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35 - Common Electrolyte Disorders (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium)

from Section 7 - Renal Emergencies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2023

By
Christine K. Chan  and
John E. Arbo
Edited by
Kaushal Shah  and
Jarone Lee
Edited in association with
Clark G. Owyang  and
Benjamin Christian Renne
Kaushal Shah
Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York
Jarone Lee
Affiliation:
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
Clark G. Owyang
Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York
Benjamin Christian Renne
Affiliation:
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Summary

Serum sodium (Na) concentration is mediated by free water intake, circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and renal filtration of sodium. Disorders of potassium, especially hyperkalemia, are the most feared electrolyte disorders due to their ability to cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. Release of calcium stores into the circulation is regulated by extracellular calcium concentration, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D metabolites and calcitonin. Magnesium is one of the most abundant cations in the body and plays a large role in cardiac contractility as well as nerve conduction.

Keywords

electrolyteshyponatremiahypernatremiahypokalemiahyperkalemiahypocalcemiahypercalcemiahypomagnesemiahypermagnesemiahypertonic saline
Type
Chapter
Information
Practical Emergency Resuscitation and Critical Care , pp. 333 - 364
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

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References

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Shepshelovich, D, Schechter, A, Calvarysky, B, et al. Medication-induced SIADH: distribution and characterization according to medication class. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017;83(8):1801–1807. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13256CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sood, L, Sterns, RH, Hix, JK, et al. Hypertonic saline and desmopressin: a simple strategy for safe correction of severe hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis 2013;61(4):571–578; https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.11.032CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
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