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  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Regulating Islam
  • Cited by 2
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781108332859
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108332859
Subjects:
Middle East Studies, Area Studies, History, Middle East History, Politics and International Relations, Middle East Government,Politics and Policy
Information

Book description

Many countries in the Arab world have incorporated Islam into their state- and nation-building projects, naming it the 'religion of the state'. Regulating Islam offers an empirically rich account of how and why two contemporary Arab states, Morocco and Tunisia, have sought to regulate religious institutions and discourse. Drawing on a range of previously unexamined sources, Sarah J. Feuer traces and analyzes the efforts of Moroccan and Tunisian policymakers to regulate Islamic education as part of the respective regimes' broader survival strategies since their independence from French rule in 1956. Out of the comparative case study emerges a compelling theory to account for the complexities of religion-state dynamics across the Arab world today, highlighting the combined effect of ideological, political, and institutional factors on religious regulation in North Africa and the Middle East. The book makes an important and timely contribution to the on-going scholarly and policy debates concerning religion, politics, and authoritarian governance in the post-uprisings Arab landscape.

Reviews

‘The apposite institutionalization of religion poses a political quandary for many states in the Arab world. Regulating Islam deftly explores a cocktail of three factors: ideology, political opponent profile, and institutional endowment that interact to shape the state's stance on religion. Tracing the evolution in state policy on religious education in Morocco and Tunisia over the past 60 years, Feuer accounts for the variation found in these policies across time and case, explains paradoxical outcomes (e.g. traditionally-minded states that choose to reduce state support for religion) and introduces new concepts such as ‘identity bargaining' where political leaders, faced with daunting political and resource constraints, ‘split the difference' between linguistic and religious dimensions of identity, and ultimately privilege an emphasis on Islam in the state educational system. An enlightening contribution to the politics of religion in the Arab world and beyond.'

Eva Bellin - Myra and Robert Kraft Professor of Arab Politics, Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University, Massachusetts

‘Sarah J. Feuer combines theoretical sophistication with extensive fieldwork in Morocco and Tunisia to bring new insight into how governments regulate religion in general and religious education in particular. First she demonstrates that existing theories, while providing insight, fail to fully explain Tunisia and Morocco. She then weaves an intricate yet accessible and understandable theory based on the interaction between a government's ideology, its institutional strength, and the nature of its opposition to explain how governments formulate religion policy. This thoughtful and insightful book will influence how we think about religion policy well beyond Morocco and Tunisia.'

Jonathan Fox - Yehuda Avner Professor of Religion and Politics, Bar Ilan University, Israel

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Contents

Contents
References

Bibliography

Publications

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Regulations

Kingdom of Morocco. Dahir 1.15.71 of June 24, 2015. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of July 2, 2015, no. 6374, 3710–14.
Kingdom of Morocco. Dahir 1.14.103 of May 20, 2014. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 26, 2014, no. 6268, 5470–73.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 1.13.50 of May 2, 2013. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of May 20, 2013, no. 6153, 4196–98.
Kingdom of Morocco. Dahir 1.11.19 of March 1, 2011. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 3, 2011, no. 5922, 260–66.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 2836–09 of January 18, 2010. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 18, 2010, no. 5822, 258–9.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Decision 877.06 of May 3, 2006. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of August 21, 2006, no. 5449, 2086–7.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-05-159 of August 24, 2005. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of September 15, 2005, no. 5352, 643–7.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-03-300 of April 22, 2004. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of May 6, 2004, no. 5210, 698.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 763-04 of April 13, 2004. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 17, 2004, no. 5222, 916.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 1051 of March 3, 2004. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of May 6, 2004, no. 5210, 704.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-03-193 of December 4, 2003. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of January 1, 2004, no. 5174, 105–10.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 950-03 of May 8, 2003. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of October 2, 2003, no. 5148, 1213.
Kingdom of Morocco. Law 13.01 of January 29, 2002. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of February 21, 2002, no. 4980, 108–12.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 2070 of November 23, 2001. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of April 4, 2002, no. 4992, 259.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 1082 of June 20, 1997. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of August 7, 1997, no. 4506, 755.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 18-96 of January 12, 1996. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of February 15, 1996, no. 4352, 55.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 55-95 of June 20, 1995. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of August 2, 1995, no. 4318, 559.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 1-93-164 of November 8, 1993. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of November 2, 1994, no. 4279, 530.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 1643-92 of November 5, 1992. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of January 6, 1993, no. 4148, 8.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-88-293 of August 3, 1989. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of November 15, 1989, no. 4020, 1448–53.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 1446 of November 17, 1987. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of November 18, 1987, no. 3916, 370.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-84-142 of February 15, 1985. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 20, 1985, no. 3777, 161.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 1-84-150 of October 2, 1984. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of October 3, 1984, no. 3753, 386.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-82-319 of January 31, 1983. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of February 2, 1983, no. 3666, 158–64.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-80-270 of April 8, 1981. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of May 6, 1981, no. 3575, 231–2.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-79-637 of May 12, 1980. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 4, 1980, no. 3527, 380–2.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 1180-79 of January 11, 1980. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of April 30, 1980, no. 3522, 285.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 182-79 of February 1, 1979. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 21, 1979, no. 3464, 160.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-78-608 of January 25, 1979. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of January 31, 1979, no. 3457, 68–70.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-78-455 of September 28, 1978. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of October 4, 1978, no. 3440, 1099–101.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 2-76-313 of June 11, 1976. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 16, 1976, no. 3320, 718–20.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 1-75-300 of April 12, 1976. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of April 28, 1976, no. 3313, 529–30.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 633-75 of May 7, 1975. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 25, 1975, no. 3269, 824–5.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 26-74 of February 1, 1974. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 20, 1974, no. 3203, 376.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 332-72 of March 7, 1972. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of April 12, 1972, no. 3102, 604–5.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 500-71 of June 23, 1971. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 30, 1971, no. 3061, 732.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 2-70-455 of October 7, 1970. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of November 4, 1970, no. 3027, 1509–11.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 2-70-454 of October 7, 1970. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of November 4, 1970, no. 3027, 1507–9.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 326-64 of June 22, 1964. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of July 29, 1964, no. 2700, 908–10.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 315-64 of May 29, 1964. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of July 8, 1964, no. 2697, 841.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Orders of June 8, 1963. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 14, 1963, no. 2642, 949–53.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 2-62-621 of June 7, 1963. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 14, 1963, no. 2642, 949–53.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 219-63 of May 7, 1963. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of May 24, 1963, no. 2693, 750.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-62-249 of February 6, 1963. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of February 22, 1963, no. 2626, 260–1.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 039-63 of December 26, 1962. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of February 1, 1963, no. 2623, 178.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-60-374 of July 2, 1960. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of July 22, 1960, no. 2491, 1425.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-58-390 of July 21, 1959. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of August 7, 1959, no. 2441, 1326–7.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-59-049 of June 1, 1959. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 12, 1959, no. 2433, 987.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-57-1947 of January 15, 1958. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 14, 1958, no. 2368, 475–6.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-57-214 of December 16, 1957. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of January 10, 1958, no. 2359, 63–4.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-57-0084 of March 14, 1957. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 29, 1957, no. 2318, 417.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 2008-3542 of November 22, 2008. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 28, 2008, no. 96, 4001–2.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 2003-2411 of November 17, 2003. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of December 2, 2003, no. 96, 3489.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 2003-2082 of October 14, 2003. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of October 21, 2003, no. 84, 3146–50.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of February 6, 1996. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of February 13, 1996, no. 13, 331–4.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of November 3, 1995. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 17, 1995, no. 92, 2150–4.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 95-993 of June 5, 1995. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of June 9, 1995, no. 46, 1264–5.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 95-865 of May 8, 1995. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of May 19, 1995, no. 40, 1136–7.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 94-558 of March 17, 1994. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of March 25, 1994, no. 23, 494–5.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 93-1952 of August 31, 1993. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of October 1, 1993, no. 74, 1645–7.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 92-1180 of June 22, 1992. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of June 26, 1992, no. 41, 810.
Republic of Tunisia. Law 91-65 of July 29, 1991. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of August 6, 1991, no. 55, 1398.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 92-1183 of June 22, 1991. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of June 26, 1992, no. 41, 813.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 90-578 of March 30, 1990. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 17, 1990, no. 26, 515–17.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 89-1690 of November 8, 1989. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 17–21, 1989, no. 77, 1805–6.
Republic of Tunisia. Law 87-83 of December 31, 1987. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of December 29–31, 1987, no. 91, 1637.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 87-664 of April 22, 1987. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 28–May 1, 1987, no. 31, 575–6.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 86-532 of May 6, 1986. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of May 9, 1986, no. 30, 580.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of April 21, 1981. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 28 – May 1, 1981, no. 29, 941–3.
Republic of Tunisia. Ordinance of April 16, 1981. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 24, 1981, no. 28, 904–9.
Republic of Tunisia. Order of the Prime Minister of September 6, 1980. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of September 16, 1980, no. 51, 2237–8.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 77-938 of November 17, 1977. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 22–25, 1977, no. 77, 3224–5.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of October 30, 1976. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 5, 1976, no. 67, 2656–7.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of June 6, 1973. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of June 8–12, 1973, no. 116, 918–20.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 67-345 of October 5, 1967. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of October 6–10, 1967, no. 43, 1252–3.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 66-151 of April 8, 1966. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 8–12, 1966, no. 17, 602–4.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of August 9, 1965. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of August 6–10, 1965, no. 41, 986–7.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of March 25, 1963. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of March 26–29, 1963, no. 15, 370–2.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 62-107 of April 6, 1962. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 6–10, 1962, no. 19, 390.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 61-357 of October 27, 1961. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of October 27–31, 1961, no. 46, 1388–9.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 61-110 of March 1, 1961. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of March 3–7, 1961, no. 9, 354.
Republic of Tunisia. Law 58-118 of November 4, 1958. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 7, 1958, no. 89–102, 1056.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree of April 26, 1956. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 27, 1956, no. 34, 592.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree of March 29, 1956. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 3, 1956, no. 27, 497–8.
Interviews (positions listed were at the time of interview)

Morocco

Abbadi, Ahmed, Secretary General of the League of Moroccan Ulama. Washington, DC, May 8, 2015.
Kacem, Samir Abu, Office of Curricula at the Ministry of Education, former member of Islamic Education reform committee. Rabat, December 18, 2012.
Zahir, Hassan Al, Dean of Sharia College, Qarawiyyin University. Fes, December 31, 2012.
Anonymous, Student at Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniyya. Rabat, January 6, 2016, October 7, 2015, and December 1, 2016.
Benabdallaoui, Mokhtar, Professor at Hassan II University and former member of Islamic education reform committee. Casablanca, December 15, 2012.
Bendaoud, Abdelwahab, Director of Traditional Education at the Ministry of Pious Endowments and Islamic Affairs. Rabat, January 16, 2013 and February 11, 2015.
Bennis, Mohammed, Professor of English, Sidi Ben Abdellah University. Fes, June 21, 2011.
Boutarboush, Mohammed, Head of Salé Regional Council of Ulama, Salé, January 3, 2013.
Chbani, Aziz, Director of Literacy and Professional Training Program/Consultant with the Millennium Challenge Corporation. Rabat, June 24, 2011.
Elahmadi, Mohsine, Professor at Cadi Ayyad University. Rabat, January 7, 2013.
Elarbi, Imad, Director of the Moroccan Center for Civic Education. Casablanca, January 8, 2013.
Elamrani, Rached, Director of the Office of Textbooks at the Ministry of Education. Rabat, December 18, 2012.
Ezzaki, Abdelkader, Consultant with Project ITQANE (Improving Training for Quality Advancement in National Education). Rabat, June 10, 2011.
Haddad, Lahcen, Education consultant with MSI Morocco. Rabat, June 10, 2011.
Hakim, Abdellatif, Professor of English, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University. Fes, June 21, 2011.
Hami el-Din, Abdelali, member of PJD's executive council. Rabat, February 12, 2015.
Kansoussi, Jaafar, Member of Islamic Affairs Minister Ahmed Toufiq's cabinet, former director of the ministry's Islamic Affairs Directorate for the Marrakesh region. Rabat, January 17 and 25, 2013; Marrakesh, February 8, 2015.
Khtou, Hssein, Professor of English at Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniyya. Rabat, December 9, 2013.
Machrouh, Brahim, Assistant Director of Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniyya. Rabat, October 7, 2015.
Melouk, Mohamed, Professor of Education at Mohamed V University. Rabat, June 15, 2011 and December 18, 2012.
Messari, Nizar, Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al-Akhawayn University. Ifrane, January 10, 2013.
Moubtassime, Mohammed, Professor of English at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University. Fes, June 21, 2011.
Monette, Connell, Coordinator of imam training program at Al-Akhawayn University. Rabat, December 26, 2012.
Potter, Kristen, Director of USAID Education office, U.S. Embassy. Rabat, June 15, 2011.
Rddad, Sadik, Professor of English and Sociology at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, June 21, 2011.
Ramh, Mohamed, Vice-Dean for Sciences and Cooperation at Sharia College, Qarawiyyin University. Fes, December 31, 2012.
Rami, Abderrahmane, Former Director of Pedagogy at the Ministry of Education. Rabat, June 14, 2011.
Saqi, Khalid, Assistant Director of Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniyya. Rabat, December 9, 2013.
Saqi, Khalid, Director of Mohamed VI Insititute for Quranic Readings and Studies. Rabat, October 6, 2015.
Shafiki, Fouad, Director of Office of Curricula, Moroccan Ministry of Education. Rabat, January 3, 2013.
Students in the Muhammad VI Institute for the Training of Imams. Rabat, October 8, 2015.
Talidi, Bilal, member of PJD's executive council. Rabat, October 7, 2015.

Tunisia

Abd El-Moula, Mohamed Nejbi, Mayor of Sfax. Sfax, July 3, 2012.
Abdessalem, Rafik, former Foreign Affairs Minister and member of Ennahda's Shura Council. Tunis, February 2, 2015.
al-ʿAbidi, Hussayn, Shaykh of the Zaytuna Grand Mosque. Tunis, February 5, 2015.
Allani, Alaya, Professor at Manouba University. Tunis, February 6, 2016.
Arbi, Chiraz, staff person in the National Democratic Institute's Tunisia office. February 6, 2015.
Ayachi, Mokhtar, Director of the Tunisian Museum of National Education. Tunis, October 18, 2012.
Hmida, Bochra Belhaj, former President of l'Association Tunisienne des Femmes Democrates. Tunis, June 28, 2012.
Abdeljelil, Moncef Ben, Professor and former member of Education Minister Mohamed Charfi's cabinet. Sousse, October 23, 2012.
Salem, Hatem Ben, Director of Tunisian Institute for Strategic Studies and former Minister of Education. Tunis, September 23, 2016.
Charfi, Faouzia, Minister Mohamed Charfi's widow. Tunis, September 17, 2012.
Jaballah, Hamadi Ben, former high school philosophy teacher. Tunis, October 12, 2012.
Romdhane, Mahmoud Ben, founding member of Nida’ Tunis Party. Tunis, February 3, 2015.
Civil society activists, Kairouan, June 29, 2012.
Ennaifer, Hmida, former member of Education Minister Mohamed Charfi's cabinet. Tunis, September 19, 2012, October 11, 2012, and February 2, 2015.
Ferchiou, Ridha, President of l'Institut Tunis-Dauphine. Tunis, September 4, 2012.
Ferjani, Said, Member of Ennahda's Shura Council. Tunis, February 5, 2015.
Gharbi, Iqbal, Professor at Zaytuna University. Tunis, October 30, 2012.
Kahlaoui, Tarek, Director of the Tunisian Institute for Strategic Studies. Tunis, June 29, 2012.
Kazdaghli, Habib, Dean of the Manouba University Faculty of Humanities. Tunis, February 3, 2016.
Moakhar, Riadh, Member of Parliament with the Afaq Tunis Party. Tunis, February 4, 2016.
Nouira, Asma, Professor of Political Science at the University of Tunis. Tunis, June 26, 2012.
Sayah, Habib, Security sector consultant. Tunis, February 4, 2016.
Sghaier, Oussama, Member of Parliament with Ennahda and member of Ennahda's Shura Council. Tunis, September 23, 2016.
Suwaihi, Mongea, Professor at Zaytuna University. Tunis, October 19, 2012 and February 2, 2016.
Tlili, Munir, Professor at Zaytuna University. Tunis, October 10, 2012.
Tlili, Munir, Former Minister of Religious Affairs. Tunis, February 5, 2016.
Triki, Sami, member of Ennahda's Shura Council. Tunis, February 5, 2015.
Yahyaoui, Amira, Founder of al-Bawsala. Tunis, February 5, 2016.

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