Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 244
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
November 2014
Print publication year:
2014
Online ISBN:
9781139858472

Book description

Advances in qualitative methods and recent developments in the philosophy of science have led to an emphasis on explanation via reference to causal mechanisms. This book argues that the method known as process tracing is particularly well suited to developing and assessing theories about such mechanisms. The editors begin by establishing a philosophical basis for process tracing - one that captures mainstream uses while simultaneously being open to applications by interpretive scholars. Equally important, they go on to establish best practices for individual process-tracing accounts - how micro to go, when to start (and stop), and how to deal with the problem of equifinality. The contributors then explore the application of process tracing across a range of subfields and theories in political science. This is an applied methods book which seeks to shrink the gap between the broad assertion that 'process tracing is good' and the precise claim 'this is an instance of good process tracing'.

Reviews

‘Bennett and Checkel have assembled an impressive group of scholars on the cutting-edge methodological issues involved in process tracing, while at the same time providing concrete, practical advice for scholars who wish to use this technique of analysis in a variety of different research programs. As a result of this dual approach, this volume represents a steep change from earlier methodological studies on process tracing and fills a real gap in scholarship. There is no doubt that it will be compulsory reading on graduate-level courses in qualitative methodology for a long time to come.’

Giovanni Capoccia - University of Oxford

‘Bennett and Checkel's remarkable book ​will bring process tracing to the attention of a wide spectrum of disciplines - sociology, anthropology, history, public policy analysis and beyond. This valuable tool for causal inference has been developed primarily by political scientists, and ​their volume ​will accelerate much wider adoption of the method.’

David Collier - Robson Professor, University of California, Berkeley

‘This volume is the next milestone in the dynamic debate over causal mechanisms and the standards and practices of process tracing. These contributions by leading figures in the discipline covering a broad range of topics and research areas are a must-read for anyone interested in and using qualitative methods.’

Ingo Rohlfing - Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References
Abadie, Alberto. 2006. “Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism.” American Economic Review 96/2: 50–56.
Abell, Peter. 2009. “A Case for Cases: Comparative Narratives in Sociological Research.” Sociological Methods and Research 38/1: 38–70.
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James A.. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review 91/5: 1369–1401.
Acharya, Amitav and Johnston, Alastair Iain (eds.). 2007. Crafting Cooperation: Regional International Institutions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Adler, Emanuel. 1997. “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics.” European Journal of International Relations 3/3: 319–363.
Adler, Emanuel. 2013. “Constructivism and International Relations: Sources, Contributions and Debates,” in Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth (eds.). Handbook of International Relations, 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications.
Adler, Emanuel and Pouliot, Vincent. 2011a. “International Practices.” International Theory 3/1: 1–36.
Adler, Emanuel and Pouliot, Vincent (eds.). 2011b. International Practices. Cambridge University Press.
Akhromeev, S. F. and Kornienko, G.. 1992. Glazami marshala i diplomata. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia.
Akhromeeva, Tamara Vasil’evna. 1995. “Ia nikogda ne poveriu, chto on ukhodil na smert’ …Sovershenno sekretno 7: 16–17.
Albouy, David. 2012. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation: Comment.” American Economic Review 102/6: 3059–3076.
Alexander, Gerard. 2002. The Sources of Democratic Consolidation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Angrist, Joshua D. and Krueger, Alan. 2001. “Instrumental Variables and the Search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 15/4: 69–85.
Angrist, Joshua D. and Pischke, Jörn-Steffen. 2008. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton University Press.
Arbatov, Georgii. 1990. “Armiia dlia strany ili strana dlia armii?Ogonek 5: 4.
Autesserre, Severine. 2009. “Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence and International Intervention.” International Organization 63/2: 249–280.
Autesserre, Severine. 2010. The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding. Cambridge University Press.
Bakke, Kristin. 2013. “Copying and Learning from Outsiders? Assessing Diffusion from Transnational Insurgents in the Chechen Wars,” in Checkel, Jeffrey T. (ed.). Transnational Dynamics of Civil War. Cambridge University Press.
Baklanov, Oleg. 1991a. “Ob itogakh obsuzhdeniya v komissii TsK KPSS po voennoi politiki partii khoda razrabotki kontseptsii voennoi reformy i perspektiv razvitiia Vooruzhennykh Sil SSSR. 8 ianvariia (memorandum reporting on a meeting of 12 December 1990),” in Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Noveishei Istorii (RGANI), Fond 89, Opis’ 21, Delo 63.
Baklanov, Oleg. 1991b. “Ob itogakh obsuzhdeniia v komissii TsK KPSS po voennoi politiki khoda peregovorov po sokrashcheniiu vooruzhenii. 6 fevral’iia,” in Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Noveishei Istorii (RGANI), Fond 89, Opis’ 21, Delo 63.
Barnett, Michael. 2002. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Barnett, Michael and Duvall, Raymond. 2005. “Power in International Politics.” International Organization 59/1: 39–75.
Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, Martha. 2004. Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Bates, Robert, Weingast, Barry, Greif, Avner, Levi, Margaret, and Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent. 1998. Analytic Narratives. Princeton University Press.
Bazzi, Samuel and Blattman, Christopher. 2011. “Economic Shocks and Conflict: The (Absence of?) Evidence from Commodity Prices.” Unpublished manuscript.
Beach, Derek and Pedersen, Rasmus Brun. 2013a. Process-Tracing Methods: Foundations and Guidelines. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Beach, Derek and Pedersen, Rasmus Brun. 2013b. “Turning Observations into Evidence: Using Bayesian Logic to Evaluate What Inferences Are Possible without Evidence.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Chicago, IL (September).
Bendor, J., Glazer, A., and Hammond, T.. 2001. “Theories of Delegation.” Annual Review of Political Science 4: 235–269.
Bennett, Andrew. 1999. Condemned to Repetition?: The Rise, Fall, and Reprise of Soviet-Russian Military Interventionism, 1973–1996. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bennett, Andrew. 2003. “Trust Bursting Out All Over: The Soviet Side of German Unification,” in Wohlforth, William C. (ed.). Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Bennett, Andrew. 2007. “Multimethod Work: Dispatches from the Front Lines.” Qualitative Methods: Newsletter of the Qualitative Methods Section of the American Political Science Association 5/1: 9–11.
Bennett, Andrew 2008. “Process Tracing: A Bayesian Approach,” in Box-Steffensmeier, Janet, Brady, Henry, and Collier, David (eds.). Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology. Oxford University Press, pp. 702–721.
Bennett, Andrew. 2010. “Process Tracing and Causal Inference,” in Brady, Henry and Collier, David (eds.). Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, 2nd edn. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Bennett, Andrew. 2013a. “Causal Mechanisms and Typological Theories in the Study of Civil Conflict,” in Checkel, Jeffrey T. (ed.). Transnational Dynamics of Civil War. Cambridge University Press.
Bennett, Andrew. 2013b. “The Mother of All Isms: Causal Mechanisms and Structured Pluralism in International Relations Theory.” European Journal of International Relations 19/3: 459–481.
Bennett, Andrew and Elman, Colin. 2007. “Case Study Methods in the International Relations Subfield.” Comparative Political Studies. 40/2: 170–195.
Berger, James. 2006. “The Case for Objective Bayesian Analysis.” Bayesian Analysis 1/3: 385–402.
Berman, Nicholas and Couttenier, Mathieu. 2013. “External Shocks, Internal Shots: The Geography of Civil Conflicts.” Unpublished manuscript.
Berman, Sheri. 1998. The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Beschloss, Michael R. and Talbott, Strobe. 1993. At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War. Boston: Little Brown & Co.
Blanton, Thomas. 2010. “US Policy and the Revolutions of 1989,” in Savranskaya, Svetlana, Blanton, Thomas, and Zubok, Vladislav (eds). Masterpieces of History: The Peaceful End of the Cold War in Europe, 1989. Budapest: Central European University Press.
Blattman, Chris. 2009. “From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda.” American Political Science Review 103/2: 231–247.
Bleich, Erik. 2003. Race Politics in Britain and France: Ideas and Policymaking since the 1960s. Cambridge University Press.
Blyth, Mark. 2002. Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1990. The Logic of Practice. Stanford University Press.
Brady, Henry and Collier, David (eds.). 2010. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, 2nd edn. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Brooks, Stephen G. 1997. “Dueling Realisms (Realism in International Relations).” International Organization 51/3: 445–477.
Brooks, Stephen G. 2005. Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict. Princeton University Press.
Brooks, Stephen G. and Wohlforth, William C.. 2002. “From Old Thinking to New Thinking in Qualitative Research.” International Security 26/4 (Spring): 93–111.
Brooks, Stephen G. and Wohlforth, William C.. 2003. “Economic Constraints and the End of the Cold War,” in Wohlforth, William C. (ed.). Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Brooks, Stephen G. and Wohlforth, William C.. 2000. “Power, Globalization and the End of the Cold War: Reevaluating a Landmark Case for Ideas.” International Security 25/3: 5–53.
Brown, Archie. 1996. The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford University Press.
Brown, Archie. 2007. Seven Years that Changed the World: Perestroika in Perspective. Oxford University Press.
Buhaug, Halvard, Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Rod, Jan Ketil. 2008. “Disaggregating Ethno- Nationalist Civil Wars: A Dyadic Test of Exclusion Theory.” International Organization 62/3: 531–551.
Bunge, Mario. 1997. “Mechanism and Explanation.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 27/4: 410–465.
Bunge, Mario. 2004. “How Does It Work? The Search for Explanatory Mechanisms.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34/2: 182–210.
Capoccia, Giovanni and Kelemen, R. Daniel. 2007. “The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism.” World Politics 59/3: 341–369.
Caporaso, James, Checkel, Jeffrey T., and Jupille, Joseph. 2003. “Integrating Institutions: Rationalism, Constructivism and the Study of the European Union – Introduction.” Comparative Political Studies 36/1–2: 7–41.
Cartwright, Nancy and Hardie, Jeremy. 2012. Evidence-Based Policy: A Practical Guide to Doing It Better. Oxford University Press.
Casscells, W., Schoenberger, A., and Graboys, T. B.. 1978. “Interpretation by Physicians of Clinical Laboratory Results.” New England Journal of Medicine 299: 999–1001.
Caughey, Devin M. and Sekhon, Jasjeet S.. 2011. “Elections and the Regression-Discontinuity Design: Lessons from Close U.S. House Races, 1942–2008.” Political Analysis 19: 385–408.
Cederman, Lars-Erik and Girardin, Luc. 2007. “Beyond Fractionalization: Mapping Ethnicity onto Nationalist Insurgencies.” American Political Science Review 101/1: 173–186.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Wimmer, Andreas, and Min, Brian. 2010. “Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis.” World Politics 62/1: 87–119.
Checkel, Jeffrey T. 1997. Ideas and International Political Change: Soviet/Russian Behavior and the End of the Cold War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2003. “‘Going Native’ in Europe? Theorizing Social Interaction in European Institutions.” Comparative Political Studies 36/1–2: 209–231.
Checkel, Jeffrey T. (ed.). 2007. International Institutions and Socialization in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2008. “Process Tracing,” in Klotz, Audie and Prakash, Deepa (eds.). Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2013a. “Theoretical Pluralism in IR: Possibilities and Limits,” in Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth (eds.). Handbook of International Relations, 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications.
Checkel, Jeffrey T. (ed.). 2013b. Transnational Dynamics of Civil War. Cambridge University Press.
Chernoff, Fred. 2002. “Scientific Realism as a Meta-Theory of International Relations.” International Studies Quarterly 46/2: 189–207.
Coleman, James. 1986. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Collier, David. 1999. “Data, Field Work, and Extracting New Ideas at Close Range.” Newsletter of the Organized Section in Comparative Politics of the American Political Science Association 10/1.
Collier, David. 2011. “Understanding Process Tracing.” PS: Political Science and Politics 44/3: 823–830.
Collier, David, Brady, Henry E., and Seawright, Jason. 2004. “Toward an Alternative View of Methodology: Sources of Leverage in Causal Inference,” in Brady, Henry E. and Collier, David (eds.). Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Collier, David, Brady, Henry E., and Seawright, Jason. 2010. “Sources of Leverage in Causal Inference: Towards an Alternative View of Methodology,” in Brady, Henry E. and Collier, David (eds.). Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, 2nd edn. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Collier, Paul and Sambanis, Nicholas (eds.). 2005. Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis. New York: World Bank Publications.
Condra, Luke and Shapiro, Jacob. 2012. “Who Takes the Blame? The Strategic Effects of Collateral Damage.” American Journal of Political Science 56/1: 167–187.
Cook, S. D. N. and Brown, J. S.. 1999. “Bridging Epistemologies: The Generative Dance between Organizational Knowledge and Organizational Knowing.” Organization Science 10/4: 381–400.
Cox, Michael. 1990. “Whatever Happened to the ‘Second’ Cold War? Soviet–American Relations: 1980–1988.” Review of International Studies 16/2: 155–172.
Culpepper, Pepper D. 2008. “The Politics of Common Knowledge: Ideas and Institutional Change in Wage Bargaining.” International Organization 62/1: 1–33.
Cusack, Thomas R., Iverson, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2007. “Economic Interests and the Origins of Electoral Systems.” American Political Science Review 101/3: 373–391.
De Soto, Hernando. 2000. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books.
Dessler, David. 1999. “Constructivism within a Positivist Social Science.” Review of International Studies 25/1: 123–137.
Deudney, Daniel and Ikenberry, G. John. 2011a. “The End of the Cold War after 20 years: Reconsiderations, Retrospectives and Revisions.” International Politics 48/4–5: 435–440.
Deudney, Daniel and Ikenberry, G. John. 2011b. “Pushing and Pulling: The Western System, Nuclear Weapons and Soviet Change.” International Politics 48/4–5: 496–544.
De Vreese, Leen. 2008. “Causal (Mis)understanding and the Search for Scientific Explanations: A Case Study from the History of Medicine.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 39: 14–24.
Dobrynin, Anatoly. 1995. In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents. New York: Crown.
Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 1996. Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representation in North–South Relations. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1930. “The Adventure of the Blanched Soldier,” in Doyle, , The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes. Published in The Complete Sherlock Holmes. Vol. 2. New York: Barnes and Noble Classics, 2003, pp. 528–529.
Drozdiak, William. 1990. “East and West Declare the End of Cold War at Paris Conference.” International Herald Tribune. 20 November.
Dunning, Thad. 2008a. “Improving Causal Inference: Strengths and Limitations of Natural Experiments.” Political Research Quarterly 61/2: 282–293.
Dunning, Thad. 2008b. “Natural and Field Experiments: The Role of Qualitative Methods.” Qualitative Methods: Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research 6/2: 17–22.
Dunning, Thad. 2008c. “Model Specification in Instrumental-Variables Regression.” Political Analysis 16/3: 290–302.
Dunning, Thad. 2010. “Design-Based Inference: Beyond the Pitfalls of Regression Analysis?” in Brady, Henry and Collier, David (eds.). Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, 2nd edn. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Dunning, Thad. 2012. Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences: A Design-Based Approach. Cambridge University Press.
Earman, John. 1992. Bayes or Bust: A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Eels, Ellery and Fitelson, Branden. 2002. “Symmetries and Asymmetries in Evidential Support.” Philosophical Studies 107: 129–142.
Elman, Colin. 2005. “Explanatory Typologies in Qualitative Studies of International Politics.” International Organization 59/2: 293–326.
Elman, Colin and Kapiszewski, Diana. 2014. “Data Access and Research Transparency in the Qualitative Tradition.” PS: Political Science & Politics 47/1: 43–47.
Elster, Jon. 1989. Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press.
Elster, Jon. 1998. “A Plea for Mechanisms,” in Hedstroem, Peter and Swedberg, Richard (eds.). Social Mechanisms: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory. Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–73.
English, Robert D. 2000. Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War. New York: Columbia University Press.
English, Robert D. 2002. “Power, Ideas, and New Evidence on the Cold War’s End: A Reply to Brooks and Wohlforth.” International Security 26/4: 70–92.
English, Robert D. 2003. “The Road(s) Not Taken: Causality and Contingency in Analysis of the Cold War’s End,” in Wohlforth, William C. (ed.). Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Evangelista, Matthew. 1986. “The New Soviet Approach to Security.” World Policy Journal 3/4.
Evangelista, Matthew. 1991. “Sources of Moderation in Soviet Security Policy,” in Tetlock, Philip, Jervis, Robert, Husbands, Jo, Stern, Paul, and Tilly, Charles (eds.). Behavior, Society, and Nuclear War 2. Oxford University Press.
Evangelista, Matthew. 1993. “Internal and External Constraints on Grand Strategy: The Soviet Case,” in Rosecrance, Richard and Stein, Arthur (eds.). The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Evangelista, Matthew. 1999. Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Fairfield, Tasha. 2013. “Going Where the Money Is: Strategies for Taxing Economic Elites in Unequal Democracies.” World Development 47: 42–57.
Falkenrath, Richard A. 1995. Shaping Europe’s Military Order: The Origins and Consequences of the CFE Treaty. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Falleti, Tulia G. and Lynch, Julia F.. 2009. “Context and Causal Mechanisms in Political Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 42/9: 1143–1166.
Fearon, James and Wendt, Alexander. 2002. “Rationalism v. Constructivism: A Skeptical View,” in Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth (eds.). Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications.
Fearon, James and Laitin, David. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97/1: 75–90.
Field, Hartry. 2009. “A Note on Jeffrey Conditionalization.” Philosophy of Science 45: 361–367.
Finnemore, Martha. 1996. National Interests in International Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Finnemore, Martha and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52/4: 887–917.
Fitelson, Branden. 2001. “A Bayesian Account of Independent Evidence with Applications.” Philosophy of Science 68/3: S123–S140.
FitzGerald, Mary. 1989. “The Dilemma in Moscow’s Defensive Force Posture.” Arms Control Today 19/9.
Forsberg, Randall. 1981a. “The Prospects for Arms Control and Disarmament: A View from Moscow.” Brookline, MA: Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies.
Forsberg, Randall. 1981b. “Randall Forsberg Visit to Moscow, 8–18 December 1981: List of Organizations and People Visited.” Brookline, MA: Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies.
Forsberg, Randall. 1985. “Parallel Cuts in Nuclear and Conventional Forces.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (August): 152–156.
Forsberg, Randall. 1987. “Alternative Defense in the Soviet Union: A Discussion with Alexei Arbatov.” Transcript. November 4. Brookline, MA: Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies.
Forsberg, Randall. 1989. “Report on Moscow IGCC Conference, 2–8 October 1988.” Defense and Disarmament Alternatives 2/1.
Freedman, David A. 1999. “From Association to Causation: Some Remarks on the History of Statistics.” Statistical Science 14: 243–258.
Freedman, David A. 2008a. “On Regression Adjustments to Experimental Data.” Advances in Applied Mathematics 40: 180–193.
Freedman, David A. 2008b. “On Regression Adjustments in Experiments with Several Treatments.” Annals of Applied Statistics 2: 176–196.
Freedman, David A. 2009. Statistical Models: Theory and Practice, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press.
Freedman, David A. 2010. “On Types of Scientific Inquiry: The Role of Qualitative Reasoning,” in Collier, David, Sekhon, Jasjeet S., and Stark, Philip B. (eds.). Statistical Models and Causal Inference: A Dialogue with the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press, pp. 337–356.
Friedrichs, Joerg and Kratochwil, Friedrich. 2009. “On Acting and Knowing: How Pragmatism Can Advance International Relations Research and Methodology.” International Organization 63/4: 701–731.
Fujii, Lee Ann. 2010. “Shades of Truth and Lies: Interpreting Testimonies of War and Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 47/2: 231–241.
Galiani, Sebastian and Schargrodsky, Ernesto. 2004. “The Health Effects of Land Titling.” Economics and Human Biology 2: 353–372.
Galiani, Sebastian and Schargrodsky, Ernesto. 2010. “Property Rights for the Poor: Effects of Land Titling.” Journal of Public Economics 94: 700–729.
Gallow, J. Dmitri. 2014. “How to Learn from Theory-Dependent Evidence; or Commutativity and Holism: A Solution for Conditionalizers.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 65: 493–519.
Gates, Robert. 2010. “Gorbachev’s Gameplan: The Long View.” Memorandum, November 24, 1987, in Savranskaya, Svetlana, Blanton, Thomas, and Zubok, Vladislav (eds.). Masterpieces of History: The Peaceful End of the Cold War in Europe, 1989. Budapest: Central European University Press.
Gates, Scott. 2008. “Mixing It Up: The Role of Theory in Mixed-Methods Research.” Qualitative Methods: Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research 6/1: 27–29.
Geddes, Barbara. 2003. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Gerber, Alan S. and Green, Donald P.. 2012. Field Experiments: Design, Analysis, and Interpretation. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Geertz, Clifford. 1987. “‘From the Native’s Point of View’: On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding,” in Gibbons, Michael. T. (ed.). Interpreting Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 133–147.
Gelman, Harry. 1992. The Rise and Fall of National Security Decisionmaking in the Former USSR. RAND Report R-4200-A. Santa Monica, CA.
George, Alexander L. 1979. “Case Studies and Theory Development: The Method of Structured, Focused Comparison,” in Lauren, Paul Gordon (ed.). Diplomatic History: New Approaches. New York: Free Press.
George, Alexander L. 1993. Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press.
George, Alexander L. and Bennett, Andrew. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gerring, John 2007a. Case Study Research. Principles and Practices. Cambridge University Press.
Gerring, John. 2007b. “Review Article: The Mechanismic Worldview: Thinking Inside the Box.” British Journal of Political Science 38/1: 161–179.
Gheciu, Alexandra. 2005. NATO in the “New Europe”: The Politics of International Socialization after the Cold War. Stanford University Press.
Gigerenzer, Gerd and Hoffrage, Ulrich. 1995. “How to Improve Bayesian Reasoning without Instruction: Frequency Formats.” Psychological Review 102/4: 684–704.
Glaser, Barney G. and Strauss, Anselm. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co.
Goertz, Gary and Mahoney, James. 2012. A Tale of Two Cultures: Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Social Sciences. Princeton University Press.
Goldstein, Judith. 1993. Ideas, Interests, and American Trade Policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Goodwin, Jeff. 2001. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. Cambridge University Press.
Gorbachev, Mikhail. 1988a. Letter to Frank von Hippel. November 16, 1987, in F.A.S. Public Interest Report 41/2 (February).
Gorbachev, Mikhail. 1988b. Address to 43rd United Nations General Assembly Session. December 7.
Gorbachev, Mikhail. 1995a. Zhizn’ i reformy 1. Moscow: Novosti.
Gorbachev, Mikhail. 1995b. Zhizn’ i reformy 2. Moscow: Novosti.
Gorski, Philip S. 2003. The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe. University of Chicago Press.
Grieco, Joseph. 1997. “Realist International Theory and the Study of World Politics,” in Doyle, Michael and Ikenberry, G. John (eds.). New Thinking in International Relations. New York: Westview Press.
Gross, Neil. 2009. “A Pragmatist Theory of Social Mechanisms.” American Sociological Review 74/2: 358–379.
Gunnell, John G. 2011. “Social Scientific Inquiry and Meta-Theoretical Fantasy: The Case of International Relations.” Review of International Studies 37/4: 1447–1469.
Gusterson, Hugh. 1993. “Exploding Anthropology’s Canon in the World of the Bomb: Ethnographic Writing on Militarism.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22/1: 59–79.
Gusterson, Hugh. 2008. “Ethnographic Research,” in Klotz, Audie and Prakash, Deepa (eds.). Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Guzzini, Stefano. 2011. “Securitization as a Causal Mechanism.” Security Dialogue 42/4–5: 329–341.
Guzzini, Stephano (ed.). 2012. The Return of Geopolitics in Europe? Social Mechanisms and Foreign Policy Identity Crises. Cambridge University Press.
Haas, Peter. 2010. “Practicing Analytic Eclecticism.” Qualitative & Multi-Method Research: Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research 8/2: 9–14.
Hacker, Jacob S. and Pierson, Paul. 2005. Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hall, Peter A. 1993. “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State.” Comparative Politics 25/3: 275–296.
Hall, Peter A. 2003. “Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Politics,” in Mahoney, J. and Rueschemeyer, D. (eds.). Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press.
Hall, Peter. 2013. “Tracing the Progress of Process Tracing.” European Political Science 12/1: 20–30.
Halliday, Fred. 1983. The Making of the Second Cold War. London: Verso.
Hansen, Lene. 2006. Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War. London; New York: Routledge.
Hansen, Lene. 2011. “Performing Practices: A Poststructuralist Analysis of the Muhammad Cartoon Crisis,” in Adler, Emanuel and Pouliot, Vincent (eds.). International Practices. Cambridge University Press, pp. 280–309.
Hawkins, Darren, Lake, David, Nielson, Daniel, and Tierney, Michael (eds.). 2006. Delegation and Agency in International Organizations. Cambridge University Press.
Hawthorne, James. 2004. “Three Models of Sequential Belief Updating on Uncertain Evidence.” Journal of Philosophical Logic 33: 97–98.
Heckman, James. 2000. “Causal Parameters and Policy Analysis in Economics: A Twentieth Century Retrospective.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115/1: 45–97.
Hedström, Peter and Swedberg, Richard (eds.). 1998. Social Mechanisms. An Analytical Approach to Social Theory. Cambridge University Press.
Hedström, Peter and Ylikoski, Petri. 2010. “Causal Mechanisms in the Social Sciences.” Annual Review of Sociology 36: 49–67.
Hellman, Geoffrey. 1997. “Bayes and Beyond.” Philosophy of Science 64/2: 191–221.
Héritier, Adrienne. 2007. Explaining Institutional Change in Europe. Oxford University Press.
Hernes, Gudmund. 1998. “Real Virtuality,” in Hedström, Peter and Swedberg, Richard (eds.). Social Mechanisms: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory. Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–101.
Herspring, Dale. 1990. The Soviet High Command, 1967–1989: Personalities and Politics. Princeton University Press.
Ho, Daniel, Imai, Kosuke, King, Gary, and Stuart, Elizabeth. 2007. “Matching as Nonparametric Preprocessing for Reducing Model Dependence in Parametric Causal Inference.” Political Analysis 15/3: 199–236.
Hobarth, Robin. 1972. “Process Tracing in Clinical Judgment: An Analytical Approach.” Ph.D. Thesis. University of Chicago.
Hoffmann, Matthew. 2008. “Agent-Based Modeling,” in Klotz, Audie and Prakash, Deepa (eds.). Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Holzscheiter, Anna. 2010. Children’s Rights in International Politics: The Transformative Power of Discourse. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hooghe, Liesbet and Marks, Gary. 2009. “A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus.” British Journal of Political Science 39/1: 1–23.
Hopf, Ted. 2002. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Hopf, Ted. 2007. “The Limits of Interpreting Evidence,” in Lebow, Richard Ned and Lichbach, Mark Irving (eds.). Theory and Evidence in Comparative Politics and International Relations. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 55–84.
Hopf, Ted. 2012. Reconstructing the Cold War. Oxford University Press.
Horiuchi, Yusaka and Saito, Jun. 2009. “Rain, Elections and Money: The Impact of Voter Turnout on Distributive Policy Outcomes in Japan.” ASIA Pacific Economic Paper No. 379.
Hoxby, Caroline M. 2000. “Does Competition Among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers?American Economic Review 90/5: 1209–1238.
Humphreys, Macartan and Jacobs, Alan. 2013. “Mixing Methods: A Bayesian Unification of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Chicago, IL (September).
Humphreys, Macartan and Weinstein, Jeremy. 2008. “Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War.” American Journal of Political Science 52/2: 436–455.
Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues. 1982. Common Security: A Blueprint for Survival. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Institut mirovoi ekonomiki i mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii (IMEMO). 1987. Disarmament and Security 1986. Vol. 1. Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR.
Iyer, Lakshmi. 2010. “Direct vs. Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-Term Consequences.” Review of Economics and Statistics 92/4: 693–713.
Istochnik. 1993. 5–6: 130–147.
Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus. 2006a. Civilizing the Enemy: German Reconstruction and the Invention of the West. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus. 2006b. “Making Sense of Making Sense: Configurational Analysis and the Double Hermeneutic,” in Yanow, Dvora and Schwartz-Shea, Peregrine (eds.). Interpretation and Method: Empirical Research Methods and the Interpretive Turn. New York: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 264–280.
Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus. 2011. The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations. London: Routledge.
Jacobs, Alan M. 2011. Governing for the Long Term: Democracy and the Politics of Investment. Cambridge University Press.
Jaeger, David and Paserman, M. Daniele. 2008. “The Cycle of Violence? An Empirical Analysis of Fatalities in the Palestinian–Israeli Conflict.” American Economic Review 98/4: 1591–1604.
Jeffrey, R. 1965. The Logic of Decision. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Johnson, James. 2006. “Consequences of Positivism: A Pragmatist Assessment.” Comparative Political Studies 39/2: 224–252.
Johnston, Alastair Iain. 1996. “Learning Versus Adaptation: Explaining Change in Chinese Arms Control Policy in the 1980s and 1990s.” China Journal 35: 27–61.
Johnston, Alastair Iain. 2008. Social States: China in International Institutions, 1980–2000. Princeton University Press.
Kalyvas, Stathis. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge University Press.
Kalyvas, Stathis and Kocher, Matthew. 2007. “How ‘Free’ is Free-Riding in Civil War? Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem.” World Politics 59/2: 177–216.
Katzenstein, Peter and Sil, Rudra. 2010. Beyond Paradigms: Analytic Eclecticism in World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Katzenstein, Peter, Keohane, Robert, and Krasner, Stephen. 1998. “International Organization and the Study of World Politics.” International Organization 52/4: 645–686.
Kelley, Judith. 2004a. Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives. Princeton University Press.
Kelley, Judith. 2004b. “International Actors on the Domestic Scene: Membership Conditionality and Socialization by International Institutions.” International Organization 58/3: 425–457.
Kennan, George F. (X). 1947. “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.” Foreign Affairs (July): 566–582.
Keohane, Robert. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton University Press.
Khong, Yuen Foong. 1992. Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965. Princeton University Press.
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert, and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry. Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton University Press.
Kirilenko, G. 1990. “Legko li byt’ oborone dostatochnoi?Krasnaia zvezda. March 21.
Kocher, Matthew, Pepinsky, Thomas, and Kalyvas, Stathis. 2011. “Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War.” American Journal of Political Science 55/2: 201–218.
Kokoshin, Andrei. 1988. “Alexander Svechin: On War and Politics.” International Affairs (November).
Kokoshin, Andrei and Larionov, Valentin V.. 1987. “Kurskaia bitva v svete sovremennoi oboronitel’noi doktriny.” Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia 8: 32–40.
Kokoshin, Andrei and Lobov, V. N.. 1990. “Prevideniia (Svechin ob evoliutsii voennogo iskusstva).” Znamia 2: 170–182.
Kramer, Mark. 2001. “Realism, Ideology, and the End of the Cold War: A Reply to William Wohlforth.” Review of International Studies 27/1: 119–130.
Krasner, Stephen D. 1978. Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investments and US Foreign Policy. Princeton University Press.
Krebs, Ronald R. and Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus. 2007. “Twisting Tongues and Twisting Arms: The Power of Political Rhetoric.” European Journal of International Relations 13/1: 35–66.
Kreuzer, Marcus. 2010. “Historical Knowledge and Quantitative Analysis: The Case of the Origins of Proportional Representation.” American Political Science Review 104/2: 369–392.
Kuehn, David. 2013. “Combining Game Theory Models and Process Tracing: Potential and Limits.” European Political Science 12/1: 52–63.
Kuehn, David and Rohlfing, Ingo. 2009. “Does It, Really? Measurement Error and Omitted Variables in Multi-Method Research.” Qualitative Methods: Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research 7/2: 18–22.
Kurki, Mlija. 2008. Causation in International Relations: Reclaiming Causal Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Kurth, James. 1971. “A Widening Gyre: The Logic of American Weapons Procurement.” Public Policy 19/3: 373–404.
Ladbury, Sarah. 2009. “Testing Hypotheses on Radicalisation in Afghanistan: Why Do Men Join the Taliban and Hizb-i Islami? How Much Do Local Communities Support Them?” Technical report, Department for International Development (DFID). London.
Laitin, David. 1998. Identity in Formation: The Russian-speaking Populations in the Near Abroad. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Lakatos, Imre. 1970. “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programs,” in Lakatos, Imre and Musgrave, A. (eds.). Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press.
Lake, David. 2010. “Two Cheers for Bargaining Theory: Assessing Rationalist Explanations for the Iraq War.” International Security 35/3: 7–52.
Lake, David. 2011. “Why ‘Isms’ are Evil: Theory, Epistemology, and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress.” International Studies Quarterly 55/2: 465–480.
Layne, Christopher. 1994. “Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace.” International Security 19/2: 5–49.
Lebow, Richard Ned. 1985. “The Soviet Offensive in Europe: The Schlieffen Plan Revisited?International Security 9/4: 44–78.
Lebow, Richard Ned. 1994. “The Long Peace, the End of the Cold War, and the Failure of Realism.” International Organization 48/2: 249–277.
Lebow, Richard Ned and Risse-Kappen, Thomas (eds.). 1995. International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War. New York: Columbia University Press.
Lee, David S. 2008. “Randomized Experiments from Non-Random Selection in U.S. House Elections.” Journal of Econometrics 142: 675–697.
Leibfried, Stephan and Pierson, Paul. 1995. European Social Policy. Between Fragmentation and Integration. Washington, DC: Brookings.
Lévesque, Jacques. 1997. The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Levy, Jack S. 1994. “Learning and Foreign Policy: Sweeping a Conceptual Minefield.” International Organization 48/2: 279–312.
Lieberman, Evan. 2005. “Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research.” American Political Science Review 99/3: 435–452.
Lieberman, Evan. 2009. Boundaries of Contagion: How Ethnic Politics Have Shaped Government Responses to AIDS. Princeton University Press.
Lin, Ann Chih. 1998. “Bridging Positivist and Interpretivist Approaches to Qualitative Methods.” Policy Studies Journal 26/1: 162–180.
Liubimov, Iu. 1989. “O dostatochnosti oborony i nedostatke kompetentnosti.” Kommunist vooruzhennykh sil 16: 21–26.
Lorentzen, Peter, Fravel, M. Taylor, and Paine, Jack. 2013. “Bridging the Gap: Using Qualitative Evidence to Evaluate Formal Models.” Mimeo. Berkeley, CA and Cambridge, MA: University of California, Berkeley and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (August 5).
Lubkemann, Stephen. 2008. Culture in Chaos: An Anthropology of the Social Condition in War. University of Chicago Press.
Lupia, Arthur and Elman, Colin. 2014. “Symposium – Openness in Political Science: Data Access and Research Transparency – Introduction.” PS: Political Science & Politics 47/1: 19–42.
Lustick, Ian. 1996. “History, Historiography, and Political Science: Multiple Historical Records and the Problem of Selection Bias.” American Political Science Review 90/3: 605–618.
Lyall, Jason. 2009. “Does Indiscriminate Repression Incite Insurgent Attacks? Evidence from Chechnya.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53/3: 331–362.
Lyall, Jason. 2013. “Bombing to Lose? Airpower and the Dynamics of Coercion in Counterinsurgency Wars.” Unpublished manuscript.
Lyall, Jason, Blair, Graeme, and Imai, Kosuke. 2013. “Explaining Support for Combatants in Wartime: A Survey Experiment in Afghanistan.” American Political Science Review 107/4: 679–705.
Lyall, Jason, Imai, Kosuke, and Shiraito, Yuki. 2013. “Coethnic Bias and Wartime Informing.” Unpublished Manuscript.
MacCoun, Robert J. 1998. “Biases in the Interpretation and Use of Research Results.” Annual Review of Psychology 49: 259–287.
McKeown, Timothy. 1999. “Case Studies and the Statistical World View.” International Organization 53/1: 161–190.
Mahoney, James. 2000. “Path Dependence in Historical Sociology.” Theory and Society 29/4: 507–548.
Mahoney, James. 2001. “Review – Beyond Correlational Analysis: Recent Innovations in Theory and Method.” Sociological Forum 16/3: 575–593.
Mahoney, James. 2010. “After KKV: The New Methodology of Qualitative Research.” World Politics 62/1: 120–147.
Mahoney, James. 2012. “The Logic of Process Tracing Tests in the Social Sciences.” Sociological Methods and Research 41/4: 570–597.
Martin, Lisa. 2000. Democratic Commitments: Legislatures and International Cooperation. Princeton University Press.
Martin, Lisa and Simmons, Beth. 1998. “Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions.” International Organization 52/4: 729–757.
Martin, Lisa and Simmons, Beth. 2002. “International Organizations and Institutions,” in Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth (eds.). Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications, chapter 10.
Martin, Lisa and Simmons, Beth. 2013. “International Organizations and Institutions,” in Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth (eds.). Handbook of International Relations, 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications, chapter 13.
Mason, T. David and Krane, Dale. 1989. “The Political Economy of Death Squads: Toward a Theory of the Impact of State-Sanctioned Terror.” International Studies Quarterly 33/2: 175–198.
Mattern, Janice Bially. 2005. Ordering International Politics: Identity, Crisis, and Representational Force. London: Routledge.
Mayntz, Renate. 2004. “Mechanisms in the Analysis of Macro-Social Phenomena.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34/2: 237–259.
Mearsheimer, John and Walt, Stephen. 2013. “Leaving Theory Behind: Why Simplistic Hypothesis Testing is Bad for International Relations.” European Journal of International Relations 19/3: 427–457.
Mendelson, Sarah. 1998. Changing Course: Ideas, Politics, and the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan. Princeton University Press.
Merton, Robert K. 1949. “On Sociological Theories of the Middle Range,” in Merton, Robert K.. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Simon & Schuster / The Free Press, pp. 39–53.
Merton, Robert K. 1973. The Sociology of Science. University of Chicago Press.
Miguel, Edward, Satyanath, Shanker, and Sergenti, Ernest. 2004. “Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach.” Journal of Political Economy 112/4: 725–753.
Mill, John Stuart. 1868. A System of Logic. London: Longmans.
Mitchell, Ron. 1994. “Regime Design Matters: Intentional Oil Pollution and Treaty Compliance.” International Organization 48/3: 425–458.
Moiseev, M. A. 1989. “Eshche raz o prestizhe armii.” Kommunist vooruzhennykh sil 13: 3–14.
MooreJr., Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
MooreJr., Barrington. 1978. Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1993. “Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach.” Journal of Common Market Studies 31/4: 473–524.
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1998. The Choice for Europe. Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Moravcsik, Andrew. 2010. “Active Citation: A Precondition for Replicable Qualitative Research.” PS: Political Science and Policy 43/1: 29–35.
Nau, Henry. 2011. “No Alternative to ‘Isms’.” International Studies Quarterly 55/2: 487–491.
Neumann, Iver B. 1999. Uses of the Other: “The East” in European Identity Formation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Neumann, Iver B. 2002. “Returning Practice to the Linguistic Turn: The Case of Diplomacy.” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 31/3: 627–651.
Neumann, Iver B. 2008. “Discourse Analysis,” in Klotz, Audie and Prakash, Deepa (eds.). Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Neumann, Iver B. 2012. At Home with the Diplomats: Inside a European Foreign Ministry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Nexon, Daniel. 2005. “Zeitgeist? The New Idealism in the Study of International Change.” Review of International Political Economy 12/4: 700–719.
Nexon, Daniel 2009. The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe: Religious Conflict, Dynastic Empires and International Change. Princeton University Press.
Nickerson, Raymond S. 1998. “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises.” Review of General Psychology 2/2: 175–220.
Nome, Martin and Weidmann, Nils. 2013. “Conflict Diffusion via Social Identities: Entrepreneurship and Adaptation,” in Checkel, Jeffrey T. (ed.). Transnational Dynamics of Civil War. Cambridge University Press, chapter 7.
Norkus, Zenonas. 2005. “Mechanisms as Miracle Makers? The Rise and Inconsistencies of the ‘Mechanismic Approach’ in Social Science and History.” History and Theory 44/3: 348–372.
Norman, Ludvig. 2013. “From Friends to Foes: Institutional Conflict and Supranational Influence in the European Union.” Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenskapliga föreningen i Uppsala 186 (Ph.D. Thesis). Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
Oatley, Thomas. 2011. “The Reductionist Gamble: Open Economy Politics in the Global Economy.” International Organization 65/2: 311–341.
Oberdorfer, Don. 1992. The Turn: From the Cold War to a New Era. New York: Poseidon Press.
Odom, William E. 1998. The Collapse of the Soviet Military. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Ogarkov, Nikolai. 1985. Istoriia uchit bditel′nosti. Moscow: Voenizdat.
Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Oye, Kenneth A. 1995. “Explaining the End of the Cold War: Morphological and Behavioral Adaptations to the Nuclear Peace?” in Lebow, Richard Ned and Risse-Kappen, Thomas (eds.). International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War. New York: Columbia University Press.
Parrott, Bruce. 1985. “Soviet Foreign Policy, Internal Politics, and Trade with the West,” in Parrott, Bruce (ed.). Trade, Technology, and Soviet–American Relations. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Parrott, Bruce. 1988. “Soviet National Security under Gorbachev.” Problems of Communism 37/6: 1–36.
Parsons, Craig. 2002. “Showing Ideas as Causes: The Origins of the European Union.” International Organization 56/1: 47–84.
Parsons, Craig. 2003. A Certain Idea of Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Pawlak, Zdzisław. 2001. “Bayes’ Theorem – the Rough Set Perspective.” Available at .
Phillips, R. Hyland and Sands, Jeffrey I.. 1988. “Reasonable Sufficiency and Soviet Conventional Defense: A Research Note.” International Security 13/2: 164–178.
Pierson, Paul. 1996. “The Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Perspective.” Comparative Political Studies 29/2: 123–163.
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94/2: 251–267.
Pollack, Mark. 2003. The Engines of European Integration: Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the EU. Oxford University Press.
Popkin, Samuel. 1979. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Popper, Karl. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books.
Popper, Karl. 1963. Conjectures and Refutations. The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Posner, Daniel N. 2004. “The Political Salience of Cultural Difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas Are Allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi.” American Political Science Review 98/4: 529–545.
Pouliot, Vincent. 2007. “‘Sobjectivism’: Toward a Constructivist Methodology.” International Studies Quarterly 51/2: 257–288.
Pouliot, Vincent. 2008a. “The Logic of Practicality: A Theory of Practice of Security Communities.” International Organization 62/2: 257–288.
Pouliot, Vincent. 2008b. “Reflexive Mirror: Everything Takes Place as if Threats Were Going Global,” in Kornprobst, Markus, Pouliot, Vincent, Shah, Nisha, and Zaiotti, Ruben (eds.). Metaphors of Globalization: Mirrors, Magicians and Mutinies. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 34–49.
Pouliot, Vincent. 2010. International Security in Practice: The Politics of NATO–Russia Diplomacy. Cambridge University Press.
Pouliot, Vincent. 2012. “Methodology: Putting Practice Theory in Practice,” in Adler-Nissen, Rebecca (ed.). Pierre Bourdieu and International Relations. London: Routledge, pp. 46–59.
Price, Richard. 1997. The Chemical Weapons Taboo. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Price, Richard and Reus-Smit, Christian. 1998. “Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Theory and Constructivism.” European Journal of International Relations 4/3: 259–294.
Prokhanov, Aleksandr. 1990. “Tragediia.” Literaturnaia Rossiia. January 5.
Putnam, Robert. 1988. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two–Level Games.” International Organization 41/3: 427–460.
Putnam, Robert, with Leonardi, Robert and Nanetti, Raffaella. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton University Press.
Ragin, Charles. 1987. The Comparative Method: Moving beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Reagan, Ronald. 1983. Address to the Nation on National Security. March 23.
Reagan, Ronald. 1992. An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Reus-Smit, Christian. 1999. The Moral Purpose of the State: Culture, Social Identity, and Institutional Rationality in International Relations. Princeton University Press.
Richards, Paul. 2011. “A Systematic Approach to Cultural Explanations of War: Tracing Causal Processes in Two West African Insurgencies.” World Development 39/2: 212–220.
Richardson, Benjamin Ward. 1887 [1936]. “John Snow, M.D.” The Asclepiad. Vol. 4. London: pp. 274–300. Reprinted in Snow on Cholera. London: Humphrey Milford/Oxford University Press.
Ringmar, Erik. 1997. “Alexander Wendt: A Social Scientist Struggling with History,” in Neumann, Iver B. and Waever, Ole (eds.). The Future of International Relations: Masters in the Making?London: Routledge, pp. 269–289.
Risse, Thomas. 2000. “‘Let’s Argue!’: Communicative Action in World Politics.” International Organization 54/1: 1–39.
Risse, Thomas. 2011. “Ideas, Discourse, Power and the End of the Cold War: 20 Years On.” International Politics 48/4–5: 591–606.
Risse, Thomas (ed.). 2014. European Public Spheres: Bringing Politics Back In. Cambridge University Press.
Risse, Thomas, Ropp, Stephen, and Sikkink, Kathryn (eds.). 1999. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge University Press.
Risse, Thomas, Ropp, Stephen, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 2013. The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance. Cambridge University Press.
Risse-Kappen, Thomas. 1994. “Ideas do not Float Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures, and the End of the Cold War.” International Organization 48/2: 185–214.
Roberts, Clayton. 1996. The Logic of Historical Explanation. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Roberts, Geoffrey. 2007. Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Roessler, Philip. 2011. “The Enemy within: Personal Rule, Coups and Civil War in Africa.” World Politics 63/2: 300–346.
Rohlfing, Ingo. 2012. Case Studies and Causal Inference. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rohlfing, Ingo. 2013a. “Comparative Hypothesis Testing via Process Tracing.” Sociological Methods and Research (pre-published online, October 15; ).
Rohlfing, Ingo. 2013b. “Bayesian Causal Inference in Process Tracing: The Importance of Being Probably Wrong.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Chicago, IL (September).
Rosenbaum, Paul. 2010. Design of Observational Studies. New York: Springer.
Rothstein, Jesse. 2007. “Does Competition among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers? A Comment on Hoxby (2000).” American Economic Review 97/5: 2026–2037.
Rubbi, Antonio. 1990. Incontri con Gorbaciov: i colloqui di Natta e Occhetto con il leader sovietico. Rome: Editori Riuniti.
Rubin, Donald B. 1978. “Bayesian Inference for Causal Effects: The Role of Randomization.” Annals of Statistics 6/1: 34–58.
Rubin, Donald B.. 2006. Matched Sampling for Causal Effects. Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, Herbert J. and Rubin, Irene S.. 1995. Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Stephens, Evelyne Huber, and Stephens, John D.. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. University of Chicago Press.
Ruggie, John Gerard. 1998. Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization. London: Routledge.
Salmon, Wesley. 1990. Four Decades of Scientific Explanation. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. “Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War.” Perspectives on Politics 2/2: 259–279.
Sapir, Jacques and Malleret, Thierry. 1990. “La politique militaire soviétique: de la restructuration à la réforme.” Paper presented to the 4th World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies. Harrogate. July 21–26.
Sarotte, Mary Elise. 2009. 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe. Princeton University Press.
Sartori, Giovanni. 1991. “Comparing and Miscomparing.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 3/3: 243–257.
Savranskaya, Svetlana. 2010. “The Logic of 1989: The Soviet Peaceful Withdrawal from Eastern Europe,” in Savranskaya, Svetlana, Blanton, Thomas, and Zubok, Vladislav (eds.). Masterpieces of History: The Peaceful End of the Cold War in Europe, 1989. Budapest: Central European University Press.
Savranskaya, Svetlana, Blanton, Thomas, and Zubok, Vladislav (eds.). 2010. Masterpieces of History: The Peaceful End of the Cold War in Europe, 1989. Budapest: Central European University Press.
Schatz, Edward (ed.). 2009. Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power. University of Chicago Press.
Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2003. The EU, NATO and the Integration of Europe. Rules and Rhetoric. Cambridge University Press.
Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2005. “Strategic Calculation and International Socialization: Membership Incentives, Party Constellations, and Sustained Compliance in Central and Eastern Europe.” International Organization 59/4: 827–860.
Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2012. “Constructivist Perspectives,” in Jones, Erik, Menon, Anand, and Weatherill, Stephen (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the European Union. Oxford University Press, pp. 34–47.
Schneider, Carsten Q. and Rohlfing, Ingo. 2013. “Combining QCA and Process Tracing in Set-Theoretic Multi-Method Research.” Sociological Methods & Research 42/4: 559–597.
Schneider, Gerald and Bussmann, Margit. 2013. “Accounting for the Dynamics of One-Sided Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 50/5: 635–644.
Schultz, Kenneth. 2001. Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy. Cambridge University Press.
Schultz, Kenneth. 2013. “Domestic Politics and International Relations,” in Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth (eds.). Handbook of International Relations, 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications, chapter 19.
Scott, James. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in South-East Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Scriven, Michael. 1976. “Maximizing the Power of Causal Investigation: The Modus Operandi Method.” Evaluation Studies Review Annual1.
Searle, John R. 1995. The Construction of Social Reality. New York: Basic Books.
Seawright, Jason. 2012. “The Case for Selecting Cases that Are Deviant or Extreme on the Independent Variable.” Presentation at the Institute for Qualitative and Multimethod Research, Syracuse University, June.
Seawright, Jason and Gerring, John. 2008. “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options.” Political Research Quarterly 61/2: 294–308.
Sekhon, Jasjeet S. 2009. “Opiates for the Matches: Matching Methods for Causal Inference.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 487–508.
Shadish, William R., Cook, Thomas D., and Campbell, Donald T.. 2002. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin Co.
Shenfield, Stephen. 1984a. “The USSR: Viktor Girshfeld and the Concept of ‘Sufficient Defense.’ADIU Report 6/1: 10.
Shenfield, Stephen. 1984b. “Colonel X’s Warning: Our Mistakes Plus Your Hysteria.” Détente 1: 2–3.
Shenfield, Stephen. 1985. “Colonel X’s Peace Proposals.” Détente 2: 2–4.
Shepsle, Kenneth A. 1985. “Comment,” in Noll, R. (ed.). Regulatory Policy and the Social Sciences. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Shevardnadze, Eduard. 1991. “Eduard Shevardnadze’s Choice.” International Affairs 11: 4–11.
Shultz, George P. 2007. “A Perspective from Washington,” in Skinner, Kiron K. (ed.). Turning Points in Ending the Cold War. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
Simmons, Beth. 1994. Who Adjusts? Domestic Sources of Foreign Economic Policy during the Interwar Years. Princeton University Press.
Simmons, Beth. 2009. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Snow, John. (1855) 1965. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd edn. London: John Churchill. Reprinted in Snow on Cholera. London: Humphrey Milford/Oxford University Press.
Snyder, Jack. 1987. “The Gorbachev Revolution: A Waning of Soviet Expansionism?International Security 12/3: 93–131.
Snyder, Jack. 1991. Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Snyder, Jack. 2011. “The Domestic Political Logic of Gorbachev’s New Thinking in Foreign Policy.” International Politics 48/4–5: 562–574.
Snyder, Jack and Kortunov, Andrei. 1989. “French Syndrome on Soviet Soil?New Times 44: 18–20.
Sober, Elliott. 2009. “Absence of Evidence and Evidence of Absence: Evidential Transitivity in Connection with Fossils, Fishing, Fine-Tuning, and Firing Squads.” Philosophical Studies 143/1: 63–90.
Sovey, Allison and Green, Donald. 2011. “Instrumental Variables Estimation in Political Science: A Reader’s Guide.” American Journal of Political Science 55/1: 188–200.
Spitalnic, Stuart. 2004. “Test Properties 2: Likelihood Ratios, Bayes’ Formula, and Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves.” Hospital Physician, October, pp. 53–58.
Spruyt, Hendrik. 1994. The Sovereign State and Its Competitors. Princeton University Press.
Steel, Ronald. 1981. Walter Lippmann and the American Century. New York: Vintage Books.
Stein, Janice Gross. 1994. “Political Learning by Doing: Gorbachev as Uncommitted Thinker and Motivated Learner.” International Organization 48/2: 155–183.
Stephens, Christopher Lee. 2011. “A Bayesian Approach to Absent Evidence.” Informal Logic: Reasoning and Argumentation in Theory and Practice 31/1: 56–65.
Stone, Jeremy J. 1999. “Everyman Should Try”: Adventures of a Public Interest Activist. New York: Public Affairs.
Stone Sweet, Alec and Sandholtz, Wayne. 1997. “European Integration and Supranational Governance.” Journal of European Public Policy 4/3: 297–317.
Ströber-Fassbender, Ralph. 1988. Die Studiengruppe Alternative Sicherheitspolitik: Eine Dokumentation. Bonn: Dietz.
Symposium. 2007. “Symposium: Multi–Method Work – Dispatches from the Front Lines.” Qualitative Methods: Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section on Qualitative Methods 5/1: 9–27.
Symposium. 2013. “Symposium: Process Tracing.” European Political Science 12/1: 1–85.
Symposium. 2014. “Symposium: Openness in Political Science: Data Access and Research Transparency.” PS: Political Science & Politics 47/1: 19–83.
Tannenwald, Nina. 2007. The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons since 1945. Cambridge University Press.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1996. “Making Social Science Work across Space and Time: A Critical Reflection on Robert Putnam’s Making Democracy Work.” American Political Science Review 90/2: 389–397.
Taylor, Brian D. 2003. Politics and the Russian Army: Civil–Military Relations, 1689–2000. Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, Charles. 1993. “To follow a Rule,” in Calhoun, Craig, LiPuma, Edward, and Postone, Moishe (eds.). Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 45–59.
Thomas, Daniel. 2001. The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism. Princeton University Press.
Tiedtke, Jutta. 1985. Abrüstung in der Sowjetunion: Wirtschaftliche Bedingungen und soziale Folgen der Truppenreduzierung von 1960. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag.
Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1992. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Tilly, Charles. 2001. “Mechanisms in Political Processes.” Annual Review of Political Science 4: 21–41.
Trachtenberg, Marc. 2006. The Craft of International History. Princeton University Press.
Tsentral’noe statisticheskoe upravlenie SSSR. 1968. Narodnoe khoziastvo SSSR v 1967 g.: Statisticheskii ezhegodnik. Moscow: Gosstatizdat.
Turner, Stephen. 1994. The Social Theory of Practices: Tradition, Tacit Knowledge, and Presuppositions. University of Chicago Press.
US Army. 2007. US Army Field Manual No. 3–24. University of Chicago Press.
Van Evera, Stephen. 1997. Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Vaughn, Diane. 2008. “Bourdieu and Organizations: The Empirical Challenge.” Theory and Society 37/1: 65–81.
Volkov, E. 1989. “Ne raz’iasniaet, a zatumanivaet.” Krasnaia zvezda. September 28.
Voors, Maarten, Nillesen, Eleonora, Verwimp, Philip, Bulte, Erwin, Lensink, Robert, and van Souest, Daan. 2012. “Violent Conflict and Behavior: A Field Experiment in Burundi.” American Economic Review 102/2: 941–964.
Vorotnikov, V. I. 1995. A bylo tak … Iz dnevnika chlena Poltiburo Tsk KPSS. Moscow: Sovet veteranov knigoizdaniia.
Vucetic, Srdjan. 2011. “Genealogy as a Research Tool in International Relations.” Review of International Studies 37/3: 1295–1312.
Wagner, R. Harrison. 1993. “What was Bipolarity?International Organization 47/1 (Winter): 77–106.
Waldner, David. 2007. “Transforming Inferences into Explanations: Lessons from the Study of Mass Extinctions,” in Lebow, Richard Ned and Lichbach, Mark (eds.). Theory and Evidence in Comparative Politics and International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Waldner, David. 2011. “Process Tracing, Its Promise, and Its Problems.” Paper presented at the Research Group on Qualitative and Multi-Method Analysis, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY (June).
Waldner, David. 2012. “Process Tracing and Causal Mechanisms,” in Kincaid, Harold (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Social Science. Oxford University Press, pp. 65–84.
Waldner, David. 2014. “Aspirin, Aeschylus, and the Foundations of Qualitative Causal Inference.” Unpublished paper, University of Virginia, June.
Wallace, William 1983. “Less than a Federation, More than a Regime: The Community as a Political System,” in Wallace, Helen, Wallace, William, and Webb, C. (eds.). Policy-Making in the European Community. Chichester: Wiley & Sons, pp. 403–436.
Wallander, Celeste. 1999. Mortal Friends, Best Enemies: German–Russian Cooperation after the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979), Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Wedeen, Lisa. 2010. “Reflections on Ethnographic Work in Political Science.” Annual Review of Political Science 13: 255–272.
Weinstein, Jeremy. 2007. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge University Press.
Weir, Margaret. 1989. “Ideas and Politics: The Acceptance of Keynesianism in Britain and the United States,” in Hall, P. A. (ed.). The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations. Princeton University Press.
Weisberg, Jacob. 2009. “Commutativity or Holism: A Dilemma for Conditionalizers.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 60/4: 793–812.
Wendt, Alexander. 1987. “The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory.” International Organization 41/3: 335–370.
Wendt, Alexander. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Wight, Colin. 2002. “Philosophy of Science and International Relations,” in Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth (eds.). Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications.
Wight, Colin. 2004. “Theorizing the Mechanisms of Conceptual and Semiotic Space.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34/2: 283–299.
Wight, Colin. 2006. Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology. Cambridge University Press.
Wohlforth, William C. 2003. Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Wohlforth, William C. 2011. “No One Loves a Realist Explanation.” International Politics 48/4–5: 441–459.
Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2000. Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. Cambridge University Press.
Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2003. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge University Press.
Wohlforth, William C. 2006. “The Ethical Challenges of Field Research in Conflict Zones.” Qualitative Sociology 29/3: 373–386.
Zaks, Sherry. 2011. “Relationships Among Rivals: Analyzing Contending Hypotheses with a New Logic of Process Tracing.” Manuscript. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
Zubok, Vladislav. 2003. “Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War: Different Perspectives on the Historical Personality,” in Wohlforth, William C. (ed.). Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.