa and the Dynamics of Socio-Economic Change in Southern Ivory Coast.” Ph.D. diss., University of Cambridge, Department of Social Anthropology

Hecht, Robert M. 1983. The Ivory Coast ‘Miracle’: What Benefits for Peasant Farmers?Journal of Modern African Studies, 21, 1:25–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hecht, Robert M. 1984. The Transformation of Lineage Production in Southern Ivory Coast. Ethnology: An International Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology, 23:261–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hecht, Robert M. 1985. Immigration, Land Transfer, and Tenure Change in Divo, Ivory Coast: 1940–1980. Africa, 55, 3:319–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hechter, Michael. 1983. “A Theory of Group Solidarity.” In Michael Hechter, ed., The Microfoundations of Macrosociology, 16–51. Philadelphia: Temple University Press

Hechter, Michael. 1987. Principles of Group Solidarity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Hechter, Michael. 1992. Dynamics of Secession. Acta Sociologica 35:267–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hechter, Michael. 2000. Containing Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Hechter, Michael, and Brustein, William. 1980. Regional Modes of Production and Patterns of State Formation in Western Europe. American Journal of Sociology, 85 (March):1061–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herbst, Jeffrey. 1993. The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982–1991. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Herbst, Jeffrey. 2000. States and Power in Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Hesseling, Gerti. 1986a. “La Réforme Foncière au Sénégal: Consensus entre Paysans et Pouvoirs Publics?” In Wim van Binsbergen, Filip Reyntjens, and G. Hesseling, eds., Etat et Communauté Locale en Afrique, 113–18. Bruxelles: CEDAF

Hesseling, Gerti. 1986b. “Le Droit Foncière dans une Situation Semi-Urbaine: Le Cas de Ziguinchor.” In Bernard Crousse et al., eds., Espaces Disputées en Afrique Noire, 113–32. Paris: Karthala

Hesseling, Gerti. 1994. “La Terre: À Qui Est-Elle? Les Pratiques Foncières en Basse-Casamance.” In F. G. Barbier-Wiesser, ed., Comprendre la Casamance: Chronique d'une Intégration Contrastée, 243–61. Paris: Karthala

Hill. Polly. 1963. “Three types of southern Ghanian cocoa farmers.” In D. Biebuyck, ed., African Agrarian Systems, 203–23. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Hill, Polly. 1966. Landlords and Brokers: A West African Trading System (with a Note on Kumasi Butchers). Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 6, 23:349–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hinderink, J., and Tempelman, G. J.. 1978. Rural Change and Types of Migration in Northern Ivory Coast. African Perspectives, 1:93–108Google Scholar

Hirschfeld, A. 1975. Histoire, Situation, et Perspectives du Mouvement Coopératif en RCI. Informations Coopératives, 3:51–73Google Scholar

Howard, Rhoda. 1976. Differential Class Participation in an African Protest Movement: The Ghana Cocoa Boycott of 1937–38. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 10, 3:469–80Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press

Hyden, Goran. 1980. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Hyden, Goran. 1983. No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development and Management in Perspective. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Ihonvbere, Julius O. 1996. On the Threshold of Another False Start? A Critical Evaluation of Prodemocracy Movements in Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 31, 1–2:140CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Institut de Développement Économique et Technique, Filiale de la Commission Générale d'Organisation Scientifique (IDET-CEGOS). 1963. La Distribution en Côte-d'Ivoire. Abidjan and Paris: IDET-GEGOS

Institut de Développement Économique et Technique, Filiale de la Commission Générale d'Organisation Scientifique (IDET-CEGOS) and République de Côte d'Ivoire, Ministère des Affaires Economiques et Financières (RCI, MAEF). 1969. Ensemble de Projets Devant Concourir à l'Amélioration et au Développement de la Distribution en Côte d'Ivoire: Mission d'Étude et de Mise en Place des Structures du Commerce et de la Distribution en Côte d'Ivoire. Abidjan: MAEF and IDET-CEGOS (juin)

Issacman, Alan. 1990. Peasants and Rural Social Protest in Africa. African Studies Review, 33, 2 (September):1–120CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jarrige, F., and Ruf, F.. 1990. Understanding the Cocoa Crisis. Café Cacao Thé, 34, 3 (juillet–septembre):221–9Google Scholar

Johnson, G. Wesley, Jr. 1971. The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes. Stanford: Stanford University Press

Kane, Papa Mamadou. 1988. “Administration Locale et Organisations Paysannes.” In Cheikh Tidjane Sy, ed., Crise du Développement Rural et Désengagement de l'Etat au Sénégal, 23–45. Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines

Kante, Babacar. 1994. Senegal's Empty Elections. Journal of Democracy, 5, 1 (January):96–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kay, G. B. 1972. The Political Economy of Colonialism in Ghana: A Collection of Documents and Statistics, 1900–1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Kipré, Pierre. 1983. “Grandes Sociétés et Entreprises Individuelles dans la Ville Coloniale en Côte d'Ivoire à la Veille de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale.” In Laboratoire ‘Conaissance du Tiers-Monde,’ ed., Entreprises et Entrepreneurs en Afrique, XIXe et XXe Siècles, Tome ≡, 229–40. Paris: L'Harmattan

Kiser, Edgar. 1996. The Revival of Narrative in Historical Sociology: What Rational Choice Theory Can Contribute. Politics and Society, 24, 3 (September):249–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiwanuka, M. Semakula. 1970. Colonial Policies and Administrations in Africa: The Myths of the Contrasts. African Historical Studies, 3, 2:295–315CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klein, Martin. 1968a. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press

Klein, Martin. 1968b. “The Evolution of the ‘Chefferie’ in Senegal.” In Arnold Rivkin, ed., Nations by Design: Institution-Building in Africa, 192–207. Garden City, N. Y.: Anchor Books

Klein, Martin. 1972. Social and Economic Factors in the Muslim Revolution in Senegambia. Journal of African History, 13, 3:419–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knight, Jack. 1992. Institutions and Social Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Köbben, A. J. F. 1963. “Land as an Object of Gain in a Non-Literate Society: Land Tenure among the Bété and Dida (Ivory Coast, West Africa).” In Daniel Biebuyck, ed., African Agrarian Systems, 245–66. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Koffi Teya, Pascal. 1985. Côte d'Ivoire: Le Roi et Nu. Paris: L'Harmattan

Kouassi, Kouadio Jean-Baptiste. 1989. “L'apport des Travailleurs Immigrés dans l'Économie Ivoirienne: Le Cas des Syro-Libanais dans le Secteur Agro-Alimentaire.” Thèse de doctorat de troisième cycle, Departement d'Ethno-Sociologie, Faculté des Lettres, Arts, et Sciences Humaines, Université Nationale de Côte d'Ivoire

Kouassi, René. 1993. La Répartition des Moyens d'Incitation à la Production entre Cultures d'Exportation et Cultures Vivrières in Côte d'Ivoire. Africa Development (Dakar), 18, 1:67–86Google Scholar

Labazée, Pascal. 1991. “Organisation Sociale et Stratégies Economiques des Réseaux Marchands Transfrontaliers: Le Case des Échanges entre le Mali, le Burkina Faso et le Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire.” Abidjan: ORSTOM-CNRS, novembre

Ladouceur, Paul André. 1979. Chiefs and Politicians: The Politics of Regionalism in Northern Ghana. London: Longman

Lam, Aboubacry Moussa. 1992. Crise Agraire et Après-Barrages au Fuuta. Sociétés, Espaces, Temps (Dakar), 1, 1:116–24Google Scholar

Launay, Robert. 1982. Traders without Trade: Responses to Change in Two Dyula Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Laurent, Pierre-Joseph, and Peemans, Jean-Philippe. 1998. Les Dimensions Socio-Economiques du Développement Local en Afrique au Sud du Sahara: Quelles Stratégies pour quels Acteurs?APAD Bulletin [Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et du Développement], 15 (May):9–20Google Scholar

Lavigne Delville, Philippe. 1991. “Migration et Structuration Associative.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 117–40. Paris: Karthala

Lawler, Nancy. 1990. Reform and Repression under the Free French: Economic and Political Transformation in the Côte d'Ivoire, 1942–45. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 60:88–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lawler, Nancy. 1992. Soldiers of Misfortune: Ivioirien Tirailleurs of World War II. Athens: Ohio University Press

Le Bulletin de l'Afrique Noire (BAN). Periodical

Lee, Eddy. 1980. Export-Led Rural Development: The Ivory Coast. Development and Change, 11, 4:607–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Le Fichier Permanent de la Côte d'Ivoire. Periodical. Paris: La Documentation Française

Le Gal, Pierre-Yves, and Ibrihima Dia. 1991. “Le Désengagement de l'Etat et ses Conséquences dans le Delta du Fleuve Sénégal.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 161–74. Paris: Karthala

Lele, Uma, Nicolas van de Walle, and Mathurin Gbetibouo. 1989. Cotton in Africa: An Analysis of Differences in Performance. Managing Agricultural Development in Africa (MADIA) Discussion Paper 7. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank

Lemarchand, René. 1977. “Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing Solidarities in Nation-Building.” In Steffen W. Schmidt et al., eds., Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism, 100–22. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Meur, Pierre-Yves. 1998. Décentralisation par le Bas et Participation Clientéliste au Bénin. APAD [Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et du Développement] Bulletin 15 (May):49–64Google Scholar

Lemieux, Vincent. 1996. L'Analyse Politique de la Décentralisation. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 29, 4 (December):661–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Le Monde. Periodical

Le Nouvel Horizon (Abidjan). Periodical

Lentz, Carola, and Paul Nugent, eds. 2000. Ethnicity in Ghana: The Limits of Invention. Houndmills and London: Macmillan

Leonard, David K. 1991. African Successes: Four Public Managers of Kenyan Rural Development. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Roy, Etienne. 1984. Enjeux, Contraintes, et Limites d'une Démocratisation d'une Administration Territoriale: Les Communautés Rurales Sénégalaises (1972–1980). Annuaire du Tiers Monde, 8:61–76Google Scholar

Le Roy, Etienne. 1991. “Urbanisation et Agro-Industries.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 175–96. Paris: Karthala

Le Soleil (Dakar). Periodical

Leveau, Rémy. 1985. Le Fellah Morocain: Défenseur du Trône. 2d ed. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques. (First published in 1976.)

Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Lewis, Barbara. 1971. “The Dioula in the Ivory Coast.” In Carleton T. Hodge, ed., Papers on the Manding, 273–307. Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Lewis, Barbara. 1980. “Ethnicity and Occupation Specialization in the Ivory Coast: the Transporters' Association.” In John N. Paden, ed., Values, Identities, and National Integration, 75–87, 381–2. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press

Lewis, Barbara. 1991. “Land, Property, and Politics: Rural Divo at the Fin de Régime.” Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, St. Louis, Mo., 23–26 November

Lewis, Barbara. 1992. “Political Liberalization, Economic Liberalization, and Obstacles to Rural Empowerment in Côte d'Ivoire.” Paper prepared for the meeting of the African Studies Association, Seattle, Wash., 20–23 November

Ley, A. 1982. “La Logique Foncière de l'Etat depuis la Colonisation: l'Expérience Ivoirienne.” In E. Le Bris, Etienne Le Roy, and F. Leimdorfer, eds., Enjeux Fonciers en Afrique Noire, 135–40. Paris: Karthala

Lichbach, Mark. 1994. What Makes Rational Peasants Revolutionary? Dilemma, Paradox, and Irony in Peasant Collective Action. World Politics, 46, 3 (April):383–418CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lichbach, Mark. 1995. The Rebel's Dilemma. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press

Linarès, Olga F. 1992. Power, Prayer, and Production: The Jola of Casamance, Senegal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Little, Daniel. 1989. Understanding Peasant China: Case Studies in the Philosophy of Social Science. New Haven and London: Yale University Press

Lombard, Jacques. 1967. Autorités Traditionelles et Pouvoirs Européens en Afrique. Paris: Librarie Armand Colin

Lonsdale, John. 1968. Some Origins of Nationalism in East Africa. Journal of African History, 9, 1:119–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lonsdale, John. 1981. States and Social Processes in Africa: A Historiographical Survey. African Studies Review, 24, 2–3 (June–September):139–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Loucou, Jean-Noël. 1976. Les Premières Elections de 1945 en Côte d'Ivoire. Annales d'Historie de l'Université d'Abidjan, Série 1, 4 (Histoire):5–33Google Scholar

Loucou, Jean-Noël. 1977. Aux Origines du Parti Démocratique de la Côte d'Ivoire. Annales de l'Université d'Abidjan, Série 1, 5 (Histoire):81–105Google Scholar

Lubeck, Paul. 1987. “The African Bourgeoisie: Debates, Methods, and Units of Analysis.” In Paul Lubeck, ed., The African Bourgeoisie: Capitalist Development in Nigeria, Kenya, and the Ivory Coast, 3–26. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers

Lucier, Richard L. 1988. The International Political Economy of Coffee: From Juan Valdez to Yank's Diner. New York: Praeger

Luckham, Robin. 1978. Imperialism, Law, and Structural Dependence: The Ghana Legal Profession. Development and Change, 9, 2:201–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lugard, Frederick D. 1926. The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. 3d ed. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons

Ly, Abdoulaye. 1958. L'Etat et la Production Paysanne ou l'Etat et la Révolution au Sénégal. Paris: Présence Africaine

Ly, Abdoulaye. 1992. Les Regroupements Politiques au Sénégal, 1956–1970. Dakar: CODESRIA

Machiavelli, Niccolo. 1966. The Prince. Edited by Daniel Donno. New York: Bantam Books

Mafeje, Archie. 1991. The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations: The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms. London: CODESRIA Book Series

Magagna, Victor V. 1991. Communities of Grain: Rural Rebellion in Comparative Perspective. Ithaca: Cornell University Press

Mahieu, F. R. 1984. “Stabilisation des Prix de Produits Agricoles d'Exportation: L'expérience de la Caisse de Stabilisation en Côte d'Ivoire.” Unpublished manuscript. CIRES, Abidjan. Photocopy

Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Manchuelle, François. 1997. Willing Migrants: Soninke Labor Diasporas, 1848–1960. Athens: Ohio University Press

Manso, M. Eyi J. Marie. 1981. Le Mouvement Coopératif Ivoirien. Cahiers du CIRES, 28–9:147–77Google Scholar

Marchés Tropicaux et Méditerranéens (MTM). Periodical

Mark, Peter, Jong, Ferdinand, and Chupin, Clémence. 1998. Ritual and Masking Traditions in Jola Men's Initiation. African Arts, 31, 1 (Winter):36–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Markovitz, Irving Leonard. 1970. Traditional Social Structure, the Islamic Brotherhoods, and Political Development in Senegal. Journal of Modern African Studies, 8, 1 (April):73–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, Bradford. 1971. “Al-Haji'Umar Tall, Samori Turé, and their Forerunners.” In Carleton T. Hodge, ed., Papers on the Manding, 159–65. Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Marx, Karl. [1852] 1963. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. New York: International Publishers

Massey, Rachel Ida. 1994. Impediments to Collective Action in a Small Community. Politics and Society, 22, 3 (September):421–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mathieu, Paul. 1991. “Irrigation, Transformation Économique et Enjeux Fonciers.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 197–214. Paris: Karthala

Mathieu, Paul, Madiodio Naisse, and Pierre-Pol Vincke. 1986. “Aménagement Hydro-Agricoles, Concurrence pour l'Espace et Pratiques Foncières Locales dans la Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Le Cas de la Zone du Lac de Guiers.” In Bernard Crousse, E. Le Bris, and Etienne le Roy, eds., Espaces Disputés en Afrique Noire: Pratiques Foncières Locales, 217–37. Paris: Karthala

McLaughlin, Fiona. 1997. Islam and Popular Music in Senegal. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 67, 4:560–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Médard, J.-F. 1982. “La Régulation Socio-Politique.” In Yves A. Fauré and J.-F. Médard, eds., L'Etat et Bourgeoisie en Côte d'Ivoire, 61–88. Paris: Karthala

Meillasoux, Claude. 1973. The Social Organization of the Peasantry. Journal of Peasant Studies, 1, 1:81–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Michel, Gilles, and Michel Noel. 1984. “The Ivoirian Economy and Alternative Trade Regimes.” In I. William Zartman and Christopher Delgado, eds., The Political Economy of Ivory Coast, 77–144. New York: Praeger

Migdal, Joel, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds. 1994. State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Mikell, Gwendolyn. 1989a. Cocoa and Chaos in Ghana. New York: Paragon House

Mikell, Gwendolyn. 1989b. Peasant Politicization and Economic Recuperation in Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies, 27, 3:455–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miles, William. 1987. Partitioned Royalty: The Evolution of Hausa Chiefs in Nigeria and Niger. Journal of Modern African Studies, 25, 2:233–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miles, William. 1994. Hausaland Divided: Colonialism and Independence in Nigeria and Niger. Ithaca: Cornell University Press

Moore, Barrington Jr. 1966. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon

Morgenthau, Ruth Schachter. 1964. Political Parties in French West Africa. London: Oxford University Press

Morgenthau, Ruth Schachter. 1979. “Strangers, Nationals, and Multinationals in Contemporary Africa.” In William A. Shack and Elliott P. Skinner, eds., Strangers in African Societies, 105–20. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Munro, William A. 1995. Building the Post-Colonial State: Villagization and Resource Management in Zimbabwe. Politics and Society, 23, 1 (March):107–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Munro, William A. 1998. The Moral Economy of the State: Conservation, Community Development, and State Making in Zimbabwe. Athens: Ohio University Press

Munro, William A. 2001. The Political Consequences of Local Electoral Systems: Democratic Change and the Politics of Differential Citizenship in South Africa. Comparative Politics, 33, 3 (April):295–313CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murray, Roger. 1967. Second Thoughts on Ghana. New Left Review, 42 (March–April):25–39Google Scholar

N'Diaye, Boubacar. 2000. Ivory Coast's Civilian Control Strategies, 1961–1998: A Critical Assessment. Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 28, 2 (Winter):246–71Google Scholar

Ndiaye, Birame. 1979. La Participation à la Gestion des Affaires Publiques: Les Communautés Rurales Sénégalaises. Revue Française d'Administration Publique, n. 11:539–72Google Scholar

Newbury, David, and Newbury, Catharine. 2000. Review Essay: Bringing the Peasants Back In: Agrarian Themes in the Construction and Corrosion of Statist Historiography in Rwanda. American Historical Review, 105, 3 (June):832–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nguessan-Zoukou, L. 1990. Régions et Régionalisation en Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: L'Harmattan

Niang, Mamadou. 1975. Réflexions sur le Régime des Terres au Sénégal. Bulletin de l'IFAN [Dakar], Tome 37, Sér. B, n. 1 (janvier):137–53Google Scholar

Niang, Mamadou. 1983. “Réflexions sur la Réforme Foncière Sénégalaise de 1964.” In E. Le Bris, Etienne Le Roy, et F. Leimdorfer, eds., Enjeux Fonciers en Afrique Noire, 219–27. Paris: Karthala

Niang, Mamadou. 1991. “La Réforme de l'Administration Territoriale et Local au Sénégal: Un Cadre Institutionnel pour l'Autopromotion Paysanne?” Paper prepared for the Centre d'Etudes d'Afrique Noire (Bordeaux)-Institute Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (CEAN-IFAN) colloquium on “Etat et Société au Sénégal,” Bordeaux, 22–24 October

Niasse, Madiodio. 1991. “Les Périmètres Irrigués Villageois Vieillissent Mal.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 97–116. Paris: Karthala

Ninot, Olivier, Lesourd, Michel, and Lombard, Jérome. 2002. Nouveaux Espaces, Nouvelles Centralités: Echanges et Réseaux en Milieu Rural Sénégalais. Historiens et Géographes, 379 (juillet):235–45Google Scholar

Ninsin, Kwame A. 1989. “The Land Question since the 1950s.” In Emmanuel Hansen and Kwame A. Ninsin, eds., The State, Development and Politics in Ghana, 165–83. London: CODESRIA Book Series

Noronha, Raymond. 1985. A Review of the Literature on Land Tenure Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Report n. ARU 43 of the Research Unit of the World Bank Agriculture and Rural Development Department (19 July). Washington, D. C.: The World Bank

North, Douglass. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Novicki, Margaret. 1997. Good Governance Key to Progress. Africa Recovery, 11, 1 (July):22–3Google Scholar

Nugent, Paul. 1999. Living in the Past: Urban, Rural, and Ethnic Themes in the 1992 and 1996 Ghana Elections. Journal of Modern African Studies, 37, 2:287–320CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Bannon, Brett R. 1995. “Class and Gender in the Senegal River Valley: Institutions of Oppression.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, Orlando, Fla., 3–6 November

O'Bannon, Brett R. 2000. “Power and Resources in Herder-Farmer Conflict: Problems for Governance under Neo-liberal Reform in Rural Senegal.” Paper presented at the African Studies Workshop, University of Chicago, 7 November

O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1993. On the State, Democratization, and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at some Postcommunist Countries. World Development, 21, 8:1355–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor. 1986. An Agenda for the Study of Institutions. Public Choice, 48:3–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Ottoway, Marina. 1997. African Democratization and the Leninist Option. Journal of Modern African Studies, 35, 1:1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Owolu, Dele. 1990. “The Failure of Current Decentralization Programs in Africa.” In James S. Wunch and Dele Owolu, eds., The Failure of the Centralized State: Institutions and Self-Governance in Africa, 74–99. Boulder, Colo.: Westview

Owusu, Maxwell. 1970. Uses and Abuses of Political Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Owusu, Maxwell. 1992. Democracy and Africa – A View from the Village. Journal of Modern African Studies, 30, 3:369–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Paige, Jeffrey. 1975. Agrarian Revolution: Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World. New York: The Free Press

Park, Thomas K. 1993. “Arid Lands and the Political Economy of Flood Recession in Fuuta Tooro.” In Thomas K. Park, ed., Risk and Tenure in Arid Lands: The Political Ecology of Development in the Senegal River Basin, 1–30. Tucson: University of Arizona Press

Patterson, Amy. 1996. “Participation and Democracy at the Grassroots: A Study of Development Associations in Rural Senegal.” Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, Bloomington, Department of Political Science

Patterson, Amy S. 1999. The Dynamic Nature of Citizenship and Participation: Lessons from Three Rural Senegalese Case Studies. Africa Today, 46, 1 (Winter):3–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pélissier, Paul. 1966. Les Paysans du Sénégal: Les Civilisations Agraires du Cayor à la Casamance. Saint-Yrieix, Haute-Vienne: Imprimerie Fabrègue

Pélissier, Paul. 2000. Les Intéractions Rurales-Urbaines en Afrique de l'Ouest et Central. APAD [Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et Développement] Bulletin, 19 (juin):7–19Google Scholar

Person, Yves. 1981. Colonisation et Décolonisation en Côte d'Ivoire. Le Mois en Afrique: Revue Française d'Études Politiques Africaines, n. 188–9:15–30Google Scholar

Person, Yves. 1982. Islam et Décolonisation et Côte d'Ivoire. Le Mois en Afrique: Revue Française d'Études Politiques Africaines, n. 198–9:14–30Google Scholar

Phillips, Anne. 1989. The Enigma of Colonialism: British Policy in West Africa. London: James Currey

Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press

Pontussen, Jonas. 1995. From Comparative Public Policy to Political Economy: Putting Political Institutions in Their Place and Taking Interests Seriously. Comparative Political Studies, 28, 1 (April):117–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Popkin, Samuel. 1979. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Portères, Roland. 1952. “Aménagement de l' Economie Agricole et Rurale au Sénégal: Rapport de la Mission Roland Portères.” Dakar: Gouvernement Général de l'AOF, Territoire du Sénégal (mars–avril). Archives Nationales du Sénégal, po I 4–208 (1, 2, 3)

Potholm, Christian. 1970. Four African Political Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall

Price, Robert. 1971. Military Officers and Political Leadership: The Ghanaian Case. Comparative Politics, 3, 3 (April):361–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Price, Robert M. 1984. Neo-Colonialism and Ghana's Economic Decline: A Critical Assessment. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 18, 1:163–93Google Scholar

Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement, Bureau International du Travail, Government of Ivory Coast (PNUD/BIT/IVC). 1990. “Recherches sur les Causes de la Prolifération de GVC dans un Même Village: Etude de Cas dans la Région d'Ayamé.” Unpublished manuscript. Abidjan (August). Photocopy

Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement, Bureau International du Travail, Government of Ivory Coast (PNUD/BIT/IVC). 1991. “Project d'Appui à la Consolidation et la Réstructuration des Coopératives de Commercialisation: Quelques Éléments Sociologiques à Prendre en Considération Pendant la Promotion des Structures Faîtières au Niveau Régional Dans les Secteurs Coton et Café-Cacao.” Unpublished manuscript. Abidjan (February). Photocopy

Rajagopalan, Swarna. 1999. Internal Unit Demarcation and National Identity. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 5, 3–4 (Fall and Winter):191–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rapley, John. 1990. “Class Formation in French West Africa: The Rise of an Ivoirien Bourgeoisie.” Ph.D. diss., Queen's University at Kingston

Rapley, John. 1993. Ivoirien Capitalism: African Entrepreneurs in Côte d'Ivoire. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers

Rathbone, Richard. 1973. Businessmen in Politics: Party Struggle in Ghana. Journal of Development Studies, 9, 3:390–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rathbone, Richard. 1993. Murder and Politics in Colonial Ghana. New Haven: Yale University Press

Rathbone, Richard. 2000. Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951–60. Accra, Athens, and Oxford: F. Reimmer, Ohio University Press, and James Currey

Reno, William. 1995. Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers

République de Côte d'Ivoire, Caisse de Péréquation et de Stabilisation des Prix. 1995. “Riz: La Filière dans Toute sa Réalité.” Le Soleil, 30 juin

République de Côte d'Ivoire, Diréction Centrale des Grands Travaux (RCI, DCGTx). 1990a. “Etude de la Filière du Riz.” Unpublished report (janvier)

République de Côte d'Ivoire, Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances (RCI, MEF). 1973. Assises du Commerce: Recueil des Documents Établis par les Groupes de Travail, Tomes I–III. Abidjan: MEF, Chambre du Commerce (mai)

République de Côte d'Ivoire, Ministère du Plan. 1976. Projet de Plan Quinquennal de Développement Economique, Social, et Culturel, 1976–1980. Abidjan: RCI (mai)

République de Côte d'Ivoire, Ministère du Plan. 1981. Plan Quinquennal de Développement Economique, Social, et Culturel, 1981–1986. Abidjan: RCI

Ribot, Jesse C. 1996. “Participation without Representation: Chiefs, Councils and Forestry Law in the West African Sahel.” Cultural Survival Quarterly, 20, 3 (Fall):40–4Google Scholar

Ribot, Jesse C. 1999. Decentralization, Participation and Accountability in Sahelian Forestry: Legal Instruments of Political-Administrative Control. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 69, 1:23–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ridler, Neil B. 1985. Comparative Advantage as a Development Model: The Ivory Coast. Journal of Modern African Studies, 23, 3:407–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ridler, Neil B. 1988. The Caisse de Stabilisation in the Coffee Sector of the Ivory Coast. World Development, 16, 12:1521–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rimmer, Douglas. 1984. The Economies of West Africa. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson

Rimmer, Karen, and Wibbles, Eric. 2000. The Political Economy of Decentralization in Latin America. APSA-CP: Newsletter of the Organized Section in Comparative Politics of the American Political Science Association, 11, 1 (Winter): 28–32Google Scholar

Rogowski, Ronald. 1989. Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Root, Hilton. 1987. Peasants and Kings in Burgundy: Agrarian Foundations of French Absolutism. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Rostow, Walter W. 1960. Stages of Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile A. B., ed. 1987. Chiefs and African States: Some Introductory Notes and an Extensive Bibliography on African Chieftaincy. Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law (special issue on “Chieftaincy and the State in Africa”), 25–6:1–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rubin, Jeffrey. 1996. Decentering the Regime: Culture and Regional Politics in Mexico. Latin American Research Review, 31, 3:85–126Google Scholar

Sall, Ebrima. 1991. “Le Queue d'Aronde Sénégalo-gambienne.” Paper presented at the Centre d'Etudes d'Afrique Noire (Bordeaux)-Institute Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (CEAN-IFAN) colloquium on “Etat et Société au Sénégal,” Bordeaux, 22–24 October

Samoff, Joel. 1990. Decentralization: The Politics of Interventionism. Development and Change, 21, 3 (July):513–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sandler, Todd. 2001. Economic Concepts for the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Saul, John S. 1973. “On African Populism.” In Giovanni Arrighi and John S. Saul, eds. Essays on the Political Economy of Africa, 152–79. New York: Monthly Review Press

Saul, John S., and Roger Woods. 1971. “African Peasantries.” In Teodor Shanin, ed., Peasants and Peasant Societies, 103–14. Baltimore: Penguin Books

Savonnet-Guyot, Claudette. 1973. Espace Politique et Paysannat d'Afrique Noire. L'Homme et la Société, 27, 1 (jan–mars):149–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. Hinsdale, Ill.: Dryden Press

Schiffer, Harriet. 1970. Local Administration and National Development: Fragmentation and Centralization in Ghana. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 4, 1:57–75Google Scholar

Schmitz, Jean. 1991. “Problèmes Foncières ou Territorialité Politique dans la Vallée du Sénégal.” Paper presented at the Centre d'Etudes d'Afrique Noire (Bordeaux) – Institute Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (CEAN-IFAN) colloquium on “Etat et Société au Sénégal: Crises et dynamiques sociales,” Bordeaux, 22– 24 October

Schoonmaker-Freudenberger, Karen. 1991. Mbengue: The Disingenuous Destruction of a Sahelian Forest. Development Anthropology Network, 9, 2:2–12. Binghamton, N. Y.: Institute for Development Anthropology

Schultz, Manfred. 1975. Rural Development Policy in the Ivory Coast. Intereconomics, 3:81–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schumacher, Edward. 1975. Politics, Bureaucracy, and Rural Development in Senegal. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Scott, James C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press

Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press

Seck, Sidy M. 1986. La Maîtrise de l'Eau et la Réstructuration Sociale Induite par l'Organisation de la Production Irriguée dans le Bassin du Fleuve Sénégal. Les Cahiers de la Recherche Développement [Montpellier], n. 12 (décembre):13–20Google Scholar

Seck, Sidy M. 1991a. “La Dynamique de l'Irrigation dans la Vallée du Fleuve.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 17–42. Paris: Karthala

Seck, Sidy M. 1991b. “Les Cultivateurs ‘Transfrontaliers’ de Décrue Face à la Question Foncière.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 297–320. Paris: Karthala

Skinner, Elliott P. 1989. The Mossi of Burkina Faso: Chiefs, Politicians and Soldiers. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press

Skinner, G. William. 1964–5. Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China. 3 parts. Journal of Asian Studies, 24:3–43, 195–228, 363–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Snyder, Francis G. 1978. Legal Innovation and Social Change in a Peasant Community: A Senegalese Village Police. Africa, 48, 3:231–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Snyder, Richard. 2001a. Politics after Neoliberalism: Reregulation in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Snyder, Richard. 2001b. Scaling Down: The Subnational Comparative Method. Studies in Comparative International Development, 36, 1:93–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Société Africaine d'Edition. 1982. Les Elites Ivoiriennes. Paris: Sté Africaine d'Edition

Société d'Etudes pour le Développement Economique et Social (SEDES). 1985. Analyse Ex-Post de la Promotion des PME et de l'Artisanat en Côte d'Ivoire. Abidjan and Paris: Ministère des Relations Extérieures, Coopération et Développement, SEDES, CEGOF (décembre)

Société d'Etudes pour la Promotion de l'Industrie Caféière et la Société d'Etudes pour le Développement Economique et Social (SEPRIC/SEDES). 1970. Eléments pour une Réforme de la Commercialisation du Café en Côte d'Ivoire: Rapport Général et Annexes. Paris: SEDES (septembre)

Solnick, Steven Lee. 1998. Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press

Southall, Roger J. 1978. Farmers, Traders, and Brokers in the Gold Coast Cocoa Economy. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 12, 2:185–211Google Scholar

Sow, Aboubacar. 1988. “L'étude des Problèmes Organisationnels des Structures d'Encadrement dans l'Optique du Management: Le Cas des CER.” In Cheikh Tidjane Sy, ed., Crise du Développement Rural et Désengagement de l'Etat au Sénégal, 79–100. Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines

Staniland, Martin. 1968. Local Administration in Ivory Coast: Part I. West Africa, 9 March, n. 2649, p. 273; Part II. West Africa, 16 March, n. 2650, p. 315

Staniland, Martin. 1969. “Single-Party Systems and Political Change: The PDCI and Ivory Coast Politics.” In Colin Leys, ed., Politics and Change in Developing Countries, 135–75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Staniland, Martin. 1970a. Colonial Government and Populist Reform: The Case of the Ivory Coast: Part I. Journal of Administration Overseas (JAO), 9, 1 (January): 33–43; Part II. JAO, 9, 4 (October):113–27Google Scholar

Staniland, Martin. 1970b. “Nationalism and Communal Partnership: The Case of Bongouanou, Ivory Coast.” In R. W. Johnson and C. H. Allen, eds., African Perspectives: Papers in the History, Politics and Economics of Africa Presented to Thomas Hodgkin, 371–91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Staniland, Martin. 1970c. The Rhetoric of Centre Periphery Relations. Journal of Modern African Studies, 8, 4:617–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Staniland, Martin. 1971. Colonial Government and Populist Reform: The Case of Ivory Coast: Part I. Journal of Administration Overseas (JAO), 10, 1 (January):33–42; Part II.JAO, 11, 2 (April):115–26Google Scholar

Staniland, Martin. 1975. The Lions of Dagbon: Political Change in Northern Ghana. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. 1975. Social Classes in Agrarian Societies. Garden City, N. Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday

Steinmo, Sven, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds. 1992. Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Stier, Harald. 1972. Fertilizer Distribution in the Ivory Coast. Paris: Development Centre of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development)

Stinchcombe, Arthur. 1961. Agricultural Enterprise and Rural Class Relations. American Journal of Sociology, 67, 2 (September):165–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn. 2001. “The Russian Central State in Crisis: Center and Periphery in the Post-Soviet Era.” In Zoltan Barany and Robert G. Moser, eds., Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization, 103–34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Stryker, Richard E. 1970. “Center and Locality: Linkage and Political Change in the Ivory Coast.” Ph.D. diss., University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Political Science

Stryker, Richard E. 1971a. “Political and Administrative Linkage in the Ivory Coast.” In Philip Foster and Aristide R. Zolberg, eds., Ghana and the Ivory Coast: Perspectives on Modernization, 73–102. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Stryker, Richard E. 1971b. “A Local Perspective on Developmental Strategy in the Ivory Coast.” In M. Lofchie, ed., The State of the Nations, 119–39. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Suret-Canale, Jean. 1964. Afrique Noire: L'ère Coloniale, 1900–1945. Paris: Editions Sociales

Suret-Canale, Jean. 1966. La Fin de la Chefferie en Guinée. Journal of African History, 7, 3:459–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sy, Cheikh Tidjane, ed. 1988. Crise du Développement Rural et Désengagement de l'Etat au Sénégal. Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines

Syndicat Agricole Africain de la Côte d'Ivoire (SAA). 1947. Composition du bureau du SAA. Archives de la Chambre de Commerce d'Abidjan, dossier n. 51, 14 novembre. Abidjan. Photocopy

Syndicat Agricole Africain de la Côte d'Ivoire (SAA). 1955. Procès verbal de la reunion du 31 mars 1955. Archives de la Chambre de Commerce d'Abidjan, dossier n. 51, 31 mars. Abidjan. Photocopy

Taylor, Michael. 1989. “Rationality and Revolutionary Collective Action.” In Michael Taylor, ed., Rationality and Revolution, 63–97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Tendler, Judith. 1997. Good Government in the Tropics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

Terpend, Marie-Noëlle. 1981. La Filière Café: Production et Commercialisation du Café en Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: Les Dossiers Faim/Développement; GRAAP, avril (reactualisé en nov. 1982)

Terpend, Marie-Noëlle. 1982. La Filière Cacao: Filière Ivoirienne, Marché Mondial, Consommation Européenne. Paris: Les Dossiers Faim/Développement; GRAAP-CCFD, juillet

Tetlock, Philip, and Aaron Belkin. 1996. Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Thelen, Kathleen, and Sven Steinmo. 1992. “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.” In Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, 1–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Thioub, Ibrahima. 1996. À Propos de la Plate-Forme Revendicative de l'UNACOIS. Unpublished manuscript. Université Cheikh Anta Diop (Dakar, Senegal). Photocopy

Thioub, Ibrahima, Diop, Momar-Coumba, and Boone, Catherine. 1997. La Libéralisation de l'Économie et les Groupements Professionels au Sénégal. Sociétés Africaines et Diaspora, n. 5 (January):5–44Google Scholar

Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. 1958. French West Africa. London: George Allen & Unwin

Tice, Robert D. 1974. Administrative Structure, Ethnicity, and Nation-Building in the Ivory Coast. Journal of Modern African Studies, 12, 2:211–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tignor, Robert. 1987. “Senegal's Cooperative Experience, 1907–1960.” In John Waterbury and Mark Gersovitz, eds., The Political Economy of Risk and Choice in Senegal, 90–122. London: Frank Cass

Tilly, Charles. 1964. The Vendée. Cambridge: Harvard University Press

Tilly, Charles, ed. 1975. The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1900. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Backwell Publishers

Toungara, Jeanne Maddox. 1996. “Kinship, Politics and Democratization among the Malinke in Northwestern Côte d'Ivoire.” In Jan Jansen and Clemens Zobel, eds., The Younger Brother in Mande: Selected Papers of the Third International Conference on Mande Studies, Leiden, 20–24 March 1995, 48–60. Lieden: CNWS Publications

Toungara, Jeanne Maddox. 2001. Ethnicity and Political Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire. Journal of Democracy, 12, 3 (July):63–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Touré, Mamoudou. 1985. Politique d'Ajustement Économique et Financier. Dakar: Communication au Conseil National du Parti Socialiste du 11 mai 1985

Treisman, Daniel. 2001. After the Deluge: Regional Crises and Political Consolidation in Russia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press

Tricart, Jean. 1957. Le Café en Côte d'Ivoire. Cahiers d'Outre Mer, 10, 39:209–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George. 1990. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Union Nationale des Commerçants et Industriels Sénégalais (UNACOIS). 1994. Place et Rôle du Secteur Informel dans l'Économie. Éléments de Diagnostic de Meilleure Performance et Perspectives. Note Contributive de l'UNACOIS au 25e anniversaire du Club Nation et Développement

Vail, Leroy, ed. 1989. The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. London: James Currey; Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

van Binsbergen, Wim M. J., ed. 1984. Old Modes of Production and Capitalist Encroachment: Anthropological Explorations in Africa. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

van Binsbergen, Wim M. J., F. Reyntjens, and Gerti Hesseling, eds. 1986. “Aspects of Modern State Penetration in Africa.” In Wim M. J. van Binsbergen et al., eds., State and Local Community in Africa/Etat et Communauté Locale en Afrique, 369–400. Brussels: Centre d'Etude et de Documentation Africaines

van chi Bonnardel, Régine. 1978. Vie de Relations au Sénégal: La Circulation des Biens. Série Mémoires de l'IFAN, 90. Dakar: IFAN

van de Walle, Nicolas. 2001. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Klei, Jos M. 1978. “Customary Land Tenure and Land Reform: The Rise of New Inequalities among the Diola of Senegal.” In R. Buijtenhuijs and Peter Geschiere, Stratification and Class Formation, 35–44 (special issue of African Perspectives 1978, no. 2) (Leiden, The Netherlands: Afrika-Studiecentrum/ African Studies Center):35–44Google Scholar

van der Klei, Jos M. 1985. “Articulation of Modes of Production and the Beginning of Labor Migration among the Diola of Senegal.” In Wim van Binsbergen and Peter Geschiere, eds., Old Modes of Production and Capitalist Encroachment: Anthropological Explorations in Africa. London: Kegan Paul International

Varshney, Ashutosh. 1993. Urban Bias in Perspective. Journal of Development Studies, 29, 4 (July):3–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vengroff, Richard. 1987. Decentralization and the Implementation of Rural Development in Senegal: The Role of the Rural Councils. Public Administration and Development, 7:273–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vengroff, Richard. 1993. The Transition to Democracy in Senegal: The Role of Decentralization. In Depth, 3, 1 (Winter):23–52Google Scholar

Vengroff, Richard, and Alan Johnson. 1989. Decentralization and the Implementation of Rural Development in Senegal: The View from Below. Lewiston, N. Y.: Edwin Mellen Press

Vengroff, Richard, and Magala, Michael. 2001. Democratic Reform, Transition and Consolidation: Evidence from Senegal's 2000 Presidential Election. Journal of Modern African Studies, 39, 1 (March):129–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Verdier, R. 1971. Evolution et Réformes Foncières de l'Afrique Noire Francophone. Journal of African Law, 15, 1:85–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Villalón, Leonardo A. 1993. Democratizing a (Quasi) Democracy: The Senegalese Elections of 1993. African Affairs, 93, 371 (April):163–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Villalón, Leonardo A. 1995. Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Villalón, Leonardo A., and Phillip Huxtable, eds. 1998. The African State at a Critical Juncture. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1964. The Road to Independence: Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Paris: Mouton

Waterbury, John, and Mark Gersovitz, eds. 1987. The Political Economy of Risk and Choice in Senegal. London: Frank Cass

Watts, Michael, and Thomas, J. Bassett. 1985. Crisis and Change in African Agriculture: A Comparative Study of the Ivory Coast and Nigeria. African Studies Review, 28, 4 (December):3–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weingast, Barry R. 1995. The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Development. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 11, 1:1–31Google Scholar

Werlin, Herbert. 1972. The Roots of Corruption: The Ghanaian Inquiry. Journal of Modern African Studies, 10, 2 (July):247–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Widner, Jennifer. 1991. “The Origins of Agricultural Policy in Côte d'Ivoire, 1960–1986.” Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C

Widner, Jennifer. 1993a. “‘The Discovery of Politics’: Smallholder Reactions to the Cocoa Crisis of 1988–1990 in Côte d'Ivoire.” In Thomas M. Callaghy and John Ravenhill, eds., Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline, 279–331. New York: Columbia University Press

Widner, Jennifer. 1993b. The Origins of Agricultural Policy in Ivory Coast, 1960–86. Journal of Development Studies, 29, 4 (July):25–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Widner, Jennifer A. 1994. Single-Party States and Agricultural Policy Reform. Comparative Politics, 26, 2:127–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Widner, Jennifer. 1995. States and Statelessness in Late Twentieth Century Africa. Daedalus, 124, 3 (Summer):129–54Google Scholar

Wilks, Ivor. 1989. Wa and the Wala: Islam and Polity in Northwestern Ghana. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Williams, Gavan. 1981. “The World Bank and the Peasant Problem.” In Judith Heyer, Gavan Williams, and Pepe Roberts, eds., Rural Development in Tropical Africa, 16–51. New York: St. Martin's Press

Willis, Eliza, Christopher da, C. B. Garman, and Haggard, Stephan. 1999. The Politics of Decentralization in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 34, 1:7–56Google Scholar

Woods, Dwayne. 1989. Ethno-Regional Demands, Symbolic and Redistributive Politics: Sugar Complexes in the North of the Ivory Coast. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 12, 4:469–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Woods, Dwayne. 1994. Elites, Ethnicity, and “Home Town” Associations in the Côte d'Ivoire: An Historical Analysis of State-Society Links. Africa, 64, 4 (Winter):465–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Woods, Dwayne. 1999. The Politics of Organizing the Countryside: Rural Cooperatives in Côte d'Ivoire. Journal of Modern African Studies, 37, 3:489–506CrossRefGoogle Scholar

World Bank. 1978. Ivory Coast: The Challenge of Success. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank

Woronoff, Jon. 1972. West African Wager: Houphouet versus Nkrumah. Metuchen, N. J.: Scarecrow Press

Wunch, James S., and Dele Owolu, eds. 1990. The Failure of the Centralized State. Boulder, Colo.: Westview

Yang, Dali L. 1996. Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change since the Great Leap Famine. Stanford: Stanford University Press

Youm, Prosper. 1991. “The Economy since Independence.” In Christopher L. Delgado and Sidi Jammeh, eds., The Political Economy of Senegal under Structural Adjustment, 21–30. New York: Praeger

Young, Crawford, Neal P. Sherman, and Tim H. Rose. 1981. Cooperatives and Development: Agricultural Politics in Ghana and Uganda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Zan, Semi-Bi. 1977. La Chambre de Commerce en Côte d'Ivoire: 1908–1940. Godo Godo, 3 (January):75–89Google Scholar

Zan, Semi-Bi. 1996. Ouezzin Coulibaly: Le Lion duRDA. Abidjan: Presses Universitaires de Côte d'Ivoire

Zartman, I. William, and Christopher Delgado. 1984. “Introduction: Stability, Growth, and Challenge.” In I. William Zartman and Christopher Delgado, eds., The Political Economy of the Ivory Coast, 1–20. New York: Praeger

Zolberg, Aristide R. 1964. One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Zolberg, Aristide. 1966. Creating Political Order: The Party-States of West Africa. Chicago: Rand McNally and Co

Zolberg, Aristide R. 1971. “Political Development in the Ivory Coast since Independence.” In Philip Foster and Aristide A. Zolberg, eds., Ghana and the Ivory Coast: Perspectives on Modernization, 9–32. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Zucarelli, François. 1966. L'arrondissement Sénégalais. Annales Africaines (University of Dakar Faculté de Droit et Sciences Economiques and Paris: Pédone): 261–80

Zucarelli, François. 1970. Un Parti Politique Africain: L'Union Progressiste Sénégalais. Paris: R. Pichon and R. Durand-Auzias

Zucarelli, François. 1973. De la Chefferie Traditionelle au Canton: Évolution du Canton Colonial au Sénégal, 1855–1960. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 13, 50:213–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adamolekun, L., D. Olowu, and M. Laleye. 1988. Local Government in Africa since Independence. Lagos: University of Lagos Press

Adams, Adrian. 1977a. The Senegal River Valley: What Kind of Change?Review of African Political Economy, 10:33–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, Adrian. 1977b. Le Long Voyage des Gens du Fleuve. Paris: Maspero

Adams, Adrian. 1985. La Terre et les Gens du Fleuve. Paris: L'Harmattan

Adams, Adrian, and Jaabe So. 1996. A Claim to Land by the River: A Household in Senegal, 1720–1994. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Adedeji, Adebayo. 1994. An Alternative for Africa. Journal of Democracy, 5, 4 (October):119–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Africa Confidential. Periodical

Africa South of the Sahara. Yearly. London: Europa Publications

Agrawal, Arun, and Gibson, Clark C.. 1991. Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation. World Development, 27, 4:629–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agrawal, Arun, and Ribot, Jesse. 1999. Accountability in Decentralization: A Framework with South Asian and West African Cases. Journal of Developing Areas, 33, 4:473–502Google Scholar

Agrawal, Arun. Forthcoming. Environmentality: Technologies of Government and the Making of Subjects. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press

Ake, Claude. 1993. The Unique Case of African Democracy. International Affairs, 69, 2:239–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Akpan, Ntieyong U. 1956. Epitaph to Indirect Rule: A Discourse on Local Government in Africa. London: Caswell and Co

Alderfer, Harold F. 1964. Local Government in Developing Countries. New York McGraw-Hill

Allman, Jean Marie. 1993. The Quills of the Porcupine: Asante Nationalism in an Emergent Ghana. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Allman, Jean Marie. 2001. Review of Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951–60, by Richard Rathbone. African Studies Review, 44, 3 (December):116–18CrossRef

Alston, Lee J., and Joseph P. Ferrie. 1999. Southern Paternalism and the American Welfare State: Economics, Politics, and Institutions in the South, 1865–1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Amin, Samir. 1967. Le Développement du Capitalisme en Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: Editions de Minuit

Amin, Samir. 1969. Le Monde des Affaires Sénégalais. Paris: Editions de Minuit

Amin, Samir. 1973. Neo-Colonialism in West Africa. London: Monthly Review Press

Amon d'Aby, F. J. 1958. Le Problème des Chefferies Traditionelles en Côte d'Ivoire. Abidjan: Institut d'Ethno-Sociologie, Université d'Abidjan

Amondji, Marcel. 1986. Côte d'Ivoire, le PDCI, et la Vie Politique de 1944 à 1985. Paris: L'Harmattan

Amondji, Marcel. 1988. Côte d'Ivoire: La Dépendance et l'Épreuve des Faits. Paris: L'Harmattan

Anderson, Perry. 1974. Lineages of the Absolutist State. London: New Left Books

Anyang' Nyong'o, Peter. 1987. “The Development of Agrarian Capitalist Classes in the Ivory Coast, 1945–75.” In Paul Lubeck, ed., The African Bourgeoisie, 185–248. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Press

Aprin, Robert. 1980. Développement et Résistance Paysanne: Le Cas des Soninkés de Bakel. Memoire, Paris [S.1.: s.n], mimeo

Apter, David E. 1968. Ghana in Transition. New York: Anetheneum. First published as Gold Coast in Transition, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955

Apter, David E. 1972. Ghana in Transition. 2d ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press. First published as Gold Coast in Transition, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955

Arrighi, Giovanni. 1970. “Labor Supplies in Historical Perspective: A Study of Proletarianization of the African Peasantry in Rhodesia.” In Giovanni Arrighi and John S. Saul, eds., Essays on the Political Economy of Africa, 180–236. New York: Monthly Review Press

Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et du Développement (APAD). 1998. Les Dimensions Sociales et Economiques du Développement Local et la Décentralisation en Afrique au Sud du Sahara. APAD Bulletin, 15 (May)

Atta, Noël Brou [Brou Noël]. 1991. “Analyse Économique de la Collecte Primaire de l'Igname dans le Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire: Etude de Cas dans la Région de Korhogo,” Thése de doctorat 3ème cycle en Sciences Economiques (Economie Rurale), Université Nationale de Côte d'Ivoire, Faculté des Sciences Economiques, Centre Ivoirien de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (CIRES), Abijdan

Atta, Brou Noël. 1992. Rapport de Synthèse sur la Filière Café-Cacao. Unpublished manuscript, Abidjan, 10 janvier

Augé, Marc. 1973. L'illusion Villageoise: Limites Sociologiques et Politiques de “Développement” Villageois en Côte d'Ivoire. Archives Internationale de Sociologie de la Coopération et du Développement, 34 (juillet-décembre):240–51Google Scholar

Austin, Dennis. 1964. Politics in Ghana: 1946–1960. London: Oxford University Press

Austin, Dennis, and Robin Luckman, eds. 1975. Politicians and Soldiers in Ghana, 1966–1972. London: Frank Cass

Austin, Gareth. 1987. The Emergence of Capitalist Relations in South Asante Cocoa-Farming, c. 1916–1933. Journal of African History, 28, 2:259–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, Gareth. 1988. Capitalists and Chiefs in the Cocoa Hold-Ups in South Asante, 1927–38. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 21, 1:63–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, Gareth. 1996. National Poverty and the ‘Vampire State’ in Ghana: A Review Article. Journal of International Development, 8, 4:553–733.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakary, Tessy D. 1985. Côte d'Ivoire: Logiques du Recrutement Politique et Eventuels Changements à la Tête de l'Etat. Le Mois en Afrique, 237–8 (octobre–novembre):3–32Google Scholar

Bakary, Tessy D. 1986. Côte d'Ivoire: Une'Décentralisation Politique Centralisée. Géopolitique Africaine, 2, 1 (juin):205–30, and 2, 2 (octobre):65–104Google Scholar

Bakary, Tessy D. 1991. Côte d'Ivoire: l'Étatisation de l'Etat. “In Jean-Francois Médard, ed., Etats d'Afrique Noire: Formation, Mécanismes, et Crise, 53–91. Paris: Karthala

Balans, Jean-Louis, Christian Coulon, and Jean-Marc Gastellu. 1975. Autonomie Locale et Intégration Nationale au Sénégal. Paris: A. Pedone

Barkan, Joel D., ed. 1984. Politics and Public Policy in Kenya and Tanzania. Rev. ed. New York: Praeger (first edition in 1979)

Barkan, Joel D., and Chege, Michael. 1989. Decentralising the State: District Focus and the Politics of Reallocation in Kenya. Journal of Modern African Studies, 27, 3:431–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barker, Jonathan. 1971. “The Paradox of Development: Reflections on a Study of Local-Central Political Relations in Senegal.” In Michael F. Lofchie, ed., The State of the Nations: Constraints on Development in Independent Africa, 47–63. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Barker, Jonathan. 1985. Gaps in the Debates about Agriculture in Senegal, Tanzania, and Mozambique. World Development, 13, 1:59–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barker, Jonathan. 1987. Political Space and the Quality of Participation in Rural Africa: A Case from Senegal [Birkelane]. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 21, 1:1–16Google Scholar

Barnes, Leonard. 1969. African Renaissance. London: Victor Gollancz

Barreteau, Olivier. 1998. “Un Système Multi-Agent pour Explorer la Viabilité des Systèmes Irrigués: Dynamiques des Intéractions et Modes d'Organisation [Senegal River Valley].” Thèse presentée pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l'ENGREF [Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts], Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts, Centre de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

Bassett, Thomas J. 1984. “Food, Peasantry, and the State in Northern Ivory Coast, 1898–1982.” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, Department of Geography

Bassett, Thomas J. 1988. The Development of Cotton in Northern Ivory Coast. Journal of African History, 29:267–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bassett, Thomas J. 1993. “Land Use Conflicts in Pastoral Development in Northern Côte d'Ivoire.” In Thomas J. Bassett and Donald E. Crummey, eds., Land in African Agrarian Systems, 131–56. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Bassett, Thomas J. 2001. The Peasant Cotton Revolution: Côte d'Ivoire, 1880–1995. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Bassett, Thomas J., and Donald E. Crummey, eds. 1993. Land in African Agrarian Systems. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Bates, Robert H. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa. Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press

Bates, Robert H. 1988. Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Instituitonalism. Politics and Society, 16, 2–3:387–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bates, Robert H. 1989. Beyond the Miracle of the Market: The Political Economy of Agrarian Development in Kenya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Bates, Robert H. 1990. Capital, Kinship, and Conflict: The Structuring Influence of Capital in Kinship Societies. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 24:151–64Google Scholar

Bates, Robert H. 1991. “Agricultural Policy and the Study of Politics in Post-Independence Africa.” In Douglas Rimmer, ed., Africa 30 Years On, 115–29. London: James Currey and Heinemann

Bates, Robert H. 2001. Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Development. New York: Norton

Bates, Robert H., and William T. Bianco. 1990. “Comment: Applying Rational Choice Theory.” In Karen Schweers Cook and Margaret Levi, eds., The Limits of Rationality, 349–58. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Bates, Robert H., Margaret Levi, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, and Barry R. Weingast. 1998. Analytic Narratives. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Baulin, Jacques. 1989. La Succession d'Houphouët-Boigny. Paris: Editions Eurafor Press

Bayart, Jean-François. 1985. L'Etat au Cameroun. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques

Bayart, Jean-François. 1989. L'Etat en Afrique: La Politique du Ventre. Paris: Fayard

Bayart, Jean-François, ed. 1994. La Réinvention du Capitalisme. Paris: Karthala

Beck, Linda J. 1996a. “ ‘Patrimonial Democrats’ in a Culturally Plural Society: Democratization and Political Accommodation in the Patronage Politics of Senegal.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Political Science

Beck, Linda J. 1996b. “Decentralization in Senegal: Political Reform or Rhetoric?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, San Francisco, Calif., November

Beck, Linda J. 1998. Patrimonial Democrats: Incremental Reform and the Obstacles to Consolidating Democracy in Senegal. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 31, 1:1–31Google Scholar

Beck, Linda J. 2001. Reining in the Marabouts? Democratization and Local Governance in Senegal. African Affairs, 100:601–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beckman, Bjorn. 1976. Organising the Farmers: Cocoa Politics and National Development in Ghana. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies

Beckman, Bjorn. 1981. “Ghana: 1951–78: Agrarian Basis of the Post-Colonial State.” In Judith Heyer et al., eds., Rural Development in Tropical Africa, 143–67. New York: St. Martin's Press

Behrman, Lucy C. 1970. Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal. Cambridge: Harvard University Press

Benveniste, C[orrine]. 1974. Le Boucle de Cacao, Côte d'Ivoire: Etude Regionale des Circuits de Transport. Paris: ORSTOM. Photocopy

Bergmann, H. 1974. Les Notables Villageois: Chef de Village et Imam Face à la Coopérative Rurale dans une Région du Sénégal. Bulletin de l'IFAN [Dakar], 36, ser. B., n. 2:283–322Google Scholar

Berman, Bruce. 1984. Structure and Process in the Bureaucratic States of Colonial Africa. Development and Change, 15:161–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, Bruce, and John Lonsdale. 1992. Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa. Book One: State and Class. London and Nairobi: James Currey and Heineman Kenya

Bernstein, Henry, and Byres, Terence J.. 2001. From Peasant Studies to Agrarian Change. Journal of Agrarian Change, 1, 1 (January):1–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berry, Sara. 1985. Fathers Work for Their Sons: Accumulation, Mobility, and Class Formation in an Extended Yorùbá Community. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Berry, Sara. 1993. No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Berry, Sara. 2001. Chiefs Know Their Boundaries: Essays on Property, Power, and the Past in Asante, 1896–1996. Portsmouth, NH, Oxford, and Cape Town: Heinemann, James Currey, and David Philip Publishers

Berry, Sara. 2002. Debating the Land Question in Africa. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 44, 4(October):638–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Béthemont, Jacques, 1986. Acteurs et Stratégies de l'Eau dans la Vallée du Sénégal. Revue de Géographie de Lyon, 61, 1:63–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beugre Owo Sero, Pierre, and Yaya D'Alepe. 1992. “L'Exemple des Commerçants-Planteurs du Sud-Est de la Côte d'Ivoire de 1930–1960.” In Leonard Harding and Pierre Kipré, eds., Commerce et Commerçants en Afrique de I'Ouest: la Côte d'Ivoire, 189–243. Paris: L'Harmattan

Biebuyck, D., ed. 1963. African Agrarian Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Binder, Leonard. 1978. In a Moment of Enthusiasm: Political Power and the Second Stratum in Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Blair, Harry. 1996. “Supporting Democratic Local Governance: Lessons from International Donor Experience – Initial Concepts and Some Preliminary Findings.” Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, Calif., 29 August–1 September

Bloch, Peter C. 1991. “Des Aménagements Hydroagricoles pour Qui? L'Avenir de l'Irrigation dans la Vallée du Sénégal Vu d'une Zone Périphérique: Bakel.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 237–54. Paris: Karthala

Bloch, Peter C. 1993. “An Egalitarian Development Project in a Stratified Society: Who Ends Up with the Land?” In Thomas J. Bassett and Donald E. Crummey, eds., Land in African Agrarian Systems, 222–46. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Blundo, Giorgio. 1995. Les Courtiers du Développement en Milieu Rural Sénégalaise. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 35–1, 137 (August):73–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blundo, Giorgio. 1998a. “Decentralization, Participation, and Corruption in Senegal [SE groundnut basin].” Paper presented at the fourteenth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographical Sciences, 26 July–1 August, Williamsburg, Va

Blundo, Giorgio. 1998b. Logiques de Gestion Publique dans la Décentralisation Sénégalaise: Participation Factionnelle et Ubiquité Réticulaire. APAD [Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et du Développement] Bulletin 15 (May):21–48Google Scholar

Bogner, Arthur. 2000. “The 1994 Civil War in Northern Ghana: The Genesis and Escalation of a ‘Tribal’ Conflict.” In Carola Lentz and Paul Nuent, eds., Ethnicity in Ghana: The Limits of Invention, 183–203. Houndmills and London: Macmillan

Bonin, Hubert. 1987. CFAO: Cent Ans de Compétition. Paris: Economica

Bonnal, A. 1986. L'Administration et le Parti Face aux Tensions [Côte d'Ivoire]. Politique Africaine, 24 (décembre):20–8Google Scholar

Bonnefonds, Asté Léon. 1968. La Transformation du Commerce de Traite en Côte-d'Ivoire Depuis la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale et l'Indépendance. Cahiers d'Outre Mer, 84:395–413CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1992. Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal, 1930–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Boone, Catherine. 1993. Commerce in Côte d'Ivoire: Ivoirianization without Ivoirian Traders. Journal of Modern African Studies, 31, 1:67–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1994a. “States and Ruling Classes in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Enduring Contradictions of Power.” In Joel Migdal, A. Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces, 108–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Boone, Catherine. 1994b. Trade, Taxes, and Tribute: Market Liberalizations and the New Importers in West Africa. World Development, 22, 3:453–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1995a. The Social Origins of Ivoirian Exceptionalism: Rural Society and State Formation. Comparative Politics, 27, 4 (July):445–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1995b. Rural Interests and the Making of Modern African States. Journal of African Economic History, 23:1–36Google Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1998. State Building in the African Countryside: Structure and Process at the Grassroots. Journal of Development Studies, 34, 4 (April):1–33 (corrigenda in 35, 1, October)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine, and Batsell, Jake. 2001. Politics and AIDS in Africa: Research Agendas in Political Science and International Relations. Africa Today, 48, 2:3–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Botchway, Karl Quaye. 1998. “Interrogating ‘Development’ in Ghana: The Case of the Northern Region Rural Integrated Program (NORRIP).” Ph.D. diss., New York, New School for Social Research, Department of Political and Social Science

Boumedouha, Said. 1987. “The Lebanese in Senegal: A History of Relationship between an Immigrant Community and its French and African Rulers.” Ph.D. diss., Centre of West African Studies, University of Birmingham

Boutillier, Jean-Louis 1960. Bongouanou, Côte d'Ivoire: Etude Socio-Economique d'une Subdivision. Paris: Editions Berger-Lavrault

Boutillier, Jean-Louis. 1963. “Les Rapports du Système Foncier Toucouleur et de l'Organisation Social et Économique Traditionelle: Leur Évolution Actuelle.” In Daniel Biebuych, ed., African Agrarian Systems, 116–36. London: Oxford University Press

Boutillier, Jean-Louis, P. Cantrelle, J. Caussé, C. Laurent, and Th. N'Doye. 1962. La Moyenne Vallée du Sénégal: Etude Socio-Économique. Paris: République Française, Ministère de la Coopération and Presses Universitaires de France

Boye, François. 1992. “Les Mécanismes Économiques en Perspective.” In Momar Coumba Diop, ed., Sénégal: Trajectoires d'un Etat, 39–94. Paris and Dakar: Karthala and CODESRIA

Boylan, Delia. 1998. Preeemptive Strike: Central Bank Reform in Chile's Transition from Authoritarian Rule. Comparative Politics, 30, 4 (July):443–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bratton, Michael. 1987. The Comrades and the Countryside: The Politics of Agricultural Policy in Zimbabwe. World Politics, 39, 2 (January):174–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bredeloup, Sylvie. 1989. Négociants au Long Cours: Rôle Moteur du Commerce dans une Région de Côte-d'Ivoire en Declin (Dimbokro). Paris: L'Harmattan

Brenner, Robert. 1976. Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe. Past and Present, 70 (February):30–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brenner, Robert. 1982. The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism. Past and Present, 97 (November):16–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brustein, William. 1989. The Social Origins of Political Regionalism in France: 1849–1981. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Buchanan, James, and Gordon Tullock. 1962. The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press

Bunce, Valerie. 1999. Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Bunker, Stephen G. 1987. Peasants against the State: The Politics of Market Control in Bugisu, Uganda, 1900–1983. Urbana: University of Illinois Press

Callaghy, Thomas, Ronald Kassimir, and Robert Latham, eds. 2001. Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Cammack, Paul. 1992. The New Institutionalism: Predatory Rule, Institutional Persistence, and Macrosocial Change. Economy and Society, 21, 4 (November):397–429CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, Bonnie. 1973. “The Social, Political, and Economic Consequences of French Private Investment in the Ivory Coast.” Ph.D. diss., University of Sussex, November

Campbell, Bonnie. 1984. “Inside the Miracle: Cotton in the Ivory Coast.” In Jonathan Barker, ed., Politics of Agriculture in Tropical Africa, 143–73. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications

Campbell, Bonnie. 1985. “The Fiscal Crisis of the State: The Case of the Ivory Coast.” In Henry Bernstein and Bonnie K. Campbell. eds., Contradictions of Accumulation in Africa, 267–310. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications

Campbell, Bonnie. 1987. “The State and Capitalist Development in the Ivory Coast.” In Paul Lubeck, ed., The African Bourgeoisie, 281–306. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Press

Casswell, N. 1984. Autopsie de l'ONCAD: La Politique Arachidière du Sénégal, 1966–1980. Politique Africaine, 14 (juin):39–73Google Scholar

Caverivière, Monique, and Marc Debene. 1988. Le Droit Foncier Sénégalais. Paris: Berger-Levrault

Chappell, David A. 1989. The Nation as Frontier: Ethnicity and Clientelism in Ivoirian History. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 22, 4:671–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charbonneau, R. 1968. Les Libano-Syriens en Afrique Noire. Le Mois en Afrique: Revue Française d'Etudes Politiques Africaines, 26:56–71Google Scholar

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre. 1980. “Agricultural Production and Social Formation: The Baule Region of Toumodi-Kokumbo in Historical Perspective.” In Martin A. Klein, ed., Peasants in Africa: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, 143–76. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre. 1982. “Le Status du Foncier dans l'Analyse de l'Économie de Plantation au Ghana.” In E. Le Bris, E. Le Roy, and F. Leimdorfer, eds., Enjeux Fonciers en Afrique Noire, 45–56. Paris: Karthala

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre. 2002. Une Lecture Sociologique de la Loi Ivoirienne de 1998 sur le Domaine Foncier. IRD [Institut de Recherche pour le Développement], Unité de Recherche 095: Régulations foncières, Document de Travail n. 6 (septembre). Montpellier, France

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre, and Jean-Pierre Dozon. 1987. “Au Coeur des Éthnies Ivoiriennes … L'État.” In Emmanuel Terray, ed., L'Etat Contemporain en Afrique, 221–96. Paris: L'Harmattan

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre, Dozon, Jean-Pierre, and Richard, J.. 1981. Histoires de Riz, Histoires d'Igname: Le cas de la Moyenne Côte d'Ivoire. Africa, 55, 2:621–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chauveau, Jean-Pierre, and Richard, J.. 1977. Une ‘Périphérie Recentrée’: À Propos d'un Système Local d'Économie de Plantation en Côte d'Ivoire. Cahiers d'études Africaines, 17:485–523CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chege, Michael. 1988. “The African Economic Crisis and the Fate of Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In Walter O. Oyugi et al., eds., Democratic Theory and Practice in Africa, 191–205. Portsmouth: Heinemann and Currey

Chege, Michael. 1995. Between Africa's Extremes. Journal of Democracy, 6, 1:44–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clapham, Christopher. 1982. “The Politics of Failure: Clientelism, Political Instability and National Integration in Liberia and Sierra Leone.” In C. Clapham, ed., Private Patronage and Public Power: Political Clientelism in the Modern State, 75–92. London: Frances Pinter

Cohen, Michael A. 1973. The Myth of the Expanding Centre: Politics in the Ivory Coast. Journal of Modern African Studies, 11, 2:227–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen, Michael A. 1974. Urban Policy and Political Conflict in Africa: A Study of the Ivory Coast. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Cohen, John M., and Stephen B. Peterson. 1996. “Methodological Issues in the Analysis of Decentralization.” Development Discussion Paper, no. 555 (October). Cambridge: Harvard Institute of International Development

Cohen, John M., and Stephen B. Peterson. 1997. “Administrative Decentralization: A New Framework for Improved Governance, Accountability, and Performance.” Development Discussion Paper, no. 582 (May). Cambridge: Harvard Institute for International Development

Cohen, John M., and Stephen B. Peterson. 1999. Administrative Decentralization: Strategies for Developing Countries. West Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press

Cohen, William B. 1971. Rulers of Empire: The French Colonial Service in Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press

Collier, David, and Norden, Deborah L.. 1992. Strategic Choice Models of Political Change in Latin America. Comparative Politics, 24, 21 (January):229–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colvin, Lucie Gallistel, ed. 1981. The Uprooted of the Western Sahel: Migrants' Quest for Cash in the Senegambia. New York: Praeger

Commander, Simon, Ousseynou Ndoye, and Ismael Ouedrago. 1989. “Senegal, 1979–88.” In Simon Commander, ed., Structural Adjustment and Agriculture, 145–74. London: Overseas Development Institute

Compagnie d'Etudes Industrielles et d'Aménagement du Territoire et la Société d'Etudes et de Réalisations Economique et Sociales dans l'Agriculture (CINAM et SERESA). 1960. “Rapport Général sur les Perspectives de Développement du Sénégal. Archives Nationales de France, Section Outre-Mer, D3135 (janvier). Photocopy

Contamin, Bernard, and Yves A. Fauré. 1990. La Bataille des Entreprises Publiques en Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: L'Harmattan

Copans, Jean. 1988. Les Marabouts de l'Arachide: La Confrérie Mouride et les Paysans du Sénégal. Paris: L'Harmattan. First published in 1980 by Le Sycomore

Cottingham, Clement. 1970. Political Consolidation and Centre-Local Relations in Senegal. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 4, 1 (Winter):101–120Google Scholar

Coulibaly, Sinali. 1978. Le Paysan Senoufo. Abidjan and Dakar: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines

Coulon, Christian. 1981. Le Marabout et le Prince: Islam et Pouvoir au Sénégal. Paris: Editions A. Pedone

Crook, Richard C. 1986. Decolonization, the Colonial State, and Chieftaincy in the Gold Coast. African Affairs, 85, 338:75–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crook, Richard C. 1988. “Farmers and the State.” In Douglas Rimmer, ed., Rural Transformation in Tropical Africa, 116–39. Athens: Ohio University Press

Crook, Richard C. 1989. Patrimonialism, Administrative Effectiveness and Economic Development in Côte d'Ivoire. African Affairs: The Journal of the Royal African Society, 88, 351 (April):205–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crook, Richard C. 1990. Politics, the Cocoa Crisis, and Administration in Côte d'Ivoire. Journal of Modern African Studies, 28, 4 (December):649–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crook, Richard C. 1991. “State, Society and Political Institutions in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana.” In James Manor, ed., Rethinking Third World Politics, 213–42. London and New York: Longman

Crook, Richard C., and Manor, James. 1995. Democratic Decentralisation and Institutional Performance: Four Asian and African Experiences Compared. Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 33, 3 (November):309–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crook, Richard C., and James Manor. 1998. Democracy and Decentralization in South Asia and West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Crook, Richard C., and A. S. Sverrisson. 1999. “To What Extent can Decentralised Forms of Government Enhance the Development of Pro-Poor Policies and Improve Poverty-Alleviation Outcomes?” Unpublished manuscript, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, August

Crook, Richard C., and A. S. Sverrisson. 2001. “Decentralisation and Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis, OR, is West Bengal Unique?” University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies Working Paper, n. 130

Crousse, Bernard, E. Le Bris, and E. le Roy, eds. 1986. Espaces Disputés en Afrique Noire: Pratiques Foncières Locales. Paris: Karthala

Crousse, Bernard, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds. 1991. La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990). Paris: Karthala

Crowder, Michael. 1964. Indirect Rule – French and British Style. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 34, 3 (July):197–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crowder, Michael. 1968. West Africa Under Colonial Rule. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press

Crowder, Michael, and Obaro Ikime, eds. 1970. West African Chiefs: Their Changing Status under Colonial Rule and Independence. New York: Africana

O'Brien, Cruise, , Donal B. 1967. Political Opposition in Senegal: 1960–67. Government and Opposition, 2, 4 (July–October):557–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cruise O'Brien, Donal B. 1971a. The Mourides of Senegal: Political and Economic Organisation of an Islamic Brotherhood. Oxford: Oxford University Press

O'Brien, Cruise, , Donal B. 1971b. Co-operators and Bureaucrats: Class Formation in a Senegalese Peasant Society. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 41, 4 (October):263–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cruise O'Brien, Donal B. 1975. Saints and Politicians: Essays in the Organisation of a Senegalese Peasant Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Cruise O'Brien, Donal B. 1979. “Ruling Class and Peasantry in Senegal: 1960–1976.” In Rita Cruise O'Brien, ed., The Political Economy of Underdevelopment: Dependence in Senegal, 209–27. London: Sage Publications

O'Brien, Cruise, Donal, B. 1984. Les Bienfaits de l'Inégalité: l'État et l'Économie Rurale au Sénégal. Politique Africaine, 14 (June):34–8Google Scholar

Darbon, Dominique. 1988. L'Administration et le Paysan en Casamance: Essai d'Anthropologie Administrative. Paris: Pedone

Davidson, Basil. 1992. “Africa: The Politics of Failure.” In Ralph Miliband and Leo Panitch, eds., Socialist Register 1992, 212–26. London: Merlin Press

de la Rochière, Jacqueline Dutheil. 1976. L'Etat et le Développement Economique de la Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: Editions A. Pedone

Delavignette, Robert. 1950. Freedom and Authority in French West Africa. London: Oxford University Press

de Miras, Claude. 1982. “L'entrepreneur Ivoirien ou une Bourgeoisie Privée de son État.” In Yves A. Fauré and J.-F. Médard, eds., Etat et Bourgeoisie en Côte-d'Ivoire, 181–230. Paris: Karthala

Deschamps, Hubert. 1963. Et Maintenant, Lord Lugard?Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 33, 4 (October):293–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dia, Ibrahima, and Boubacar Fall. 1991. “Dimensions Socio-Culturelles dans la Conception des Aménagements.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 141–60. Paris: Karthala

Diahou, A. Y. 1990. L'Etat et les Municipalités en Côte d'Ivoire: Un Jeu de Cache-Cache?Politique Africaine, 40 (décembre):51–9Google Scholar

Diallo, Youssouf. 1995. Les Peuls, les Sénoufo et l'Etat au Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire: Problèmes Fonciers et Gestion du Pastoralisme. APAD Bulletin [Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et de Développement], 10 (décembre):35–46Google Scholar

Dian, Boni. 1985. L'Economie de Plantation en Côte d'Ivoire Forestière. Abidjan-Dakar-Lomé: Nouvelles Editions Africaines

Diarra, Samba. 1997. Les Faux Complôts d'Houphouet-Boigny. Paris: Karthala

Diarrassouba, Valy Charles. 1968. L'Evolution des Structures Agricoles du Sénégal: Destructuration et Restructuration de l'Économie Rurale. Paris: Editions Cujas

Diaw, Aminata, and Mamadou Diouf. 1992. “Ethnies et Nation au Miroir des Discourses Identitaires: Le cas Sénégalais [Casamance].” Paper presented at the CODESRIA seminiar on “Conflicts Ethniques en Afrique,” Nairobi, Kenya, 16–18 November

Dione, Samba. 1992. “Evolution des Politiques de Décentralisation au Sénégal.” Dakar, Ecole Nationale d'Economie Appliquée (ENEA). Photocopy

Diop, Abdoulaye[-Bara]. 1965. Société Toucouleur et Migration: Enquéte sur la Migration Toucouler à Dakar. Dakar: IFAN

Diop, Abdoulaye-Bara. 1981. La Société Wolof, Tradition et Changement: Les Systèmes d'Inegalité et de Domination. Paris: Karthala

Diop, M[omar] C[oumba]. 1981. Les Affaires Mourides à Dakar. Politique Africaine, 1, 4 (novembre):90–100Google Scholar

Diop, Momar Coumba, ed. 2002. Le Sénégal Contemporain. Paris: Karthala

Diop, Momar Coumba, and Mamadou Diouf. 1990. Le Sénégal sous Abdou Diouf: Etat et Société. Paris: Karthala

Diop, Momar Coumba, and Diouf, Mamadou. 1992a. L'administration Sénégalaise, les Confréries Religieuses, et les Paysanneries. Africa Development, 17, 2:65–87Google Scholar

Diop, Momar Coumba, and Diouf, Mamadou. 1992b. Enjeux et Contraintes Politiques de la Gestion Municipale au Sénégal [Dakar]. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 26, 1:1–23Google Scholar

Doboscq, Pierre, and Patrick Quantin, eds. 1993. Les Paysans du Monde: Électeurs sous Influence. Paris: L'Harmattan

Doornbos, M. 1986. “Incorporation and Cultural ‘Receptivity’ to Change.” In van Binsbergen, Filip Reyntjens, and G. Hesseling, eds., Etat et Communauté Locale en Afrique, 349–68. Bruxelles: CEDAF

Dozon, J. P. 1978. Logique des Développeurs/ Réalité des Développés: Bilan d'une Expérience de Développement Rizicole en Côte-d'Ivoire. Mondes en Développement, 24:909–34Google Scholar

Dozon, J. P. 1982. “Epistémologie du ‘Foncier’ dans le Cadre des Économies de Planation Ivoiriennes.” In E. Le Bris, Etienne Le Roy, et F. Leimdorfer, eds., Enjeux Fonciers en Afrique Noire, 56–60. Paris: Karthala

Dubresson, Alain, and Claudine Vidal. 1991. “Loin d'Abidjan: Les Cadres, Urbanistes de l'Intérieur – La préfecture de Toumodi.” Unpublished report. Abidjan: Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération [ORSTOM], Centre ORSTOM de Petit-Bassam, Avril

Due, Jean M. 1969. Agricultural Development in the Ivory Coast and Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 4:637–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dumont, René. 1972. Paysanneries aux Abois: Ceylan, Tunisie, Sénégal. Paris: Editions du Seuil

Dunn, John. 1975. “Politics in Asunafo.” In Dennis Austin and Robin Luckham, eds., Politicians and Soldiers in Ghana, 164–213. London: Frank Cass

Dunn, John, and A. F. Robertson. 1973. Dependence and Opportunity: Political Change in Ahafo (Ghana). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Dzisah, Melvis. 1998. “Rights – Côte d'Ivoire: Land Conflict Leaves a Trail of Blood.” Interpress: Third World New Agency (IPS), worldwide web distribution via APC networks, received via email 28 May 1998

Elkins, Catherine. 1995. “Property and Rights at the Microlevel: Rural Communities in the Middle Valley (Senegal).” Unpublished manuscript, Duke University, Department of Political Science, 25 October

Engelhard, Philippe. 1991. “La Vallée ‘;;Revisitée’ ou les Enjeux de l'Après Barrage cinq ans Plus Tard.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., 1991. La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 45–76. Paris: Karthala

Ensminger, Jean. 1992. Making a Market: The Institutional Transformation of an African Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Ensminger, Jean, and Andrew Rutten. 1990. “The Political Economy of Property Rights: Dismantling a Kenyan Commons.” Political Economy working paper, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Business and Center in Political Economy, September

Epstein, David, and Sharyn O'Halloran. 1999. Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making under Separate Powers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Fauré, Yves A. 1982. “Le Complexe Politico-Économique.” In Yves A. Fauré and J.-F. Médard, eds., L'Etat et Bourgeoisie en Côte d'Ivoire, 21–60. Paris: Karthala

Fauré, Yves A. 1988. “Le Monde des Entreprises en Côte d'Ivoire: Sources Statistiques et Données de Structure.” Abidjan: ORSTOM (novembre)

Fauré, Yves A. 1993. Democracy and Realism: Reflections on the Case of Côte d'Ivoire. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 63, 3:313–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fauré, Yves A. and J.-F. Médard, eds. 1982. L'Etat et Bourgeoisie en Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: Karthala

Faye, Jacques. 1981. “Zonal Approach to Migration in the Senegalese Peanut Basin.” In Lucie Gallistel Colvin, ed., The Uprooted of the Western Sahel, 136–60. New York: Praeger

Fearon, James D., and David, D. Laitin. 1996. Explaining Interethnic Cooperation. American Political Science Review, 90, 4 (December):715–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, James. 1999. Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Fieldhouse, D. K. 1986. Black Africa, 1945–1980: Economic Decolonization and Arrested Development. London: Allen and Unwin

Firmin-Sellers, Kathryn. 1992. “The Concentration of Authority: Constitutional Creation in the Gold Coast, 1950.” Paper presented at the annual convention of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago

Firmin-Sellers, Kathryn. 1996. The Transformation of Property Rights in the Gold Coast: An Empirical Analysis Applying Rational Choice Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Firmin-Sellers, Kathryn. 1997. “Institutions and Outcomes: Explaining the Impact of European Colonial Rule in West Africa.” Unpublished manuscript, Indiana University, Department of Political Science. Photocopy

Firmin-Seller, Kathryn. 2000. Institutions, Context and Outcomes: Explaining French and British Rule in West Africa. Comparative Politics, 32, 3:253–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar

First, Ruth. 1970. Power in Africa. New York: Pantheon Books

Fitch, Bob, and Mary Oppenheimer. 1966. Ghana: End of an Illusion. New York: Monthly Review Press

Foltz, William J. 1977. “Social Structure and Political Behavior of Senegalese Elites.” In Stetten W. Schmidt, James C. Scott, Carl Landé, and Laura Guasti, eds., Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism, 242–50. Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press

Forrest, Joshua. 1998. “The Colonial and Social Origins of Rural Power and Prospects for Democratic Decentralization.” Paper presented to the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, Chicago, November

Forrest, Joshua. 2002. “Guinea-Bissau.” In Patrick Chabal, ed., A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa, 236–63. London: Hurst

Forum Economique (Abidjan). Periodical

Foster, Philip, and Aristide R. Zolberg, eds. 1971. Ghana and the Ivory Coast: Perspectives on Modernization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–77. Edited by Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books

Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard. 1979. Quels Changements dans l'Agriculture Ivoirienne?Africa Development, 4, 1:71–8Google Scholar

Fox, Jonathan. 1990. Editor's Introduction. Special Issue on “The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Philippines.” Journal of Development Studies, 26, 4 (July):1–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox, Jonathan. 1984. The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico. World Politics, 46 (January):151–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frankenberger, Timothy R., and Mark B. Lynham. 1993. “Household Food Security and Coping Strategies along the Senegal River Valley.” In Thomas K. Park, ed., Risk and Tenure in Arid Lands: The Political Ecology of Development in the Senegal River Basin, 51–86. Tucson: University of Arizona Press

Fraternité Edition. 1980. Côte d'Ivoire, 20 Ans. Abidjan

Fraternité Matin (Abidjan). Periodical

Fréchou, H. 1955. Les Plantations Européenes en Côte d'Ivoire. Cahiers d'Outre Mer, 8, 29: 56–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frélastre, Georges. 1983. En Côte d'Ivoire: Prudente mise en Oeuvre de la Nouvelle Politique de Développement Rural Intégré. Le Mois en Afrique, 18, 213–4 (octobre–novembre):52–62Google Scholar

Freund, Bill. 1998. The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800. 2d. ed. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Press (first edition published by Indiana University Press, 1984)CrossRef

Frieden, Jeffry A. 1991. Debt, Development, and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1965–1985. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Frye, Timothy. 1997. “Delegation and Competition: Governing Emerging Markets in the Post-Communist World.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C., 28– 31 August

Furedi, Frank. 1989. The Mau Mau War in Perspective. London, Nairobi, and Athens, Ohio: James Currey Ltd, Heinemann Kenya, and Ohio University Press

Gal. See Le Gal

Galvan, Dennis. 1995. “Commodification, Land Pawning, and Peasant Lore: Responses to the Standardization of Tenure in the Siin Region of Senegal.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, Orlando, Fla

Galvan, Dennis. 1996. “ ‘The State Is Now the Master of Fire’: Adapting Institutions and Culture in Rural Senegal,” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, Department of Political Science

Galvan, Dennis. Forthcoming. Crafting a Local Modernity: Institutional Syncretism and Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Garnier, Maurice, et al. 1992. “The Experience in Ivory Coast with Decentralized Approaches to Local Delivery of Primary Education and Primary Health Services.” Unpublished manuscript prepared by Associates in Rural Development (ARD), Burlington, Vt., 20 January

Gastellu, J[ean]-M[arc]. 1982. “Droit d'Usage et Propriété Privée.” In E. Le Bris, Etienne Le Roy, et F. Leimdorfer, eds., Enjeux Fonciers en Afrique Noire, 269–80. Paris: Karthala

Gastellu, Jean-Marc. 1989. Riches Paysans de Côte-d'Ivoire. Paris: L'Harmattan

Gbagbo, Laurent. 1982. Côte-d'Ivoire: Economie et Société à la Veille de l'Indépendance (1940–1960). Paris: L'Harmattan

Gbetibouo, Mathurin, and Christopher L. Delgado. 1984. “Lessons and Constraints of Export Crop-Led Growth: Cocoa in Ivory Coast.” In I. William Zartman and Christopher Delgado, eds., The Political Economy of the Ivory Coast, 115–47. New York: Praeger

Geddes, Barbara. 1991. A Game Theoretic Model of Reform in Latin American Democracies. American Political Science Review, 85:371–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geddes, Barbara. 1994. Politician's Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Gellar, Sheldon. 1987. “Circulaire 32 Revisited: Prospects for Revitializing the Senegalese Cooperative Movement in the 1980s.” In John Waterbury and Mark Gersovitz, eds., The Political Economy of Risk and Choice in Senegal, 123–59. London: Frank Cass

Gellar, Sheldon. 1990. “State Tutelage vs. Self-Governance: The Rhetoric and Reality of Decentralization in Senegal.” In James S. Wunch and Dele Owolu, eds., The Failure of the Centralized State, 130–47. Boulder: Westview

Gentil, Dominique. 1986. Les Mouvements Coopératifs en Afrique de l'Ouest: Interventions de l'Etat ou Organisations Paysannes? Paris: Editions L'Harmattan

George, Alexander L., and Timothy, J. McKeown. 1985. Case Studies and Theories of Organizational Decision Making. Advances in Information Processing in Organizations, 2:21–58Google Scholar

Geschiere, Peter. 1982. Village Communities and the State: Changing Relations among the Maka of Southern Cameroon since Colonial Conquest. London: Kegan Paul International

Geschiere, Peter. 1985. “Imposing Capitalist Dominance through the State: The Multifarious Role of the Colonial State in Africa.” In Wim van Binsbergen and Peter Geschiere, eds., Old Modes of Production and Capitalist Encroachment: Anthropological Explorations in Africa, 94–143. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

Geschiere, Peter. 1986. “Hegemonic Regimes and Popular Protest – Bayart, Gramsci, and the State in Cameroon.” In Wim van Binsbergen, Filip Reyntjens, and Gerti Hesseling, eds., State and Local Community in Africa, 309–400. Brussels: CEDAF [Centre d'Etude et de Documentation Africaines]

Geschiere, Peter. 1989. “Accumulation and Non-Accumulation in Agriculture: Regional Variations in South Cameroon.” Paper presented at the African Social History Workshop, Columbia University, 31 October

Geschiere, Peter. 1993. Chiefs and Colonial Rule in Cameroon: Inventing Chieftaincy, French and British. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 63, 2:151–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geschiere, Peter, and Gugler, Josef. 1998. The Urban-Rural Connection: Changing Issues of Belonging and Identification. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 68, 3 (Summer):309–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geschiere, Peter, and J. van der Klei. 1987. “Le Rélation Etat-Paysans et ses Ambivalences: Modes Populaires d'Action Politique chez les Maka (Cameroun) et les Diola (Casamance).” In E. Terray, ed., L'Etat Contemporain en Afrique, 297–340. Paris: L'Harmattan

Gibson, Edward L. 1997. The Populist Road to Market Reform: Policy and Electoral Coalitions in Mexico and Argentina. World Politics, 49 (April):339–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Girard, Jean. 1963. “De la Communauté Traditionelle à la Collectivité Moderne en Casamance.” In University of Dakar Faculté de Droit et des Sciences Economiques, Annales Africaines, 135–65. Paris: Pedone

Goheen, Mitzi. 1992. Chiefs, Subchiefs, and Local Control: Negotiations over Land, Struggles over Meaning. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 62, 3:389–412CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goody, Jack. 1980. Rice-Burning and the Green Revolution in Northern Ghana. Journal of Development Studies, 16, 2 (January):136–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gourevitch, Peter Alexis. 1980. Paris and the Provinces: The Politics of Local Government Reform in France. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Gramsci, Antonio. 1988. An Antonio Gramsci Reader: Selected Writing, 1916–1935. Edited by David Forgacs. New York: Schocken Books

Green, Daniel. 1998. “Ghana: Structural Adjustment as State (Re)Formation.” In Leonardo Villalon and Phillip Huxtable, eds., The African State at a Critical Juncture, 185–212. Boulder: Lynne Rienner

Green, Reginald H. 1971. “Reflections on Economic Strategy, Structure, Implementation, and Necessity: Ghana and the Ivory Coast, 1957–67.” In Philip Foster and Aristide R. Zolberg, ed., Ghana and the Ivory Coast: Perspectives on Modernization, 231–64. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Grier, Beverly. 1987. “Contradiction, Crisis, and Class Conflict: The State and Capitalist Development in Ghana Prior to 1948.” In Irving Leonard Markovitz, ed., Studies in Class and Power in Africa, 27–49. New York: Oxford University Press

Griffeth, Robert R. 1968. “The Islamic Theme in Senegalese Institution-Building: The Nineteenth Century.” In Arnold Rivkin, ed., Nations by Design: Institution-Building in Africa, 184–92. Garden City, N. Y.: Anchor Books

Gunderson, William Charles. 1975. “Village Elders and Regional Intermediaries: Differing Responses to Change in the Korhogo Region of the Ivory Coast.” Ph.D. diss. Department of Political Science, Indiana University

Guyer, David. 1970. Ghana and the Ivory Coast: The Impact of Colonialism in an African Setting. New York: Exposition Press

Guyer, Jane. 1980. Head Tax, Social Structure, and Rural Incomes in Cameroun, 1922–37. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 20, 3:305–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guyer, Jane. 1981. Household and Community in African Studies. African Studies Review, 24, 2/3 (June/September):87–137CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guyer, Jane. 1991. “Representation without Taxation: An Essay on Democracy in Rural Nigeria, 1952–1990.” Boston University African Studies Center Working Paper, no. 152. (Published under same title in African Studies Review, 35, 1 (1992):41–79.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halpern, Jan. 1972. La Confrérie des Mourides et le Développement au Sénégal. Cultures et Développement, 3, 1:99–125Google Scholar

Hamer, Alice. 1981. “Diola Women and Migration: A Case Study.” In Lucie Gallistrel Colvin, ed., The Uprooted of the Western Sahel: Migrants' Quest for Cash in the Senegambia, 183–203. New York: Praeger

Hansen, Emmanuel, and Kwame A. Ninsin, eds. 1989. The State, Development, and Politics in Ghana. London: CODESRIA Book Series

Harbeson, John W. 1990. “Centralization and Development in Eastern Africa.” In James S. Wunch and Dele Owolu, eds., The Failure of the Centralized State, 174–92. Boulder, Colo.: Westview

Harbeson, John W., Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds. 1994. Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers

Harms, Robert. 1987. Games Against Nature: An Eco-Cultural History of the Nunu of Equatorial Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Hart, Keith. 1982. The Political Economy of West African Africulture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Harvey, David. 2001. Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography. London: Routledge

Hecht, Robert M. 1982. “Cocoa and the Dynamics of Socio-Economic Change in Southern Ivory Coast.” Ph.D. diss., University of Cambridge, Department of Social Anthropology

Hecht, Robert M. 1983. The Ivory Coast ‘Miracle’: What Benefits for Peasant Farmers?Journal of Modern African Studies, 21, 1:25–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hecht, Robert M. 1984. The Transformation of Lineage Production in Southern Ivory Coast. Ethnology: An International Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology, 23:261–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hecht, Robert M. 1985. Immigration, Land Transfer, and Tenure Change in Divo, Ivory Coast: 1940–1980. Africa, 55, 3:319–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hechter, Michael. 1983. “A Theory of Group Solidarity.” In Michael Hechter, ed., The Microfoundations of Macrosociology, 16–51. Philadelphia: Temple University Press

Hechter, Michael. 1987. Principles of Group Solidarity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Hechter, Michael. 1992. Dynamics of Secession. Acta Sociologica 35:267–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hechter, Michael. 2000. Containing Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Hechter, Michael, and Brustein, William. 1980. Regional Modes of Production and Patterns of State Formation in Western Europe. American Journal of Sociology, 85 (March):1061–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herbst, Jeffrey. 1993. The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982–1991. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Herbst, Jeffrey. 2000. States and Power in Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Hesseling, Gerti. 1986a. “La Réforme Foncière au Sénégal: Consensus entre Paysans et Pouvoirs Publics?” In Wim van Binsbergen, Filip Reyntjens, and G. Hesseling, eds., Etat et Communauté Locale en Afrique, 113–18. Bruxelles: CEDAF

Hesseling, Gerti. 1986b. “Le Droit Foncière dans une Situation Semi-Urbaine: Le Cas de Ziguinchor.” In Bernard Crousse et al., eds., Espaces Disputées en Afrique Noire, 113–32. Paris: Karthala

Hesseling, Gerti. 1994. “La Terre: À Qui Est-Elle? Les Pratiques Foncières en Basse-Casamance.” In F. G. Barbier-Wiesser, ed., Comprendre la Casamance: Chronique d'une Intégration Contrastée, 243–61. Paris: Karthala

Hill. Polly. 1963. “Three types of southern Ghanian cocoa farmers.” In D. Biebuyck, ed., African Agrarian Systems, 203–23. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Hill, Polly. 1966. Landlords and Brokers: A West African Trading System (with a Note on Kumasi Butchers). Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 6, 23:349–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hinderink, J., and Tempelman, G. J.. 1978. Rural Change and Types of Migration in Northern Ivory Coast. African Perspectives, 1:93–108Google Scholar

Hirschfeld, A. 1975. Histoire, Situation, et Perspectives du Mouvement Coopératif en RCI. Informations Coopératives, 3:51–73Google Scholar

Howard, Rhoda. 1976. Differential Class Participation in an African Protest Movement: The Ghana Cocoa Boycott of 1937–38. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 10, 3:469–80Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press

Hyden, Goran. 1980. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Hyden, Goran. 1983. No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development and Management in Perspective. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Ihonvbere, Julius O. 1996. On the Threshold of Another False Start? A Critical Evaluation of Prodemocracy Movements in Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 31, 1–2:140CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Institut de Développement Économique et Technique, Filiale de la Commission Générale d'Organisation Scientifique (IDET-CEGOS). 1963. La Distribution en Côte-d'Ivoire. Abidjan and Paris: IDET-GEGOS

Institut de Développement Économique et Technique, Filiale de la Commission Générale d'Organisation Scientifique (IDET-CEGOS) and République de Côte d'Ivoire, Ministère des Affaires Economiques et Financières (RCI, MAEF). 1969. Ensemble de Projets Devant Concourir à l'Amélioration et au Développement de la Distribution en Côte d'Ivoire: Mission d'Étude et de Mise en Place des Structures du Commerce et de la Distribution en Côte d'Ivoire. Abidjan: MAEF and IDET-CEGOS (juin)

Issacman, Alan. 1990. Peasants and Rural Social Protest in Africa. African Studies Review, 33, 2 (September):1–120CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jarrige, F., and Ruf, F.. 1990. Understanding the Cocoa Crisis. Café Cacao Thé, 34, 3 (juillet–septembre):221–9Google Scholar

Johnson, G. Wesley, Jr. 1971. The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes. Stanford: Stanford University Press

Kane, Papa Mamadou. 1988. “Administration Locale et Organisations Paysannes.” In Cheikh Tidjane Sy, ed., Crise du Développement Rural et Désengagement de l'Etat au Sénégal, 23–45. Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines

Kante, Babacar. 1994. Senegal's Empty Elections. Journal of Democracy, 5, 1 (January):96–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kay, G. B. 1972. The Political Economy of Colonialism in Ghana: A Collection of Documents and Statistics, 1900–1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Kipré, Pierre. 1983. “Grandes Sociétés et Entreprises Individuelles dans la Ville Coloniale en Côte d'Ivoire à la Veille de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale.” In Laboratoire ‘Conaissance du Tiers-Monde,’ ed., Entreprises et Entrepreneurs en Afrique, XIXe et XXe Siècles, Tome ≡, 229–40. Paris: L'Harmattan

Kiser, Edgar. 1996. The Revival of Narrative in Historical Sociology: What Rational Choice Theory Can Contribute. Politics and Society, 24, 3 (September):249–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiwanuka, M. Semakula. 1970. Colonial Policies and Administrations in Africa: The Myths of the Contrasts. African Historical Studies, 3, 2:295–315CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klein, Martin. 1968a. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press

Klein, Martin. 1968b. “The Evolution of the ‘Chefferie’ in Senegal.” In Arnold Rivkin, ed., Nations by Design: Institution-Building in Africa, 192–207. Garden City, N. Y.: Anchor Books

Klein, Martin. 1972. Social and Economic Factors in the Muslim Revolution in Senegambia. Journal of African History, 13, 3:419–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knight, Jack. 1992. Institutions and Social Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Köbben, A. J. F. 1963. “Land as an Object of Gain in a Non-Literate Society: Land Tenure among the Bété and Dida (Ivory Coast, West Africa).” In Daniel Biebuyck, ed., African Agrarian Systems, 245–66. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Koffi Teya, Pascal. 1985. Côte d'Ivoire: Le Roi et Nu. Paris: L'Harmattan

Kouassi, Kouadio Jean-Baptiste. 1989. “L'apport des Travailleurs Immigrés dans l'Économie Ivoirienne: Le Cas des Syro-Libanais dans le Secteur Agro-Alimentaire.” Thèse de doctorat de troisième cycle, Departement d'Ethno-Sociologie, Faculté des Lettres, Arts, et Sciences Humaines, Université Nationale de Côte d'Ivoire

Kouassi, René. 1993. La Répartition des Moyens d'Incitation à la Production entre Cultures d'Exportation et Cultures Vivrières in Côte d'Ivoire. Africa Development (Dakar), 18, 1:67–86Google Scholar

Labazée, Pascal. 1991. “Organisation Sociale et Stratégies Economiques des Réseaux Marchands Transfrontaliers: Le Case des Échanges entre le Mali, le Burkina Faso et le Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire.” Abidjan: ORSTOM-CNRS, novembre

Ladouceur, Paul André. 1979. Chiefs and Politicians: The Politics of Regionalism in Northern Ghana. London: Longman

Lam, Aboubacry Moussa. 1992. Crise Agraire et Après-Barrages au Fuuta. Sociétés, Espaces, Temps (Dakar), 1, 1:116–24Google Scholar

Launay, Robert. 1982. Traders without Trade: Responses to Change in Two Dyula Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Laurent, Pierre-Joseph, and Peemans, Jean-Philippe. 1998. Les Dimensions Socio-Economiques du Développement Local en Afrique au Sud du Sahara: Quelles Stratégies pour quels Acteurs?APAD Bulletin [Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et du Développement], 15 (May):9–20Google Scholar

Lavigne Delville, Philippe. 1991. “Migration et Structuration Associative.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 117–40. Paris: Karthala

Lawler, Nancy. 1990. Reform and Repression under the Free French: Economic and Political Transformation in the Côte d'Ivoire, 1942–45. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 60:88–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lawler, Nancy. 1992. Soldiers of Misfortune: Ivioirien Tirailleurs of World War II. Athens: Ohio University Press

Le Bulletin de l'Afrique Noire (BAN). Periodical

Lee, Eddy. 1980. Export-Led Rural Development: The Ivory Coast. Development and Change, 11, 4:607–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Le Fichier Permanent de la Côte d'Ivoire. Periodical. Paris: La Documentation Française

Le Gal, Pierre-Yves, and Ibrihima Dia. 1991. “Le Désengagement de l'Etat et ses Conséquences dans le Delta du Fleuve Sénégal.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 161–74. Paris: Karthala

Lele, Uma, Nicolas van de Walle, and Mathurin Gbetibouo. 1989. Cotton in Africa: An Analysis of Differences in Performance. Managing Agricultural Development in Africa (MADIA) Discussion Paper 7. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank

Lemarchand, René. 1977. “Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing Solidarities in Nation-Building.” In Steffen W. Schmidt et al., eds., Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism, 100–22. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Meur, Pierre-Yves. 1998. Décentralisation par le Bas et Participation Clientéliste au Bénin. APAD [Association Euro-Africaine pour l'Anthropologie du Changement Social et du Développement] Bulletin 15 (May):49–64Google Scholar

Lemieux, Vincent. 1996. L'Analyse Politique de la Décentralisation. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 29, 4 (December):661–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Le Monde. Periodical

Le Nouvel Horizon (Abidjan). Periodical

Lentz, Carola, and Paul Nugent, eds. 2000. Ethnicity in Ghana: The Limits of Invention. Houndmills and London: Macmillan

Leonard, David K. 1991. African Successes: Four Public Managers of Kenyan Rural Development. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Roy, Etienne. 1984. Enjeux, Contraintes, et Limites d'une Démocratisation d'une Administration Territoriale: Les Communautés Rurales Sénégalaises (1972–1980). Annuaire du Tiers Monde, 8:61–76Google Scholar

Le Roy, Etienne. 1991. “Urbanisation et Agro-Industries.” In Bernard Crousse, Paul Mathieu, and Sidy M. Seck, eds., La Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal: Evaluations et Perspectives d'une Décennie d'Aménagements (1980–1990), 175–96. Paris: Karthala

Le Soleil (Dakar). Periodical

Leveau, Rémy. 1985. Le Fellah Morocain: Défenseur du Trône. 2d ed. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques. (First published in 1976.)

Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

Lewis, Barbara. 1971. “The Dioula in the Ivory Coast.” In Carleton T. Hodge, ed., Papers on the Manding, 273–307. Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Lewis, Barbara. 1980. “Ethnicity and Occupation Specialization in the Ivory Coast: the Transporters' Association.” In John N. Paden, ed., Values, Identities, and National Integration, 75–87, 381–2. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press

Lewis, Barbara. 1991. “Land, Property, and Politics: Rural Divo at the Fin de Régime.” Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, St. Louis, Mo., 23–26 November

Lewis, Barbara. 1992. “Political Liberalization, Economic Liberalization, and Obstacles to Rural Empowerment in Côte d'Ivoire.” Paper prepared for the meeting of the African Studies Association, Seattle, Wash., 20–23 November

Ley, A. 1982. “La Logique Foncière de l'Etat depuis la Colonisation: l'Expérience Ivoirienne.” In E. Le Bris, Etienne Le Roy, and F. Leimdorfer, eds., Enjeux Fonciers en Afrique Noire, 135–40. Paris: Karthala