Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Chronological table of international treaties
- Table of cases
- List of abbreviations
- Introduction
- 1 Early antecedents
- 2 From Augsburg to Paris
- 3 The League of Nations: drafting the Covenant
- 4 The Polish Minorities Treaty
- 5 The extension of the minorities system
- 6 The experience under the League
- 7 The UN system
- 8 Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- 9 The 1981 Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief
- 10 Religious freedom under the European Convention on Human Rights: the drafting of Article 9 and of Article 2 of the First Protocol
- 11 The application of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights
- 12 Restrictions upon the scope of Article 9(1)
- 13 The application of Article 2 of the First Protocol
- 14 An interim conclusion
- Bibliography
- Index
- CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW
7 - The UN system
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 January 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Chronological table of international treaties
- Table of cases
- List of abbreviations
- Introduction
- 1 Early antecedents
- 2 From Augsburg to Paris
- 3 The League of Nations: drafting the Covenant
- 4 The Polish Minorities Treaty
- 5 The extension of the minorities system
- 6 The experience under the League
- 7 The UN system
- 8 Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- 9 The 1981 Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief
- 10 Religious freedom under the European Convention on Human Rights: the drafting of Article 9 and of Article 2 of the First Protocol
- 11 The application of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights
- 12 Restrictions upon the scope of Article 9(1)
- 13 The application of Article 2 of the First Protocol
- 14 An interim conclusion
- Bibliography
- Index
- CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW
Summary
Introduction
For some, the serious study of human rights begins with the creation of the United Nations in 1945 and the adoption of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It is, with hindsight, easy to see the post-Second World War settlement as a watershed: a moment of universal revulsion at the horrors that had recently been endured and inflicted, coupled with a desire to ensure that similar events would never again come to pass. Certainly, the peace settlement was very different to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, but it would be a mistake to view the interwar practice as being of only historic interest, since those involved in its construction drew upon their collective experience of it when determining the future shape of ‘human rights’ protection in international law.
Indeed, the move from the minorities treaty approach to that of a system based upon generalized and individually orientated rights occurred more by way of natural evolution than as a ‘fresh start’. For example, on 10 February 1947, the Allied and Associated Powers concluded Peace Treaties with Italy, Finland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania which included a general clause providing that the State in question:
shall take all measures necessary to secure to all persons under [their] jurisdiction, without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion, the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe , pp. 172 - 193Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1997