Moran, AE, Forouzanfar, MH, Roth, GA, et al. Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980–2010: The Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Circulation. 2014; 129:1483–1492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Virani, SS, Alonso, A, Benjamin, EJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2020 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020; 141:e139–e596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lakatta, EG. Age-associated cardiovascular changes in health: Impact on cardiovascular disease in older persons. Heart Failure Reviews. 2002; 7:29–49.Google Scholar

Rich, MW. Heart disease in the elderly. In: Rosendorff, C, ed. Essential Cardiology: Principles and Practice, 3rd edition. New York: Springer, 2013, pp. 669–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

D’Agostino, RB, Vasan, RS, Pencina, MJ, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008; 117:743–753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Haffner, SM, Lehto, S, Ronnemaa, T, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med. 1998; 339:229–234.Google Scholar

Kuller, LH, Arnold, AM, Psaty, BM, et al. Ten-year follow-up of subclinical cardiovascular disease and risk of coronary heart disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Int Med. 2006; 166:71–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

White, HD, Barbash, GI, Califf, RM, et al. Age and outcome with contemporary thrombolytic therapy: Results from the GUSTO-I trial. Circulation. 1996; 94:1826–1833.Google Scholar

Thygesen, K, Alpert, JS, Jaffe, AS, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72:2231–2264.Google Scholar

Scirica, BM. Acute coronary syndrome: Emerging tools for diagnosis and risk assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 55:1403–1415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Eggers, KM, Venge, P, Lindahl, B, Lind, L. Cardiac troponin I levels measured with a high-sensitivity assay increase over time and are strong predictors of mortality in an elderly population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61:1906–1913.Google Scholar

O’Gara, PT, Kushner, FG, Ascheim, DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61:e78–140.Google Scholar

Amsterdam, EA, Wenger, NK, Brindis, RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2014; 130:e344–e426.Google Scholar

Levine, GN, Bates, ER, Bittl, JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 68:1082–1115.Google Scholar

ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet. 1988; 332:349–360.Google Scholar

The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345:494–502.Google Scholar

Wiviott, SD, Braunwald, E, McCabe, CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357:2001–2015.Google Scholar

Wallentin, L, Becker, RC, Budaj, A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361:1045–1057.Google Scholar

Steen, H, James, S, Becker, RC, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in elderly patients with acute coronary syndromes: A substudy from the Prospective Randomized PLATelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012; 680–688.Google Scholar

Mauri, L, Kereiakes, DJ, Yeh, RW, et al. Twelve or 30 months of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371:2155–2166.Google Scholar

Bonaca, MP, Bhatt, DL, Cohen, M, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372:1791–1800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339:436–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bhatt, DL, Stone, GW, Mahaffey, KW, et al. Effect of platelet inhibition with cangrelor during PCI on ischemic events. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:1303–1313.Google Scholar

Antman, EM, Cohen, M, Radley, D, et al. Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: TIMI 11B-ESSENCE meta-analysis. Circulation. 1999; 100:1602–1608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

FRagmin and Fast Revascularization during InStability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC II) Investigators. Long-term low-molecular-mass heparin in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. Lancet. 1999; 354:701–707.Google Scholar

Dewilde, WJ, Oirbans, T, Verheugt, FW, et al. Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: An open-label, randomized, controlled trial. Lancet. 2013; 381:1107–1115.Google Scholar

Khan, SU, Osman, M, Khan, MU. Dual versus triple therapy for atrial fibrillation after percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2020; 172:474–483.Google Scholar

Mehran, R, Baber, U, Sharma, SK, et al. Ticagrelor with or without aspirin in high-risk patients after PCI. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381:2032–2042.Google Scholar

Watanabe, H, Domei, T, Morimoto, T, et al. Effect of 1-month dual antiplatelet therapy followed by clopidogrel vs 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy on cardiovascular and bleeding events in patients receiving PCI. JAMA. 2019; 321:2414–2427.Google Scholar

COMMIT collaborative group. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: Randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366:1622–1632.Google Scholar

ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction: Systematic overview of individual data from 100,000 patients in randomized trials. Circulation. 1998; 97:2202–2212.Google Scholar

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1994; 343:1115–1122.Google Scholar

Ambrosioni, E, Borghi, C, Magnani, B, for the Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. The effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332:80–85.Google Scholar

The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet. 1993; 342:821–828.Google Scholar

Dickstein, K, Kjekshus, J. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: The OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet. 2002; 360:752–760.Google Scholar

Pitt, B, Remme, W, Zannad, F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348:1309–1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Miettinen, TA, Pyorala, K, Olsson, AG, et al. Cholesterol-lowering therapy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: Findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation. 1997; 96:4211–4218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lewis, SJ, Moye, LA, Sacks, FM, et al. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in older patients with myocardial infarction and cholesterol levels in the average range: Results of the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129:681–689.Google Scholar

The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339:1349–1357.Google Scholar

Shepherd, J, Blauw, GJ, Murphy, MB, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002; 360:1623–1630.Google Scholar

Stone, NJ, Intwala, S, Katz, D. Statins in very elderly adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014; 62:943–945.Google Scholar

Rich, MW. Aggressive lipid management in very elderly adults: Less is more. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014; 62:945–947.Google Scholar

Sathasivam, S, Lecky, B. Statin induced myopathy. BMJ. 2008; 337:a2286.Google Scholar

Lee, DS, Markwardt, S, Goeres, L, et al. Statins and physical activity in older men: The osteoporotic fractures in men study. JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174:1263–1270.Google Scholar

Golomb, BA, Evans, MA, Dimsdale, JE, et al. Effects of statins on energy and fatigue with exertion: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172:1180–1182.Google Scholar

Grundy, SM, Stone, NJ, Bailey, AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 73:e285–e350.Google Scholar

The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO IIb) Angioplasty Substudy Investigators. A clinical trial comparing primary coronary angioplasty with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:1621–1628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Boer, MJ, Ottervanger, JP, van’t Hof, AW, et al. Reperfusion therapy in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction: A randomized comparison of primary angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39:1723–1728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Levine, GN, Bates, ER, Blankenship, JC, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI focused update on primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 67:1235–1250.Google Scholar

Antman, EM, Cohen, M, Bernink, PJLM, et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA. 2000; 284:835–842.Google Scholar

Granger, CB, Goldberg, RJ, Dabbous, O, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163:2345–2353.Google Scholar

FRagmin and Fast Revascularization during InStability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC II) Investigators. Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. Lancet. 1999; 354:708–715.Google Scholar

Hochman, JS. Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: Expanding the paradigm. Circulation. 2003; 107:2998–3002.Google Scholar

Hochman, JS, Sleeper, LA, White, HD, et al. for the SHOCK Investigators. One-year survival following early revascularization for cardiogenic shock. JAMA. 2001; 285:190–192.Google Scholar

Dzavik, V, Sleeper, LA, Cocke, TP, et al. for the SHOCK Investigators. Early revascularization is associated with improved survival in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: A report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. Eur Heart J. 2003; 24:828–837.Google Scholar

Bueno, H, Lopez-Palop, R, Perez-David, E, et al. Combined effect of age and right ventricular involvement on acute inferior myocardial infarction prognosis. Circulation. 1998; 98:1714–1720.Google Scholar

Robinson, AA, Trankle, CR, Eubanks, G, et al. Off-label use of direct oral anticoagulants compared with warfarin for left ventricular thrombi. JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5:685–692.Google Scholar

Hasdai, D, Topol, EJ, Califf, RM, et al. Cardiogenic shock complicating acute coronary syndromes. Lancet. 2000; 356:749–756.Google Scholar

Olgin, JE, Pletcher, MJ, Vittinghoff, E, et al. Wearable cardioverter-defibrillator after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379:1205–1215.Google Scholar

Al-Khatib, SM, Stevenson, WG, Ackerman, MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72:e91–e220.Google Scholar

Fihn, SD, Gardin, JM, Abrams, J, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/ AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 60:e44–164.Google Scholar

Whelton, PK, Carey, RM, Aronow, WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71:e127–e248.Google Scholar

Grundy, SM, Stone, NJ, Bailey, AL, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/ACCVPR/AAPA/ ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 73:e285–e350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

American Diabetes Association. Older adults: Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020; 43(suppl. 1):S152–S162.Google Scholar

Witt, BJ, Jacobsen, SJ, Weston, SA, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44:988–996.Google Scholar

Garber, AJ, Handelsman, Y, Grunberger, G, et al. Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm – 2020 executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2020; 26:107–139.Google Scholar

Das, SR, Everett, BM, Birtcher, KK, et al. 2020 expert consensus decision pathway on novel therapies for cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 76:1117–1145.Google Scholar

Zinman, B, Wanner, C, Lachin, JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:2117–2128.Google Scholar

Neal, B, Perkovic, V, Mahaffey, KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377:644–657.Google Scholar

Wiviott, SD, Raz, I, Bonaca, MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380:347–357.Google Scholar

McMurray, JJV, Solomon, SD, Inzucchi, SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381:1995–2008.Google Scholar

Packer, M, Anker, SD, Butler, J, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure, for the EMPEROR-Reduced Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383:1413–1424. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022190.Google Scholar

Marso, SP, Daniels, GH, Brown-Frandsen, K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:311–322.Google Scholar

Marso, SP, Bain, SC, Consoli, A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:1834–1844.Google Scholar

Husain, M, Birkenfeld, AL, Donsmark, M, et al. Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381(9):841–851.Google Scholar

Gerstein, HC, Colhoun, HM, Dagenais, GR, et al. Dulaglitide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): A double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trials. Lancet. 2019; 394:121–130.Google Scholar

American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. ACC/AHA 2002 guidelines update for exercise testing. Circulation. 2002; 106:1883–1892.Google Scholar

Douglas, PS, Hoffmann, U, Patel, MR, et al. Outcomes of anatomical versus functional testing for coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372:1291–1300.Google Scholar

Boden, WE, O’Rourke, RA, Teo, KK, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356:1503–1516.Google Scholar

Maron, DJ, Hochman, JS, Reynolds, HR, et al. Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382:1395–1407.Google Scholar

Steg, PG, Bhatt, DL, Simon, T, et al. Ticagrelor in patients with stable coronary disease and diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381:1309–1320.Google Scholar

Eikelboom, JW, Connolly, SJ, Bosch, J, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377:1319–1330.Google Scholar

The TIME Investigators. Trial of invasive versus medical therapy in elderly patients with chronic symptomatic coronary-artery disease (TIME): A randomised trial. Lancet. 2001; 358:951–957.Google Scholar

Newman, MF, Kirchner, JL, Phillips-Bute, B, et al. for the Neurological Outcome Research Groups and the Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators. Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:395–402.Google Scholar

Yancy, CW, Jessup, M, Bozkurt, B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. Circulation. 2013; 128:e240–327.Google Scholar

The ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker versus diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002; 288:2981–2997.Google Scholar

The SPRINT research group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:2103–2116.Google Scholar

Yancy, CW, Jessup, M, Bozkurt, B, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 70:776–803.Google Scholar

Okin, PM, Devereux, RB, Jern, S, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and the prediction of major cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2004; 292:2343–2349.Google Scholar

Goldman, L, Hashimoto, B, Cook, EF, Loscalzo, A. Comparative reproducibility and validity of systems for assessing cardiovascular functional class: Advantages of a new specific activity scale. Circulation. 1981; 64:1227–1234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Maisel, AS, Krishnaswamy, P, Nowak, RM, et al. for the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study Investigators. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347:161–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gaggin, HK, Mohammed, AA, Bhardwaj, A, et al. Heart failure outcomes and benefits of NT-proBNP-guided management in the elderly: Results from the Prospective, Randomized ProBNP Outpatient Tailored Chronic Heart Failure Therapy (PROTECT Study). J Cardiac Fail. 2012; 18:626–634.Google Scholar

Redfield, MM, Rodeheffer, RJ, Jacobsen, SJ, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: impact of age and gender. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40:976–982.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wang, TJ, Larson, MG, Levy, D, et al. Impact of age and sex on plasma natriuretic peptide levels in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90:254–258.Google Scholar

Januzzi, JL, Chen-Tournoux, AA, Christenson, RH, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency department: The ICON-RELOADED study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71:1191–1200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Heiat, A, Gross, CP, Krumholz, HM. Representation of the elderly, women, and minorities in heart failure clinical trials. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162:1682–1688.Google Scholar

Rich, MW, Beckham, V, Wittenberg, C, et al. A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333:1190–1195.Google Scholar

Whellan, DJ, Hasselblad, V, Peterson, E, et al. Meta-analysis and review of heart failure disease management randomized controlled clinical trials. Am Heart J. 2005; 149:722–729.Google Scholar

Ades, PA, Keteyian, SJ, Balady, GJ, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation exercise and self-care for chronic heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2013; 1:540–547.Google Scholar

Faris, R, Flather, M, Purcell, H, et al. Current evidence supporting the role of diuretics in heart failure: A meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Cardiol. 2002; 82:149–158.Google Scholar

Domanski, M, Norman, J, Pitt, B, et al. Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42:705–708.Google Scholar

Neuberg, GW, Miller, AB, O’Connor, CM, et al. Diuretic resistance predicts mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Am Heart J. 2002; 144:31–38.Google Scholar

Gheorghiade, M, Zannad, F, Sopko, G, et al. Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research. Circulation. 2005; 112:3958–3968.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gupta, D, Georgiopoulou, VV, Kalogeropoulos, AP, et al. Dietary sodium intake in heart failure. Circulation. 2012; 126:479–485.Google Scholar

Flather, MD, Yusuf, S, Kober, L, et al. Long-term ACEI-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. Lancet. 2000; 355:1575–1581.Google Scholar

Garg, R, Yusuf, S for the Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. JAMA. 1995; 273:1450–1456.Google Scholar

The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327:685–691.Google Scholar

Maggioni, AP, Anand, I, Gottlieb, SO, et al. Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40:1414–1421.Google Scholar

Granger, CB, McMurray, JJV, Yusuf, S, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003; 362:772–776.Google Scholar

Pfeffer, MA, Swedberg, K, Granger, CB, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet. 2003; 362:759–766.Google Scholar

Kuenzli, A, Bucher, HC, Anand, I, et al. Meta-analysis of combined therapy with angiotensin receptor antagonists versus ACE inhibitors alone in patients with heart failure. PloS One. 2010; 5:e9946.Google Scholar

McMurray, JJV, Packer, M, Desai, AS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371:993–1004.Google Scholar

Cohn, JN, Archibald, DG, Ziesche, S, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure: Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314:1547–1552.Google Scholar

Cohn, JN, Johnson, G, Ziesche, S, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:303–310.Google Scholar

Taylor, AL, Ziesche, S, Yancy, C, et al. for the African-American Heart Failure Trial Investigators. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351:2049–2057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999; 353:2001–2007.Google Scholar

Packer, M, Coats, AJS, Fowler, MB, et al. for the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:1651–1658.Google Scholar

The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS II): A randomised trial. Lancet. 1999; 353:9–13.Google Scholar

Deedwania, PC, Gottlieb, S, Ghali, JK, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of beta-adrenergic blockade with metoprolol CR/XL in elderly patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25:1300–1309.Google Scholar

Swedberg, K, Komajda, M, Bohm, M, et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): A randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2010; 376:875–885.Google Scholar

Pitt, B, Zannad, F, Remme, WJ, et al. for the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341:709–717.Google Scholar

Zannad, F, McMurray, JJV, Krum, H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364:11–21.Google Scholar

Juurlink, DN, Mamdani, MM, Lee, DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351:543–551.Google Scholar

The Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:525–533.Google Scholar

Rich, MW, McSherry, F, Williford, WO, Yusuf, S for the Digitalis Investigation Group. Effect of age on mortality, hospitalizations and response to digoxin in patients with heart failure: The DIG study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38:806–813.Google Scholar

Ahmed, A, Rich, MW, Love, TE, et al. Digoxin and reduction in mortality and hospitalization in heart failure: A comprehensive post hoc analysis of the DIG trial. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27:178–186.Google Scholar

Massie, BN, Collins, JF, Ammon, SE, et al. Randomized trial of warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with chronic heart failure: The Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure (WATCH) Trial. Circulation. 2009; 119:1616–1624.Google Scholar

Homma, S, Thompson, JLP, Pullicino, PM, et al. Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366:1859–1869.Google Scholar

O’Connor, CM, Gattis, WA, Uretsky, BF, et al. Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: Insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J. 1999; 138:78–86.Google Scholar

Cuffe, MS, Califf, RM, Adams, KFJ, et al. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002; 287:1541–1547.Google Scholar

Publication Committee for the VMAC Investigators (Vasodilation in the Management of Acute CHF). Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002; 287:1531–1540.Google Scholar

O’Connor, CM, Starling, RC, Hernandez, AF, et al. Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365:32–43.Google Scholar

Daneshvar, DA, Czer, LS, Phan, A, et al. Heart transplantation in the elderly: why cardiac transplantation does not need to be limited to younger patients but can be safely performed in patients above 65 years of age. Ann Transplant. 2010; 15:110–119.Google Scholar

Atluri, P, Goldstone, AB, Kobrin, DM, et al. Ventricular assist device implant in the elderly is associated with increased, but respectable risk: A multi-institutional study. Ann Thorac Surg.2013; 96:141–147.Google Scholar

DeFilippis, EM, Nakagawa, S, Maurer, MS, Topkara, VK. Left ventricular assist device therapy in older adults: Addressing common clinical questions. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019; 67:2410–2419.Google Scholar

Upadhya, B, Kitzman, DW. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: new approaches to diagnosis and management. Clin Cardiol. 2020; 43:145–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kitzman, DW, Gardin, JM, Gottdiener, JS, et al. for the Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group. Importance of heart failure with preserved systolic function in patients > or = 65 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 87:413–419.Google Scholar

Owan, TE, Hodge, DO, Herges, RM, Jacobsen, SJ, Roger, VL, Redfield, MM. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355:251–259.Google Scholar

Bhatia, RS, Tu, JV, Lee, DS, et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. New Engl J Med. 2006; 355:260–269.Google Scholar

Owan, TE, Hodge, DO, Herges, RM, et al. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. New Engl J Med. 2006; 355:251–259.Google Scholar

Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: An individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2012; 33:1750–1757.Google Scholar

Yusuf, S, Pfeffer, MA, Swedberg, K, et al. for the CHARM investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: The CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. 2003; 362:777–781.Google Scholar

Ahmed, A, Rich, MW, Fleg, JL, et al. Effects of digoxin on morbidity and mortality in diastolic heart failure: the Ancillary Digitalis Investigation Group Trial. Circulation. 2006; 114:397–403.Google Scholar

Cleland, JGF, Tendera, M, Adamus, J, et al. The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27:2338–2345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Massie, BM, Carson, PE, McMurray, JJ, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359:2456–2467.Google Scholar

Van Veldhuisen, DJ, Cohen-Solal, A, Bohm, M, et al. Beta-blockade with nebivolol in elderly heart failure patients with impaired and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53:2150–2158.Google Scholar

Pitt, B, Pfeffer, MA, Assmann, SF, et al. Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370:1383–1392.Google Scholar

Edelmann, F, Wachter, R, Schmidt, AG, et al. Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: The Aldo-DHF randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013; 309:781–791.Google Scholar

Redfield, MM, Chen, HH, Borlaug, BA, et al. Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition on exercise capacity and clinical status in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013; 309:1268–1277.Google Scholar

Zile, MR, Bourge, RC, Redfield, MM, Zhou, D, Baicu, CF, Little, WC. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sitaxsentan to improve impaired exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol HF. 2014; 2:123–130.Google Scholar

Conraads, VM, Metra, M, Kamp, O, et al. Effects of long-term administration of nebivolol on the clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, and left ventricular function of patients with diastolic dysfunction: Results of the ELANDD study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012; 14:219–225.Google Scholar

Solomon, SD, McMurray, JJV, Anand, IS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381:1609–1620.Google Scholar

Ruberg, FL, Grogan, M, Hanna, M, et al. Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 73:2872–2891.Google Scholar

Maurer, MS, Schwartz, JH, Gundapaneni, B, et al. Tafamidis treatment for patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379:1007–1016.Google Scholar

Bristow, MR, Saxon, LA, Boehmer, J, et al. for the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Investigators. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350:2140–2150.Google Scholar

Cleland, JGF, Daubert, JC, Erdmann, E, et al. for the Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. New Engl J Med. 2005; 352:1539–1549.Google Scholar

Kusumoto, FM, Schoenfeld, MH, Barrett, CN, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 74:e51–e156.Google Scholar

Cheng, YJ, Zhang, J, Li, WJ, et al. More favorable response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in women than in men. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014; 7:807–815.Google Scholar

Zusterzeel, R, Selzman, KA, Sanders, WE, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in women: US Food and Drug Administration meta-analysis of patient-level data. JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174:1340–1348.Google Scholar

Verbrugge, FH, Dupont, M, De Vusser, P, et al. Response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in elderly patients (≥70 years) and octogenarians. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013; 15:203–210.Google Scholar

Sandhu, A, Levy, A, Varosy, PD, Matlock, D. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy in older adults with heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019; 67:2193–2199.Google Scholar

Moss, AJ, Zareba, W, Hall, WJ, et al. for the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:877–883.Google Scholar

Bardy, GH, Lee, KL, Mark, DB, et al. for the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352:225–237.Google Scholar

Santangeli, P, Di Biase, L, Dello Russo, A, et al. Meta-analysis: Age and effectiveness of prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Ann Intern Med. 2010; 153:592–599.Google Scholar

Lampert, R, Hayes, DL, Annas, GJ, et al. HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Management of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) in patients nearing end of life or requesting withdrawal of therapy. Heart Rhythm. 2010; 7:1008–1026.Google Scholar

Takeda, A, Martin, N, Taylor, RS, Taylor, SJC. Disease management interventions for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 1:CD002752.Google Scholar

Huynh, BC, Rovner, A, Rich, MW. Long-term survival in elderly patients hospitalized for heart failure: 14 year follow-up from a prospective randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166:1892–1898.Google Scholar

Whellan, DJ, Goodlin, SJ, Dickinson, MG, et al. End-of-life care in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail. 2014; 20:121–134.Google Scholar

Otto, CM, Prendergast, B. Aortic-valve stenosis: From patients at risk to severe valve obstruction. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371:744–756.Google Scholar

Nishimura, RA, Otto, CM, Ronow, RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 70:252–289.Google Scholar

Leon, MB, Smith, CR, Mack, M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363:1597–1607.Google Scholar

Smith, CR, Leon, MB, Mack, MJ, et al. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364:2187–2198.Google Scholar

Kodali, SK, Williams, MR, Smith, CR, et al. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366:1686–1695.Google Scholar

Reynolds, MR, Magnuson, EA, Lei, Y, et al. Health-related quality of life after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in inoperable patients with severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2011; 124:1964–1972.Google Scholar

Mack, MJ, Leon, MB, Thourani, VH, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a balloon-expandable valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380:1695–1705.Google Scholar

Popma, JJ, Deeb, GM, Yakubov, SJ, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a self-expanding valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380:1706–1715.Google Scholar

Lindman, BR, Alexander, KP, O’Gara, PT, Afilalo, J. Futility, benefit, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014; 7:707–716.Google Scholar

Scognamiglio, R, Rahimtoola, SH, Fasoli, G, et al. Nifedipine in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular function. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331:689–694.Google Scholar

Evangelista, A, Tornos, P, Sambola, A, et al. Long-term vasodilator therapy in patients with severe aortic regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:1342–1349.Google Scholar

Rawasia, WF, Khan, MS, Usman, MS, et al. Safety and efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve replacement for native aortic valve regurgitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019; 93:345–353.Google Scholar

Mathew, JP, Fontes, ML, Tudor, IC, et al. A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA. 2004; 291:1720–1729.Google Scholar

Crystal, E, Connolly, SJ, Sleik, K, et al. Interventions on prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery: A meta-analysis. Circulation. 2002; 106:75–80.Google Scholar

Mitchell, LB, Exner, DV, Wyse, DG, et al. Prophylactic oral amiodarone for the prevention of arrhythmias that begin early after revascularization, valve replacement, or repair – PAPABEAR: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005; 294:3093–3100.Google Scholar

Enriquez-Sarano, M, Avierinos, JF, Messika-Zeitoun, D, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352:875–883.Google Scholar

Feldman, T, Foster, E, Glower, DD, et al. Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364:1395–1406.Google Scholar

Wan, B, Rahnvavardi, M, Tian, DH, et al. A meta-analysis of MitraClip system versus surgery for treatment of severe mitral regurgitation. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2013; 2:683–692.Google ScholarPubMed

Stone, GW, Lindenfeld, J, Abraham, WT, et al. Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379:2307–2318.Google Scholar

Lamas, GA, Lee, KL, Silverman, R, et al. Ventricular pacing or dual-chamber pacing for sinus-node dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:1854–1862.Google Scholar

Dewland, TA, Olgin, JE, Vittinghoff, E, Marcus, GM. Incident atrial fibrillation among Asians, Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites. Circulation. 2013; 128:2470–2477.Google Scholar

January, CT, Wann, LS, Calkins, H, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 74:104–132.Google Scholar

Coleman, CI, Perkerson, KA, Gillespie, EL, et al. Impact of prophylactic beta blockade on post-cardiothoracic surgery length of stay and atrial fibrillation. Ann Phamacother. 2004; 38:2012–2016.Google Scholar

Kluger, J, White, CM. Amiodarone prevents symptomatic atrial fibrillation and reduces the risk of cerebrovascular events and ventricular tachycardia after open heart surgery: Results of the Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial (AFIST). Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2003; 7:165–167.Google Scholar

Wyse, DG, Waldo, AL, DiMarco, JP, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347:1825–1833.Google Scholar

The AFFIRM Investigators. Quality of life in atrial fibrillation: The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study. Am Heart J. 2005; 149:112–120.Google Scholar

Packer, DL, Mark, DB, Robb, RA, et al. Effect of catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drug therapy on mortality, stroke, bleeding, and cardiac arrest among patients with atrial fibrillation (the CABANA randomized clinical trial). JAMA. 2019; 321:1261–1274.Google Scholar

Wolf, PA, Abbott, RD, Kannel, WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991; 22:983–988.Google Scholar

Gage, BF, Waterman, AD, Shannon, W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: Results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001; 285:2864–2870.Google Scholar

Lip, GY, Nieuwlaat, R, Pisters, R, et al. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Chest. 2010; 137:263–272.Google Scholar

SPORTIF III Investigators: Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Lancet. 2003; 362:1691–1698.Google Scholar

SPORTIF V Investigators. Ximelagatran vs warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2005; 293:690–698.Google Scholar

Connolly, SJ, Ezekowitz, MD, Yusuf, S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361:1139–1151.Google Scholar

Patel, MR, Mahaffey, KW, Garg, J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365:883–891.Google Scholar

Granger, CB, Alexander, JH, McMurray, JJV, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365:981–992.Google Scholar

Sardar, P, Chatterjee, S, Chaudhari, S, Lip, GYH. New oral anticoagulants in elderly adults: Evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014; 62:857–864.Google Scholar

Pisters, R, Lane, DA, Nieuwlaat, R, et al. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: The Euro Heart Survey. Chest. 2010; 138:1093–1100.Google Scholar

Lane, DA, Lip, GYH. Clinician update: Use of the CHA₂DS₂-VASc and HAS-BLED scores to aid decision making for thromboprophylaxis in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2012; 126:860–865.Google Scholar

Gage, BF, Birman-Deych, E, Kerzner, R, et al. Incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation who are prone to fall. Am J Med. 2005; 118:612–617.Google Scholar

Donze, J, Clair, C, Hug, B, et al. Risk of falls and major bleeds in patients on oral anticoagulation therapy. Am J Med. 2012; 125:773–778.Google Scholar

Reddy, VY, Sievert, H, Halperin, J, et al. Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure vs warfarin for atrial fibrillation: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014; 312:1988–1998.Google Scholar

Boersma, LV, Ince, H, Kische, S, et al. Evaluating real-world clinical outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients receiving the Watchman left atrial appendage closure technology. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2019; 12:e006841.Google Scholar

Freeman, JV, Varosy, P, Price, MJ, et al. The NCDR left atrial appendage occlusion registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 75:1503–1518.Google Scholar

Buxton, AE, Lee, KL, Fisher, JD, et al. For the Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341:1882–1890.Google Scholar

Benjamin, E, Virani, S, Callaway, C, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2018 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018; 137(12):e67–e492. doi: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000558.Google Scholar

Kirkland, EB, Heincelman, M, Bishu, KG, Schumann, SO, Schreiner, A, et al. Trends in healthcare expenditures among US adults with hypertension: National estimates, 2003–2014. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2018; 7(11):e008731.Google Scholar

GBD 2017 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018; 392:1923–1994.Google Scholar

Muntner, P, Carey, R M, Gidding, S, et al. Potential US population impact of the 2017 ACC/AHA High Blood Pressure Guideline. Circulation. 2018; 137(2):109–118.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. High blood pressure facts, 2019. www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm.Google Scholar

Muntner, P, Shimbo, D, Carey, RM, et al. Measurement of blood pressure in humans: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2019; 73(5):35–66. doi: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000087.Google Scholar

Whelton, P, Carey, R, Aronow, W, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018; 71(6):e13–e115. doi: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000065.Google Scholar

The Sprint Research Group, Williamson, JD, Pajewski, NM, Auchus, AP, Bryan, RN, Chelune, G, Cheung, AK, et al. Effect of intensive vs standard blood pressure control on probable dementia: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019; 321:553–561. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.21442.Google Scholar

Gottesman, RF, Schneider, ALC, Albert, M, Alonso, A, Bandeen-Roche, K. Midlife hypertension and 20-year cognitive change. JAMA Neurology. 2014; 71(10):1218.Google Scholar

Perry, Jr HM, Davis, BR, Price, TR, et al. Effect of treating isolated systolic hypertension on the risk of developing various types and subtypes of stroke: The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA. 2000; 284(4):465.Google Scholar

Beckett, NS, Peters, R, Fletcher, AE, Staessen, JA, Liu, L, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008; 358(18):1887–1898.Google Scholar

The SPRINT Research Group, Wright, JT, Williamson, JD, Whelton, PK, Snyder, JK, Sink, KM, Rocco, MV, et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:2103–2116. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1511939.Google Scholar

Pajewski, NM, Berlowitz, DR, Bress, AP, Callahan, KE, Cheung, AK, et al. Intensive vs standard blood pressure control in adults 80 years or older: A secondary analysis of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2019; 68(3):496–504.Google Scholar

Sobieraj, P, Lewandowski, J, Siński, M, et al. Low diastolic blood pressure is not related to risk of first episode of stroke in a high‐risk population: A secondary analysis of SPRINT. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2019; 8(4):e010811.Google Scholar

James, PA, Oparil, S, Carter, BL, et al. Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014; 311(5):507–520.Google Scholar

Hirsch, AT, Hiatt, WR. PAD Awareness, risk, and treatment: New resources for survival – the USA PARTNERS program. Vasc Med. 2001; 6:9–12.Google Scholar

Fowkes, FGR, Rudan, D, Rudan, I, et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: A systematic review and analysis. Lancet. 2013; 382:1329–1340.Google Scholar

Schramm, K, Rochon, PJ. Gender differences in peripheral vascular disease. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2018; 35(1):9–16.Google Scholar

Gerhard-Herman, MD, Gornik, HL, Barrett, C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: Executive summary. Vasc Med. 2017; 22(3):NP1–NP43.Google Scholar

Carmelli, D, Fabsitz, RR, Swan, GE, Reed, T, Miller, B, Wolf, PA. Contribution of genetic and environmental influences to ankle-brachial blood pressure index in the NHLBI Twin Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000; 151:452.Google Scholar

Wahlgren, CM, Magnusson, PK. Genetic influences on peripheral arterial disease in a twin population. Anterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011; 31:678.Google Scholar

Chen, Q, Shi, Y, Wang, Y, Li, X. Patterns of disease distribution of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Angiology. 2015; 66(3):211–218.Google Scholar

Norgren, L, Hiatt, WR, Dormandy, JA, Nehler, MR, Harris, KA, Fowkes, FGR. Inter-Society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007; 45:S5.Google Scholar

Vainas, T, Stassen, FR, de Graaf, R, et al. C-reactive protein in peripheral arterial disease: Relation to severity of the disease and to future cardiovascular events. J Vasc Surg. 2005; 42(2):243–251.Google Scholar

Ferket, BS, Spronk, S, Colkesen, EB, Hunink, MM. Systematic review of guidelines on peripheral artery disease screening. Am J Med. 2012; 125:198.Google Scholar

Services, UP, Force, T, Curry, SJ, et al. Screening for peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular disease risk assessment with the ankle-brachial index: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018; 320:177.Google Scholar

Guirguis-Blake, JM, Evans, CV, Redmond, N, Lin, JS. Screening for peripheral artery disease using the ankle-brachial index: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018; 320:184.Google Scholar

McDermott, MM, Greenland, P, Liu, K, et al. Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease: associated clinical characteristics and functional impairment. JAMA. 2001; 286:1599.Google Scholar

Khan, NA, Rahim, SA, Anand, SS, Simel, DL, Panju, A. Does the clinical examination predict lower extremity peripheral arterial disease? JAMA. 2006; 295:536.Google Scholar

Hirsch, AT, Haskal, ZJ, Hertzer, NR, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): A collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006; 113:e463.Google Scholar

Haigh, KJ, Bingley, J, Golledge, J, Walker, PJ. Barriers to screening and diagnosis of peripheral artery disease by general practitioners. Vasc Med. 2013; 18(6):325–330.Google Scholar

Mills, JLS, Conte, MS, Armstrong, DG, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System: Risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg. 2014; 59:220.Google Scholar

Morris, DR, Rodriguez, AJ, Moxon, JV, et al. Association of lower extremity performance with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014; 3:e001105.Google Scholar

Low Wang, CC, Blomster, JI, Heizer, G, et al. Cardiovascular and limb outcomes in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: The EUCLID trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72:3274.Google Scholar

Whelton, PK, Carey, RM, Aronow, WS. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71(19):2177–2188.Google Scholar

SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:2103–2116.Google Scholar

Willigendael, EM, Teijink, JA, Bartelink, ML, et al. Influence of smoking on incidence and prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2004; 40:1158.Google Scholar

Lane, R, Harwood, A, Watson, L, Leng, GC. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 12:CD000990.Google Scholar

Garg, PK, Tian, L, Criqui, MH. Physical activity during daily life and mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation. 2006; 114:242.Google Scholar

Watson, L, Ellis, B, Leng, GC. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008:CD000990.Google Scholar

Vemulapalli, S, Dolor, RJ, Hasselblad, V, et al. Supervised vs unsupervised exercise for intermittent claudication: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2015; 169:924.Google Scholar

Mazari, FAK, Khan, JA, Carradice, D, et al. Randomized clinical trial of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, supervised exercise and combined treatment for intermittent claudication due to femoropopliteal arterial disease. Br J Surg. 2012; 99:39.Google Scholar

Nylaende, M, Abdelnoor, M, Stranden, E, et al. The Oslo balloon angioplasty versus conservative treatment study (OBACT): The 2-years results of a single centre, prospective, randomised study in patients with intermittent claudication. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007; 33:3.Google Scholar

Conte, MS, Pomposelli, FB, Clair, DG, et al. Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities: Management of asymptomatic disease and claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2015; 61:2S.Google Scholar

Morrow, DA, Braunwald, E, Bonaca, MP, et al. Vorapaxar in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366:1404.Google Scholar

Thompson, PD, Zimet, R, Forbes, WP, Zhang, P. Meta-analysis of results from eight randomized, placebo-controlled trials on the effect of cilostazol on patients with intermittent claudication. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90:1314.Google Scholar

Pande, RL, Hiatt, WR, Zhang, P, Hittel, N, Creager, MA. A pooled analysis of the durability and predictors of treatment response of cilostazol in patients with intermittent claudication. Vasc Med. 2010; 15:181.Google Scholar

Beebe, HG, Dawson, DL, Cutler, BS, et al. A new pharmacological treatment for intermittent claudication: Results of a randomized, multicenter trial. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159(17):2041.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, ME, Badger, SA, Sharif, MA, Young, IS, Lee, B, Soong, CV. The vascular and biochemical effects of cilostazol in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2009; 49:1226.Google Scholar

Gardner, AW, Afaq, A. Management of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2008; 28(6):349–357.Google Scholar

Rooke, TW, Hirsch, AT, Misra, S, et al. ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 58(19):2020–2045.Google Scholar

Lewis, SR, Pritchard, MW, Schofield‐Robinson, OJ, Alderson, P, Smith, AF. Continuation versus discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy for bleeding and ischaemic events in adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 7:CD012584.Google Scholar

Devereaux, PJ, Mrkobrada, M, Sessler, DI, et al. Aspirin in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370:1494.Google Scholar

Biccard, BM, Sigamani, A, Chan, MTV, et al. Effect of aspirin in vascular surgery in patients from a randomized clinical trial (POISE‐2). Br J Surg. 2018; 105:1591.Google Scholar

Goodney, PP, Schanzer, A, DeMartino, RR, et al. Validation of the Society for Vascular Surgery’s objective performance goals for critical limb ischemia in everyday vascular surgery practice. J Vasc Surg. 2011; 54:100.Google Scholar

Leithead, C, Novak, Z, Spangler, E, et al. Importance of postprocedural wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI) restaging in predicting limb salvage. J Vasc Surg. 2018; 67:498.Google Scholar

Stoner, MC, Calligaro, KD, Chaer, RA, et al. Reporting standards of the Society for Vascular Surgery for endovascular treatment of chronic lower extremity peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2016; 64:e1.Google Scholar

Albäck, A, Biancari, F, Schmidt, S, et al. Haemodynamic results of femoropopliteal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998; 16:7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Criqui, MH, Langer, RD, Fronek, A, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med. 1992; 326:381.Google Scholar

Teraa, M, Conte, MS, Moll, FL, Verhaar, MC. Critical limb ischemia: Current trends and future directions. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016; 5:e002938.Google Scholar

Welten, GM, Schouten, O, Hoeks, SE, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients with peripheral arterial disease: A comparison in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51:1588.Google Scholar

Drachman, DA, Swearer, JM. Neurological evaluation of the elderly patient. In: Albert, ML, Knoefel, JE, eds. Clinical Neurology of Aging, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 41–53.Google Scholar

Manini, TM, Hong, SL, Clark, BC. Aging and muscle: A neuron’s perspective. Curr Opin Clini Nutr Metab Care. 2013; 16(1):1–10.Google Scholar

Sirven, JI, Mancall, EL. Neurological examination of the older adult. In: Sirven, JI, Malamut, BL, eds. Clinical Neurology of the Older Adult, 2nd edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008, pp. 5–7.Google Scholar

Chitnus, T, Weiner, HL. Multiple sclerosis in the elderly. In: Albert, ML, Knoefel, JE, eds. Clinical Neurology of Aging, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 536–543.Google Scholar

Scalfari, A, Knappertz, V, Cutter, G, et al. Mortality in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2013; 81:184–192.Google Scholar

Ciotti, JR, Cross, AH. Disease modifying treatment in progressive multiple sclerosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2018; 20:12.Google Scholar

Hughes, RA, Rees, JH. Clinical and epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997; 176:S92–98.Google Scholar

Yuki, N, Hartung, HP. Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366:2294–2304.Google Scholar

William, HJ, Jacobs, BC, Van Doorn, PA. Guillain-Barre syndrome. Lancet. 2016; 388:717–727.Google Scholar

Cao-Lormeau, VM, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome outbreak caused by Zika virus infection in French Polynesia. Lancet. 2016; 387(100027):1531–1539.Google Scholar

Vellozzi, C, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome, influenza and influenza vaccination: The epidemiologic evidence. Clinical Infectious Disease. 2014; 58(8):1149–1155.Google Scholar

Worms, PM. The epidemiology of motor neuron disease: A review of recent studies. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001; 191:3–9.Google Scholar

Rowland, LP, Shneider, NA. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:1688–1700.Google Scholar

Voelker, R. Antioxidant drug approved for ALS. JAMA. 2017; 317(23):2347–2460.Google Scholar

Donaghy, M. Classification and clinical features of motor neuron diseases and motor neuropathies in adults. J. Neurol. 1999; 246:331–333.Google Scholar

Sieb, JP. Myasthenia gravis: An update for the clinician. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2013; 175:408–418.Google Scholar

Drachman, DB. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:1797–1810.Google Scholar

Mold, JW, Vesely, SK, Keyl, BA. The prevalence, predictors, and consequences of peripheral sensory neuropathy in older patients. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004; 17:309–318.Google Scholar

Hoffman Snyder, CR, Smith, BE. Common peripheral neuropathies in the older adult. In: Sirven, JI, Malamut, BL, eds. Clinical Neurology of the Older Adult, 2nd edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008, pp. 402–419.Google Scholar

Zawora, M, Liang, TW, Jarra, H. Neurological problems in the elderly. In: Arenson, C, Busby-Whitehead, J, Brummel-Smith, K, et al., eds. Reichel’s Care of the Elderly: Clinical Aspects of Aging, 6th edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 140–170.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report: Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014. www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf. Accessed on 08/03/2014.Google Scholar

Charnogursky, G, Lee, H, Lopez, N. Diabetic neuropathy. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 2014; 120:773–785.Google Scholar

Schmader, KE. Epidemiology and impact on quality of life of postherpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2002; 18:350–354.Google Scholar

Lacomis, D. Small-fiber neuropathy. Muscle and Nerve. 2002; 26:173–188.Google Scholar

Brannagan, TH, Weimer, LH, Latov, N. Acquired neuropathies. In: Rowland, LP, ed. Merritt’s Neurology, 11th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005, pp. 748–767.Google Scholar

Ghaznawi, N, Virdi, A, Dayan, A, et al. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus: Comparison of disease in patients 60 years and older versus younger than 60 years. Ophthalmology. 2011; 118:2242–2250.Google Scholar

Gnann, JW, Whitley, RJ. Herpes zoster. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347:340–346.Google Scholar

Dooling, KL, et al. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices for use of herpes zoster vaccines. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2018; 67(3):103–108. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6703a5.htm.Google Scholar

Eldar, AH, Chapman, J. Guillain-Barré syndrome and other immune mediated neuropathies: Diagnosis and classification. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2014; 13:525–530.Google Scholar

Mahdi-Rogers, M, Hughes, RA. Epidemiology of chronic inflammatory neuropathies in southeast England. European Journal of Neurology. 2014; 21:28–33.Google Scholar

Lijima, M, Koike, H, Nattori, N, et al. Prevalence and incidence rates of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in the Japanese population. J Neurol Neurosurgery Psychiatry. 2008; 79(9):1040–1043.Google Scholar

Mellion, M, Gilchrist, JM, De La Monte, S. Alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy: nutritional, toxic, or both? Muscle and Nerve. 2011; 43:309–316.Google Scholar

Kumar, N. Neurologic aspects of cobalamin (B12) deficiency. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 2014; 120:915–926.Google Scholar

Nemni, R, Gerosa, E, Piccolo, G, Merlinii, G. Neuropathies associated with monoclonal gammopathies. Haematologica. 1994; 79:557–566.Google Scholar

Pop-Busui, R, Roberts, L, Pennathur, S, et al. The management of diabetic neuropathy in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010; 55:365–385.Google Scholar

Dworkin, RH, O’Connor, AB, Backonja, M, et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: Evidence-based recommendations. Pain. 2007; 132:237–251.Google Scholar

Laccheo, I, Ablah, E, Heinrichs, R, et al. Assessment of quality of life among the elderly with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008; 12:257–261.Google Scholar

Stephen, LJ, Brodie, MJ. Epilepsy in elderly people. Lancet. 2000; 355:1441–1446.Google Scholar

Leppik, IE, Birnbaum, AK. Epilepsy in the elderly. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010; 1184:208–224.Google Scholar

Ramsay, RE, Rowan, AJ, Pryor, FM. Special considerations in treating the elderly patient with epilepsy. Neurology. 2004; 62:S24–29.Google Scholar

Huying, F, Limpe, S, Werhahn, KJ. Antiepileptic drug use in nursing home residents: A cross-sectional, regional study. Seizure. 2006; 15:194–197.Google Scholar

Hardie, NA, Garrard, J, Gross, CR, et al. The validity of epilepsy or seizure documentation in nursing homes. Epilepsy Research. 2007; 74:171–175.Google Scholar

Brodie, MJ, Kelly, K, Stephen, LJ. Prospective audits with new antiepileptic drugs in focal epilepsy: Insights into population responses? Epilepsy and Behavior. 2014; 31:73–76.Google Scholar

Wallace, H, Shorwon, S, Tallis, R. Age-specific incidence and prevalence rates of treated epilepsy in an unselected population of 2,052,922 and age-specific fertility rates of women with epilepsy. Lancet. 1998; 352:1970–1073.Google Scholar

Bladin, CF, Alexandrov, AV, Bellavance, A, et al. Seizures after stroke: A prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol. 2000; 57:1617–1622.Google Scholar

Brodie, MJ, Elder, AT, Kwan, P. Epilepsy in later life. Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8:1019–1030.Google Scholar

Imfeld, P, Bodmer, M, Schuerch, M, et al. Seizures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia: A population-based nested case control analysis. Epilepsia. 2013; 54:700–707.Google Scholar

Irizarry, MC, Jin, S, He, F, et al. Incidence of new-onset seizures in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2012; 69:368–372.Google Scholar

Sherzai, D, Losey, T, Vega, S, Sherzai, A. Seizures and dementia in the elderly: Nationwide inpatient sample 1999–2008. Epilepsy and Behavior. 2014; 36:53–56.Google Scholar

Vossel, KA, Beagle, AJ, Rabinovici, GD, et al. Seizures and epileptiform activity in the early stages of Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2013; 70:1158–1166.Google Scholar

Meierkord, H, Holtkamp, M. Non-convulsive status epilepticus in adults: Clinical forms and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2007; 6:329–339.Google Scholar

Jirsch, J, Hirsch, LJ. Nonconvulsive seizures: Developing a rational approach to the diagnosis and management in the critically ill population. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2007; 118:1660–1670.Google Scholar

McBride, AE, Shih, TT, Hirsch, LJ. Video-EEG monitoring in the elderly: A review of 94 patients. Epilepsia. 2002; 43:165.Google Scholar

Kapoor, J, et al. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsants for Status Epilepticus. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019; 381;22.Google Scholar

Rowan, AJ, Ramsay, RE, Collins, JF, et al. New onset geriatric epilepsy: A randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology. 2005; 64:1868–1873.Google Scholar

Cumbo, E, Ligori, LD. Levitiracetam, lamotrigine, and phenobarbital in patients with epileptic seizures and Alzheimer’s disease. Epilepsy Behavior. 2010; 17:461.Google Scholar

Lezaic, N, et al. The medical treatment of epilepsy in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2019; 60(7):1325.Google Scholar

Speechio, LM, Tramacere, L, La Neve, A, Beghi, E. Discontinuing antiepileptic drugs in patients who are seizure free on monotherapy. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002; 72:22–25.Google Scholar

Robbins, MS, Lipton, RB. Management of headache in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2010; 27:377–398.Google Scholar

Walker, RA, Wadman, MC. Headache in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2007; 23:291–305.Google Scholar

Prencipe, M, Casini, A, Ferretti, C, et al. Prevalence of headache in an elderly population: Attack frequency, disability and use of medication. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001; 70:377–381.Google Scholar

Bamford, CC, Mays, M, Tepper, SJ. Unusual headaches in the elderly. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011; 15:295–301.Google Scholar

Özge, A. Chronic daily headache in the elderly. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013; 17:382–389.Google Scholar

Pringsheim, T, Davenport, J, Becker, W. Prophylaxis of migraine headache. CMAJ. 2010; 182:E269–276.Google Scholar

Charles, A. The evolution of a migraine attack: A review of recent evidence. Headache. 2013; 53:413–419.Google Scholar

Kristoffersen, ES, Lundqvist, C. Medication-overuse headache: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014; 5:87–99.Google Scholar

Dodick, DW, Capobianco, DJ. Headaches. In: Sirven, JI, Malamut, BL, eds. Clinical Neurology of the Older Adult, 2nd edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008, pp. 197–212.Google Scholar

Do, TP, et al. Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list. Neurology. 2019; 92(3):134–144. PMID 30587518.Google Scholar

Virani, SS, Alonso, A, Benjamin, EJ, Bittencourt, MS, Callaway, CW, Carson, AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2020 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 (Mar. 3); 141(9):e139–596.Google Scholar

Stroke Facts, cdc.gov. www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm.Google Scholar

Sacco, RL, Kasner, SE, Broderick, JP, Caplan, LR, Connors, JJB, Culebras, A, et al. An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013 (Jul.); 44(7):2064–2089.Google Scholar

Easton, JD, Saver, JL, Albers, GW, Alberts, MJ, Chaturvedi, S, Feldmann, E, et al. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Stroke. 2009; Jun. 1; 40(6):2276–2293.Google Scholar

Asimos, AW, Johnson, AM, Rosamond, WD, Price, MF, Rose, KM, Catellier, D, et al. A multicenter evaluation of the ABCD2 score’s accuracy for predicting early ischemic stroke in admitted patients with transient ischemic attack. Ann Emerg Med. 2010 (Feb.); 55(2):201–210.e5.Google Scholar

Girotra, T, Lekoubou, A, Bishu, KG, Ovbiagele, B. A contemporary and comprehensive analysis of the costs of stroke in the United States. J Neurol Sci. 2020 (Mar. 15); 410:116643.Google Scholar

Howard, G, Howard, VJ. Twenty years of progress toward understanding the stroke belt. Stroke. 2020 (Feb. 12); 51(3):742–750.Google Scholar

Furie, K. Epidemiology and primary prevention of stroke. Continuum (Minneap, Minn). 2020 (Apr.); 26(2):260–267.Google Scholar

Powers, WJ, Rabinstein, AA, Ackerson, T, Adeoye, OM, Bambakidis, NC, Becker, K, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019 (Oct. 30); 50(12):e344–418.Google Scholar

Barber, PA, Kleinig, TJ. INTERACT2: A reason for optimism with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage? International Journal of Stroke. 2014 (Jan.); 9(1):59–60.Google Scholar

Esenwa, C, Gutierrez, J. Secondary stroke prevention: Challenges and solutions. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2015 (Aug. 7); 11:437–450.Google Scholar

Yaghi, S, Bernstein, RA, Passman, R, Okin, PM, Furie, KL. Cryptogenic stroke: Research and practice. Circ Res. 2017 (Feb. 3); 120(3):527–540.Google Scholar

Hart, RG, Diener, H-C, Coutts, SB, Easton, JD, Granger, CB, O’Donnell, MJ, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: The case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014 (Apr.); 13(4):429–438.Google Scholar

Dahal, K, Chapagain, B, Maharjan, R, Farah, HW, Nazeer, A, Lootens, RJ, et al. Prolonged cardiac monitoring to detect atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2016 (Jul.); 21(4):382–388.Google Scholar

Adams, HP, Bendixen, BH, Kappelle, LJ, Biller, J, Love, BB, Gordon, DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke: Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993 (Jan.); 24(1):35–41.Google Scholar

Arsava, EM, Ballabio, E, Benner, T, Cole, JW, Delgado-Martinez, MP, Dichgans, M, et al. The Causative Classification of Stroke system: An international reliability and optimization study. Neurology. 2010 (Oct. 5); 75(14):1277–1284.Google Scholar

Amarenco, P, Bogousslavsky, J, Caplan, LR, Donnan, GA, Hennerici, MG. New approach to stroke subtyping: The A-S-C-O (phenotypic) classification of stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009 (Apr. 3); 27(5):502–508.Google Scholar

Coutts, SB. Diagnosis and management of transient ischemic attack. Continuum (Minneap, Minn). 2017; 23(1, Cerebrovascular Disease):82–92.Google Scholar

Rothwell, PM, Giles, MF, Flossmann, E, Lovelock, CE, Redgrave, JNE, Warlow, CP, et al. A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2005 (Jul. 8); 366(9479):29–36.Google Scholar

Josephson, SA, Sidney, S, Pham, TN, Bernstein, AL, Johnston, SC. Higher ABCD2 score predicts patients most likely to have true transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2008 (Nov.); 39(11):3096–3098.Google Scholar

Johnston, SC, Rothwell, PM, Nguyen-Huynh, MN, Giles, MF, Elkins, JS, Bernstein, AL, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2007 (Jan. 27); 369(9558):283–292.Google Scholar

Johnston, SC, Gress, DR, Browner, WS, Sidney, S. Short-term prognosis after emergency department diagnosis of TIA. JAMA. 2000 (Dec. 13); 284(22):2901–2906.Google Scholar

Jing, J, Meng, X, Zhao, X, Liu, L, Wang, A, Pan, Y, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy in transient ischemic attack and minor stroke with different infarction patterns: subgroup analysis of the CHANCE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018 (Jun. 1); 75(6):711–719.Google Scholar

Burke, JF, Freedman, VA, Lisabeth, LD, Brown, DL, Haggins, A, Skolarus, LE. Racial differences in disability after stroke: results from a nationwide study. Neurology. 2014 (Jul. 29); 83(5):390–397.Google Scholar

Agyemang, C, van Oeffelen, AAM, Norredam, M, Kappelle, LJ, Klijn, CJM, Bots, ML, et al. Ethnic disparities in ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage incidence in the Netherlands. Stroke. 2014 (Nov.); 45(11):3236–3242.Google Scholar

Yusuf, S, Rangarajan, S, Teo, K, Islam, S, Li, W, Liu, L, et al. Cardiovascular risk and events in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. N Engl J Med. 2014 (Aug. 28); 371(9):818–827.Google Scholar

Rajashekar, D, Liang, JW. Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing, 2020.Google Scholar

Aronow, WS, Fleg, JL, Pepine, CJ, Artinian, NT, Bakris, G, Brown, AS, et al. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation. 2011 (May 31); 123(21):2434–2506.Google Scholar

Tinetti, ME, Han, L, Lee, DSH, McAvay, GJ, Peduzzi, P, Gross, CP, et al. Antihypertensive medications and serious fall injuries in a nationally representative sample of older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 (Apr.); 174(4):588–595.Google Scholar

Maas, MB. Intensive blood pressure reduction in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and extreme initial hypertension: Primum non nocere. JAMA Neurol. 2020; 77(11):1351–1352.Google Scholar