Cases CitedAbrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919)
Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46 (1947)
Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911)
Baldwin v. Franks, 120 U.S. 678 (1887)
Bell v. Maryland, 378 U.S. 226 (1964)
Blanchard v. Kansas, 16 F. 444 (1883)
Bowers v. DeVito, 686 F. 2d 616 (1982)
Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1884)
Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. 130 (1873)
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60 (1917)
Campbell v. Holt, 115 U.S. 620 (1885)
Carey v. Washington, 5 F. Cas. 62 (1836)
Charge to Grand Jury–Civil Rights Act, 30 F. Cas. 1005, 1006–7 (C. C. W. D. Tenn.) (1875)
Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)
Collins v. Hardyman, 341 U.S. 651 (1951)
Cottonreader v. Johnson, 252 F. Supp. 492 (M. D. Ala.) (1966)
Crews v. United States, 160 F. 2d 746 (5th Cir. 1947)
Davis v. Beacon, 133 U.S. 333 (1890)
DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dept. of Social Services, 489 U.S. 189 (1989)
Dunlap v. City of Chicago, 435 F. Supp. 1295 (1977)
Ex parte McIllwee, 16 F. Cas. 147 (C. C. D. Va.) (1870)
Ex parte Riggins, 134 F. 404 (C. C. N. D. Ala.) (1904)
Ex parte Siebold, 100 U.S. 371 (1880)
Ex parte Virginia, 100 U.S. 339 (1880)
Ex parte Wells, 29 F. Cas. 633 (No. 17,386) (C. C. D. La.) (1878)
Ex parte Yarbrough, 110 U.S. 651 (1884)
Gaughan v. Northwestern Fertilizing Co., 10 F. Cas. 91 (Case No. 5,272) (C. C. N. D. Ill.) (1873)
Glasson v. City of Louisville, 518 F. 2d 899 (1975)
Green v. Elbert, 63 F. 308 (1894)
Griffin's Case, 11 F. Cas. 7 (Case No. 5,815) (C. C. D. Va.) (1869)
Hague v. CIO, 307 U.S. 496, 513 (1939)
Harrison v. Hadley, 11 F. Cas. 649 (D. D. E. D. Ark.) (1873)
Hodges v. United States, 203 U.S. 1 (1906)
Holden v. Hardy, 169 U.S. 366 (1898)
Home Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Los Angeles, 227 U.S. 278, 287 (1913)
Hornbuckle v. Toombs, 85 U.S. 648 (1873)
Hurwitt et al. v. City of Oakland, 247 F. Supp. 995 (1965)
In re Brosnahan, 18 F. 62 (1883)
In re Hobbs, 12 F. Cas. 262 (Case No. 6,550) (C. C. N. D. Ga.) (1871)
In re Lindauer, 15 F. Cas. 550 (C. C. S. D. N.Y.) (1870)
In re Turner, 24 F. Cas. 337 (Case No. 14,247) (C. C. D. Md.) (1867)
James v. Bowman, 190 U.S. 127 (1903)
Karem v. United States, 121 F. 250 (1903)
Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966)
Kellogg v. Warmouth, 14 F. 257 (Case No. 7,667) (C. C. D. La.) (1872)
Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944)
Leavenworth v. United States, 92 U.S. 733 (1875)
LeGrand v. United States, 12 F. 577 (1882)
Live-Stock Dealers' & Butchers' Assn. v. Crescent City Live-Stock Landing & Slaughter-House Co. 15 F. Cas. 649 (Case No. 8,408) (C. C. D. La.) (1870)
Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905)
Logan v. United States, 144 U.S. 263 (1892)
Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. 1 (1849)
Marsh v. Burroughs, 16 F. Cas. 800 (Case No. 9,112) (C. C. S. D. Ga.) (1871)
Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167 (1961)
Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 (1877)
Neal v. Delaware, 103 U.S. 370 (1880)
Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502 (1934)
Norris v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 587 (1935)
Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112 (1970)
Pace v. Alabama, 106 U.S. 583 (1883)
Peonage Cases, 123 F. 671 (M. D. Ala.) (1903)
People v. Salem, 20 Mich. 487 (1870)
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)
Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932)
Presser v. Illinois, 116 U.S. 252 (1886)
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. [16 Pet.] 618 (1842)
Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, 407 (1857)
Screws v. United States, 325 U.S. 91 (1945)
Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948)
Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36 [16 Wall.] (1873)
Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944)
Smith v. Ross, 482 F. 2d 33, 37 (6th Cir. 1973)
Snowden v. Hughes, 321 U.S. 1 (1944)
South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301 (1966)
State v. Gibson, 36 Ind. 389 (1871).
Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303 (1880)
Swafford v. Templeton, 185 U.S. 487 (1902)
Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748 (2005)
United States v. Blackburn, 24 F. Cas. 1158 (District Court, W. D. Missouri)
United States v. Buntin, 10 Fed. 730 (S. D. Ohio) (1882)
United States v. Butler, 25 Fed. Cas. 213 (Case No. 14,700) (C. C. D. S.C.) (1877)
United States v. Canter, 25 F. Cas. 281 (C. C. S. D. Ohio) (1870)
United States v. Carolene Products, 304 U.S. 144 (1937)
United States v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299 (1941)
United States v. Clayton, 25 F. Cas. 458 (C. C. E. D. Ark.) (1871)
United States v. Collins, 25 F. Cas. 545 (Case No. 14,837) (C. C. S. D. Ga.) (1873)
United States v. Cruikshank, 25 F. Cas. 707 (Case No. 14,897) (1874)
United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876)
United States v. Crosby, 25 F. Cas. 701 (Case No. 14,893) (C. C. S.C.) (1871)
United States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100 (1941)
United States v. Given, 25 Fed. Cas. 1324 (Case No. 15,210) (C. C. D. Del.) (1873)
United States v. Goldman, 25 F. Cas. 1350 (1879)
United States v. Guest, 383 U.S. 745 (1966)
United States v. Hall, 26 F. Cas. 79 (Case No. 15,282) (C. C. S. D. Ala.) (1871)
United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629 (1883)
United States v. Lackey, 99 F. 952 (District Court, Kentucky) (1900)
United States v. Miller, 107 F. 913 (District Court, Indiana) (1901)
United States v. Morris, 125 F. 322 (1903)
United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)
United States v. Munford,16 F. 223 (C.C. E. D. Va.) (1883)
United States v. Petersburg Judges of Elections, 27 Fed. Cas. 506 (1874)
United States v. Powell, 151 F. 648 (1907)
United States v. Price, 383 U.S. 787 (1966)
United States v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214 (1876)
United States v. Rhodes, 27 F. Cas. 785 (Case No. 16,151) (C. C. D. Ky.) (1867)
United States v. Sanges, 48 F. 78 (1891)
United States v. Stone, 188 F. 836 (D. Md. 1911)
United States v. Sutherland, 37 F. Supp. 344 (N. D. Ga.) (1940)
United States v. U.S. Klans, Knights of Ku Klux Klan et al., 194 F. Supp. 897 (1961)
United States v. Waddell, 112 U.S. 76 (1884)
United States v. Yarbrough, 110 U.S. 651 (1884)
Virginia v. Rives, 100 U.S. 313 (1880)
West Coast Hotel v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937)
Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942)
Wiley v. Sinkler, 179 U.S. 58 (1900)
Williams v. Wallace, 240 F. Supp. 100 (1965)
Williamson v. Lee Optical, 348 U.S. 483 (1955)
Wolin v. Port of New York Authority, 392 F. 2d 83 (1968)
Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1884)
ReferencesAllen, James, Als, Hilton, Lewis, John, and Litwack, Leon F. (2000) Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America. Santa Fe, NM: Twin Palms.
Amar, Akhil Reed (2000) “The Supreme Court, 1999 Term Foreword: The Document and the Doctrine.” 114 Harvard Law Review26.
Amar, Akhil Reed (1998) The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Angle, Paul M., ed. (1958) Created Equal? The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Aptheker, Herbert (1989) The Literary Legacy of W. E. B. DuBois. White Plains, NY: Krause Publications.
AuCoin, Brent J. (2007) A Rift in the Clouds: Race and the Southern Federal Judiciary, 1900–1910. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.
AuCoin, Brent J. (1998) “Thomas Goode Jones and African American Civil Rights in the New South.” Historian 60: 257–71.
Balkin, Jack M. (2001) What Brown v. Board of Education Should Have Said. New York: New York University Press.
Ball, Terence, and Pocock, J. G. A. (1988) Conceptual Change and the Constitution. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Belknap, Michael R., ed. (1991) Civil Rights, the White House, and the Justice Department 1945–1968. New York: Garland.
Bell, Derrick (1992) Race, Racism and American Law. Boston: Little, Brown.
Belz, Herman (1976) A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen's Rights, 1861–1866. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Benedict, Michael (2006) Preserving the Constitution: Essays on Politics and the Constitution in the Reconstruction Era. New York: Fordham University Press.
Benedict, Michael (1992) “The Slaughterhouse Cases.” In Hall, Kermit L., ed., The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court. New York: Oxford University Press.
Benedict, Michael (1985) “Laissez Faire and Liberty: A Re-evaluation of the Meaning and Origins of Laissez Faire Constitutionalism.” Law and History Review 3: 293–331.
Benedict, Michael (1978) “Preserving Federalism: Reconstruction and the Waite Court.” Supreme Court Review 1978: 39–79.
Benedict, Michael (1974) “Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction.” 61 Journal of American History65–90.
Benesh, Sara C. (2002) The U.S. Court of Appeals and the Law of Confessions: Perspectives on the Hierarchy of Justice. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing.
Bensel, Richard (2000) The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bensel, Richard (1984) Sectionalism and American Political Development, 1880–1980. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Bernstein, David E. (2005) “Thoughts on Hodges v. United States.” 85 Boston University Law Review811.
Black, Charles L., Jr. (1967) “Foreword: ‘State Action,’ Equal Protection, and California's Proposition 14.” 81 Harvard Law Review69.
Blight, David (2001) Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bowers, Claude G. (1929) The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Bracey, Christopher A. (2001) “Louis Brandeis and the Race Question,” 52 Alabama Law Review859.
Bradley, Charles, ed. and comp., Lewis, William Draper, and Keasbey, Anthony Q. (1902) Miscellaneous Writings of the Late Hon. Joseph P. Bradley. Newark, NJ: L. J. Hardham.
Brandwein, Pamela (2007) “A Judicial Abandonment of Blacks? Rethinking the ‘State Action’ Cases of the Waite Court.” Law & Society Review 41: 343–86.
Brandwein, Pamela (2006) “The Civil Rights Cases and the Lost Language of State Neglect.” In Kahn, Ronald and Kersch, Ken I., eds., The Supreme Court and American Political Development. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Brandwein, Pamela (2006) “Studying the Careers of Knowledge Claims: Bringing Science Studies to Legal Studies.” In Yanow, Dvora and Schwartz-Shea, Peregrine, eds., Interpretation and Method: Empirical Research Methods and the Interpretive Turn. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Brandwein, Pamela (2004) Review of Labbé, Ronald M., and Lurie, Jonathan, The Slaughterhouse Cases: Regulation, Reconstruction, and the Fourteenth Amendment, and Ross, Michael A., Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court during the Civil War Era. H-Law, H-Net Reviews. May 2004. URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=9267.
Brandwein, Pamela (2000) “Slavery as an Interpretive Issue in the Reconstruction Debates.” Law & Society Review 34: 315–66.
Brandwein, Pamela (1999) Reconstructing Reconstruction: The Supreme Court and the Production of Historical Truth. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Brandwein, Pamela (1996) “Dueling Histories: Charles Fairman and William Crosskey Reconstruct ‘Original Understanding’.” Law & Society Review 30: 289–334.
Brophy, Albert, and Kennedy, Randall (2002) Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. New York: Oxford University Press.
Burgess, John W. (1902) Reconstruction and the Constitution, 1866–1876. New York: C. Scribners Sons.
Burns, James MacGregor (2009) Packing the Court: The Rise of Judicial Power and the Coming Crisis of the Supreme Court. New York: Penguin.
Cachan, Manuel (2002), “Justice Stephen Field and ‘Free Soil, Free Labor Constitutionalism’: Reconsidering Revisionism.” Law and History Review 20: 541–76.
Calhoun, Charles W. (2006) “Conceiving a New Republic: The Republican Party and the Southern Question, 1869–1900.” Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Calhoun, Charles W. (2005) Benjamin Harrison. New York: Henry Holt.
Capeci, Dominic J., Jr. (1986) “The Lynching of Cleo Wright: Federal Protection of Constitutional Rights during World War II.” Journal of American History 72: 859–87.
Carr, Robert K. (1947) Federal Protection of Civil Rights: Quest for a Sword. New York: Rinehart & Company.
Carr, Robert K. (1946) “Screws v. Georgia: The Police Brutality Case.” Cornell Law Quarterly 31: 48–67.
Chafee, Zechariah, Jr. (1920) Freedom of Speech. New York: Harcourt.
Chandler, William E. (1878) Letters of Mr. William E. Chandler Relative to the So-Called Southern Policy of President Hayes. Concord, NH: Monitor and Statesman Office.
Chin, Gabriel J. (2004) “Reconstruction, Felon Disenfranchisement and the Right to Vote.” 92 Georgetown Law Journal259.
Collingwood, R. G. (1939) An Autobiography. New York: Oxford University Press.
Collins, Michael (1996) “Justice Bradley's Civil Rights Odyssey Revisited.” 70 Tulane Law Review1979.
Cortner, Richard C. (2001) Civil Rights and Public Accommodations: The Heart of Atlanta Motel and McClung Cases. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Corwin, Edward S. (1948) Liberty Against Government. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Corwin, Edward S. (1929) “The ‘Higher Law’ Background of American Constitutional Law.” 42 Harvard Law Review365.
Cottrol, Robert J. (2005) “Civil Rights Cases.” In Hall, Kermit L., ed., The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cover, Robert M. (1993) “Origins of Judicial Activism in the Protection of Minorities.” In Narrative, Violence, and the Law: The Essays of Robert Cover. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Cresswell, Stephen (1987) “Enforcing the Enforcement Acts: The Department of Justice in Northern Mississippi, 1870–1890.” Journal of Southern History 53: 421–40.
Curtis, Michael Kent (2003) “John A. Bingham and the Story of American Liberty: The Lost Cause Meets the ‘Lost Clause.’” 36 Akron Law Review617.
Curtis, Michael Kent (1986) No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Cushman, Barry (1998) Rethinking the New Deal Court: The Structure of a Constitutional Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dahl, Robert A. (1967) “Decision Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker.” 6 Journal of Public Law279.
Davis, Elmer H. (1921) History of the New York Times, 1851–1921. New York: The New York Times.
Davis, William W. (1914) “The Federal Enforcement Acts.” In Dunning, William A., Studies in Southern History and Politics, No. 9. New York: Columbia University Press.
Davis, William W. (1913) The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida. New York: Columbia University Press.
Divine, Robert A. (2005) The American Story. New York: Penguin.
Dixon, Thomas (1906) The Leopard's Spots: A Romance of the White Man's Burden, 1865–1900. New York: A. Wessels Company.
Dow, Douglas C. (2008) “Decline as a Form of Conceptual Change: Some Considerations on the Loss of the Legal Person.” Contributions to the History of Concepts 4: 1–26.
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1922 [1935]) Black Reconstruction in America. New York: Atheneum.
Davis, William W. (1923) “On Being Crazy.” Crisis 26: 55.
Dudziak, Mary (2000) Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Dunning, William A. (1907) Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865–1877. New York: Harper & Row.
Dykstra, Robert (1993) Bright Radical Star: Black Freedom and White Supremacy on the Hawkeye Frontier. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Eisenberg, Theodore (2000) “Color of Law.” In Levy, Leonard W. and Karst, Kenneth L., eds., Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. New York: Macmillan.
Elliff, John T. (1971) “Aspects of Federal Civil Rights Enforcement: The Justice Department and the FBI, 1939–1964.” In Fleming, Donald and Bailyn, Bernard, eds., Perspectives in American History. Boston: Little, Brown.
Ellsworth, Scott (1982) Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Ely, John Hart (1980) Democracy and Distrust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Epp, Charles R. (1998) The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Epps, Garrett (2006) Democracy Reborn: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Fight for Equal Rights in Post-Civil War America. New York: Henry Holt.
Epstein, Lee, and Knight, Jack (1998) The Choices Justices Make. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Epstein, Lee, and Walker, Thomas (2004) Constitutional Law for a Changing America. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S., (1998) The Common Place of Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ezell, John S. (1968) “The Civil Rights Act of 1875.” Mid-America: An Historical Review 50: 251.
Fairman, Charles (1987) Reconstruction and Reunion, 1864–88, Volume 2. New York: Macmillan.
Fairman, Charles (1956) “Joseph P. Bradley.” In Dunham, Allison and Kurland, Philip B., eds., Mr. Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fairman, Charles (1953) “The So-Called Granger Cases, Lord Hale and Justice Bradley.” 5 Stanford Law Review587.
Fairman, Charles (1950) “What Makes a Great Justice? Mr. Justice Bradley and the Supreme Court, 1870–1892.” 30 Boston University Law Review46.
Fairman, Charles (1949) “Does the Fourteenth Amendment Incorporate the Bill of Rights?” 2 Stanford Law Review5.
Fairman, Charles (1949) “The Education of a Justice: Justice Bradley and Some of His Colleagues.” 1 Stanford Law Review217.
Fairman, Charles (1941) “Mr. Justice Bradley's Appointment to the Supreme Court and the Legal Tender Cases” (pts. 1 and 2). 54 Harvard Law Review977.
Ferrell, Claudine L. (1986) Nightmare and Dream: Antilynching in Congress, 1917–1922. New York: Garland.
Finch, Gerard Brown (1886) A Selection of Cases on the English Law of Contract. London: C. J. Clay.
Flack, Horace E. (1908) The Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Fleming, Walter L. (1905) The Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama. New York: Columbia University Press.
Foner, Eric (1988) Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row.
Foner, Eric (1980) Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press.
Foner, Eric (1970) Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press.
Forbath, William E. (2004) “Charles L. Black, Jr.: Lincoln, the Declaration, and the ‘Grisly, Undying Corpse of States’ Rights': History, Memory, and Imagination in the Constitution of a Southern Liberal.” 92 Georgetown Law Journal709.
Forbath, William E. (1985) “The Ambiguities of Free Labor: Labor and Law in the Gilded Age.” Wisconsin Law Review 1985: 767.
Franklin, John Hope (1967) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Knopf.
Frantz, Laurent B. (1964) “Congressional Power to Enforce the Fourteenth Amendment Against Private Acts.” 73 Yale Law Journal1353.
Friedman, Barry (2009) “Reconstructing Reconstruction: Some Problems for Originalists (and Everyone Else, Too).” 11 Journal of Constitutional Law1201–38.
Friedman, Leon, and Israel, Fred, eds. (1969) The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789–1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions, vol. 2, pp. 1182–94 [Joseph P. Bradley]. New York: Chelsea House.
Garfield, James A. (1879) “Symposium on Negro Suffrage: Ought the Negro to Be Disenfranchised? Ought He To Have Been Enfranchised?” North American Review 268: 244–50.
Garth, Bryant G. (2000) “James Willard Hurst as Entrepreneur for the Field of Law and Social Science.” 18 Law and History Review37–58.
Gienapp, William E. (1987) The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gillette, William (1979) Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869–79. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press.
Gillman, Howard (2002) “How Political Parties Can Use the Courts to Advance Their Agendas: Federal Courts in the United States, 1875–1891.” 96 American Political Science Review511–24.
Gillman, Howard (1993) The Constitution Besieged: The Rise and Demise of Lochner Era Police Powers Jurisprudence. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Goldman, Robert M. (2001) “A Free Ballot and a Fair Count”: The Department of Justice and Enforcement of Voting Rights in the South, 1877–1893. New York: Fordham University Press.
Goldstein, Leslie Friedman (2007) “The Specter of the Second Amendment: Rereading Slaughterhouse and Cruikshank.” Studies in American Political Development 21: 131–48.
Goluboff, Risa (2007) The Lost Promise of Civil Rights. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gordon, Robert (1983) “Legal Thought and Legal Practice in the Age of American Enterprise, 1870–1920.” In Geison, Gerald L., ed., Professions and Professional Ideologies in America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Graber, Mark A. (1991) Transforming Free Speech: The Ambiguous Legacy of Civil Libertarianism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Graham, Howard Jay (1954) “Our Declaratory Fourteenth Amendment.” 7 Stanford Law Review3.
Gray, John Chipman (1892) “Methods of Legal Education.” 1 Yale Law Journal139–61.
Gray, John Chipman (1888) Select Cases and Other Authorities on the Law of Property. Cambridge, MA: Charles W. Sever.
Greeley, Horace (1893) Proceedings of the First Three Republican Conventions of 1856, 1860, and 1864. Minneapolis, MN: C. W. Johnson.
Green, Cleveland M. (1980) “Prejudice and Empty Promises: Woodrow Wilson's Betrayal of the Negro, 1910–1919.” Crisis 87: 380.
Gressman, Eugene (1952) “The Unhappy History of Civil Rights Legislation.” 50 Michigan Law Review1323.
Grossman, James R. (1989) Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Grossman, Joel (1997) “The Japanese American Cases and the Vagaries of Constitutional Adjudication in Wartime: An Institutional Perspective.” 19 University of Hawaii Law Review649.
Grossman, Lewis A. (2002) “James Coolidge Carter and Mugwump Jurisprudence.” Law and History Review 20: 577–629.
Gudridge, Patrick O. (1989) “Privileges and Permissions: The Civil Rights Act of 1875.” Law & Philosophy 8: 83.
Guterl, Matthew Pratt (2001) The Color of Race in America, 1900–1940. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Haakonssen, Knud (1991) “From Natural Law to the Rights of Man: A European Perspective on American Debates.” In Lacey, Michael J. and Haakonssen, Knud, eds., A Culture of Rights: The Bill of Rights in Philosophy, Politics, and Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hacker, Louis M. (1940) The Triumph of American Capitalism: The Development of Forces in American History to the End of the Nineteenth Century. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Haines, Charles Grove (1930) The Revival of Natural Law Concepts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hall, James Parker (1913) Cases on Constitutional Law. St. Paul: West Publishing.
Hall, Kermit L. (2005) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court, second edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (1893) Iola Leroy; or Shadows Uplifted. Philadelphia: Garrigues Bros.
Harris, Robert J. (1960) Quest for Equality. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Herzog, Don (2006) “The Kerr Principle, State Action, and Legal Rights.” 105 Michigan Law Review1.
Hirshson, Stanley P. (1962) Farewell to the Bloody Shirt: Northern Republicans and the Southern Negro, 1877–1893. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
Hixson, William B. (1969) “Moorfield Storey and the Defense of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill.” New England Quarterly 42: 65–81.
Hogue, Arthur R., ed. (1951) Charles Sumner, An Essay by Carl Schurz. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Holden-Smith, Barbara (1996) “Lynching, Federalism, and the Intersection of Race and Gender in the Progressive Era.” 8 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism50.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1920) Collected Legal Papers. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
Holt, Michael F. (2008) By One Vote: The Disputed Presidential Election of 1876. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Hook, Jay (1993) “A Brief Life of James Bradley Thayer.” 88 Northwestern University Law Review1.
Hyman, Harold M., and Wiecek, William M. (1982) Equal Justice Under Law. New York: Harper & Row.
Jager, Ronald B. (1969) “Charles Sumner, the Constitution, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.” New England Quarterly 42: 365.
Jones, Alan (1967) “Thomas M. Cooley and Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism: A Reconsideration.” Journal of American History 53: 751–71.
Kaczorowski, Robert (2004) “The Supreme Court and Congress's Power to Enforce Constitutional Rights: A Moral Anomaly.” 73 Fordham Law Review154.
Kaczorowski, Robert (1989) “The Enforcement Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1866: A Legislative History in Light of Runyon v. McCrary.” 98 Yale Law Journal565.
Kaczorowski, Robert (1987) The Politics of Judicial Interpretation: The Federal Courts, the Department of Justice, and Civil Rights. New York: Oceana.
Kahn, Ronald, and Kersch, Ken (2006) The Supreme Court and American Political Development. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Karlan, Pamela (2005) “Contracting the Thirteenth Amendment: Hodges v. United States.” 85 Boston University Law Review783.
Katz, Ellen D. (2003) “Reinforcing Representation: Congressional Power to Enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments in the Rehnquist and Waite Courts.” 101 Michigan Law Review2341.
Keener, William A. (1894) “The Inductive Method in Legal Education.” 17 American Bar Association Reports473–90.
Keener, William A. (1893) A Treatise on the Law of Quasi-Contracts. New York: Baker, Voorhis and Co.
Kellogg, Charles Flint (1967) NAACP: A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1909–1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Kelly, Alfred H. (1966) “Comment on Harold M. Hyman's Paper.” In Hyman, Harold M., ed., New Frontiers of the American Reconstruction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Kennedy, Randall (1997) Race, Crime and the Law. New York: Pantheon.
Kens, Paul (2005) “Lochner v. New York: Tradition or Change in Constitutional Law?” 1 NYU Journal of Law & Liberty404.
Kens, Paul (1997) Justice Stephen Field: Shaping Liberty from the Gold Rush to the Gilded Age. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Kersch, Ken I. (2005) Constructing Civil Liberties: Discontinuities in the Development of American Constitutional Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Klarman, Michael J. (2004) From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Klarman, Michael J. (1998) “The Plessy Era.” 1998 Supreme Court Review303.
Klinkner, Philip A., and Smith, Rogers M. (1999) Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kousser, J. Morgan (1999) Colorblind Injustice: Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of the Second Reconstruction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Kousser, J. Morgan (1974) The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880–1910. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Kurland, Philip B., and Casper, Gerhard, eds. (1975) Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States: Constitutional Law. Washington, DC: University Publications of America.
Labbe, Ronald, and Lurie, Jonathan (2003) The Slaughterhouse Cases: Regulation, Reconstruction, and the Fourteenth Amendment. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Lamoreaux, Naomi R. (1985) The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lane, Charles (2008) The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction. New York: Henry Holt.
Langdell, Christopher (1871) Cases on the Law of Contracts. Boston: Little, Brown.
LaPiana, William P. (1994) Logic and Experience: The Origin of Modern American Legal Education. New York: Oxford University Press.
Larson, Henrietta (1968) Jay Cooke: Private Banker. New York: Greenwood Press.
Lash, Joseph P. (1975) From the Diaries of Felix Frankfurter. New York: Norton.
Levy, Leonard W. (2000) “The Civil Rights Cases.” In Levy, Leonard W. and Karst, Kenneth L., eds., Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. New York: Macmillan.
Levy, Leonard W. (2000) “United States v. Cruikshank.” In Levy, Leonard W. and Karst, Kenneth L., eds., Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. New York: Macmillan.
Lofgren, Charles A. (1987) The Plessy Case: A Legal-Historical Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Logan, Rayford W. (1965) The Betrayal of the Negro: From Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson. New York: Collier.
Logan, Rayford W. (1954) The Negro in American Life and Thought, The Nadir, 1877–1901. New York: Dial Press.
Lopez, Ian F. Haney (1996) White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York: New York University Press.
Lurie, Jonathan (1986) “Mr. Justice Bradley: A Reassessment.” 16 Seton Hall Law Review343.
Madison, James (1988) “Memorial and Remonstrance,” point 4, reprinted in Alley, Robert S., Supreme Court on Church and State. New York: Oxford University Press.
Magrath, Peter C. (1963) Morrison R. Waite: The Triumph of Character. New York: Macmillan.
Maltz, Earl (2003) The Fourteenth Amendment and the Law of the Constitution. Durham, NC:Carolina Academic Press.
Mathews, John Mabry (1909) The Legislative and Judicial History of the Fifteenth Amendment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
McCloskey, Robert G. (1951) American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McConnell, Michael W. (1995) “Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions.” 81 Virginia Law Review94.
McCurdy, Charles (1975) “Justice Field and the Jurisprudence of Government-Business Relations: Some Parameters of Laissez Faire Constitutionalism, 1863–1897.” Journal of American History 61: 970–1005.
McMahon, Kevin J. (2004) Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McPherson, James (1988) “Reconstruction Reconsidered” (book review). The Atlantic 261 (no. 4) (April 1988): 75–7.
McPherson, James (1964) The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Mertz, Elizabeth (2007) The Language of Law School: Learning to Think Like a Lawyer. New York: Oxford University Press.
Metzger, Gillian E. (2005) “Facial Challenges and Federalism.” 105 Columbia Law Review873.
Michelman, Frank I. (1989) “Conceptions of Democracy in American Constitutional Argument: The Case of Pornography Regulation.” 56 Tennessee Law Review291.
Miller, Loren (1966) The Petitioners. New York: Pantheon.
Milton, George F. (1930) The Age of Hate: Andrew Johnson and the Radicals. New York: Coward-McCann Inc.
Mohamed, A. N. (1998) “Attitudes of Northern Papers toward the Egalitarian Laws of Reconstruction.” Newspaper Research Journal, 19.3: 47(1). General OneFile, Gale, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, 30 Nov. 2008. <http://find.galegroup.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=ITOF&docId=A53521781&source=gale&srcprod=ITOF&userGroupName=lom_umichanna&version=1.0>.
Murphy, L. E. (1927) “The Civil Rights Act of 1875.” 12 Journal of Negro History113.
Murphy, Walter, Fleming, James, and Harris, William (1986) American Constitutional Interpretation. New York: Foundation Press.
Myers, Gustavus (1912) History of the Supreme Court of the United States. Chicago: C. H. Kerr.
Novkov, Julie (2008) Racial Union: Law, Intimacy, and the White State in Alabama, 1865–1954. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Novkov, Julie (2006) “Pace v. Alabama: Interracial Love, the Marriage Contract, and Postbellum Foundations of the Family.” In Kahn, Ronald and Kersch, Ken, eds., The Supreme Court and American Political Development. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
O'Brien, David M. (2000) Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics. New York: Norton.
Orren, Karen, and Skowronek, Stephen (1996) “Institutions and Intercurrence: Theory Building in the Fullness of Time.” In Shapiro, Ian and Hardin, Russell, eds. Political Order: Nomos XXXVIII. New York: New York University Press.
Parker, , Cortlandt (1892) “Mr. Justice Bradley of the United States Supreme Court.” 11 Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society158 (2d ser. 1892).
Paul, Arnold M. (1969) Conservative Crisis and the Rule of Law: Attitudes of the Bar and Bench, 1887–1895. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Perman, Michael (2001) Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Peskin, Allan (1973) “Was There a Compromise?” Journal of American History 50: 63–75.
Pierce, Edward L. (1893) Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, vol. 4. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
Pierson, Paul (2000) “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94: 253–4.
Pocock, J. G. A. (2009) Political Thought and History: Essays on Theory and Method. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pocock, J. G. A. (1985) Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought and History. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Polakoff, Keith Ian (1973) The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Porter, Kirk H., ed. (1956) National Party Platforms, 1840–1956. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Post, Robert C., and Siegel, Reva (2000) “Equal Protection of the Law: Federal Antidiscrimination Legislation after Morrison and Kimel.” 110 Yale Law Journal441.
Pound, Roscoe (1909) “Liberty of Contract.” 18 Yale Law Journal454.
Powe, Lucas A., Jr. (2000) The Warren Court and American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Primus, Richard A. (1999) The American Language of Rights. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rable, George C. (1985) “The South and the Politics of Anti-lynching Legislation, 1920–1940.” Journal of Southern History 51: 201.
Rakove, Jack. (1996) Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution. New York: Knopf.
Reed, Thomas B. (1890) “Federal Control of Elections.” North American Review 150: 6 (June): 671.
Brandwein, PamelaReport of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States; made to the two houses of Congress February 19, 1872, 13 vols. New York: AMS Press, 1968
Richardson, Leon Burr (1940) William E. Chandler, Republican. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co.
Ritter, Gretchen (2006) The Constitution as Social Design: Gender and Civic Membership in the American Constitutional Order. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Roediger, David (1999) The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. New York: Verso.
Ross, Dorothy (1991) Origins of American Social Science. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ross, Dorothy (1984) “Historical Consciousness in Nineteenth Century America.” American Historical Review 89: 4.
Ross, Michael A. (2003) Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court during the Civil War Era. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Rossiter, Clinton (1951) The Supreme Court and the Commander in Chief. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Rotnem, Victor W. (1943) “The Federal Civil Right Not to Be Lynched.” Washington University Law Quarterly 28: 57–73.
Rotnem, Victor W. (1942) “Clarifications of the Civil Rights Statutes.” 2 Bill of Rights Review252–61.
Scaturro, Frank J. (2000) The Supreme Court's Retreat From Reconstruction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Scheppele, Kim Lane (2004) “Constitutional Ethnography: An Introduction.” 38 Law and Society Review389.
Schweber, Howard (1999) “The ‘Science’ of Legal Science: The Model of the Natural Sciences in Nineteenth-Century American Legal Education.” 17 Law and History Review421–66.
Scott, John A. (1971) “Justice Bradley's Evolving Concept of the Fourteenth Amendment.” 25 Rutgers Law Review552–69.
Scott, Rebecca J. (2008) “Public Rights, Social Equality, and the Conceptual Roots of the Plessy Challenge.” 106 Michigan Law Review777.
Scott, Rebecca J. (2005) Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Segal, Jeffrey A., and Spaeth, Harold J. (1993) The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Segal, Jeffrey A., and Spaeth, Harold J. (2002) The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Siegel, Stephen A. (2002) “Comment: The Revision Thickens.” 20 Law and History Review631.
Siegel, Stephen A. (1990) “Historism in Late Nineteenth Century Constitutional Thought.” 1990 Wisconsin Law Review1431.
Silbey, Joel H. (1991) The American Political Nation, 1838–1893. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Simpson, Brooks D. (1998) The Reconstruction Presidents. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Skinner, Quentin (2002) Visions of Politics, Vol. I, Regarding Method. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skinner, Quentin (2001) The History of Political Thought in National Context, ed. Castiglione, D. and Hampsher-Monk, I.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skinner, Quentin (1989) “Language and Political Change.” In Ball, Terence, Farr, James, and Hanson, Russell L., eds., Political Innovation and Conceptual Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skinner, Quentin (1988) “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas.” In Tully, J., ed., Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Skowronek, Stephen (1982) Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, Rogers M. (1997) Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Smith, Rogers M. (1988) “Political Jurisprudence, the ‘New Institutionalism’ and the Future of Public Law.” 82 American Political Science Review89–108.
Spauling, Norman (2003) “Constitution as Countermonument: Federalism, Reconstruction, and the Problem of Collective Memory.” 103 Columbia Law Review1992.
Stampp, Kenneth M. (1965) The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877. New York: Vintage
Stanley, Amy Dru (1998) From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stone, Geoffrey, Seidman, Louis, Sunstein, Cass, and Tushnet, Mark (1996) Constitutional Law. Boston: Little, Brown.
Storey, Moorfield (1922) Brief in Support of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill. Submitted to the Committee on the Judiciary of the United States Senate. New York: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Sumner, Charles (1883) The Works of Charles Sumner, vol. 14. Boston: Lee and Shepard.
Sumner, William Graham (1906) Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals. New York: Dover Publications.
tenBroek, Jacobus (1951) Equal Under Law. New York: Collier.
Thayer, James Bradley (1895) Cases on Constitutional Law. Cambridge, MA: Charles W. Sever.
Thayer, James Bradley (1892) Select Cases on Evidence at the Common Law. Cambridge, MA: Charles W. Sever.
Tomlins, Christopher (2000) “Framing the Field of Law's Disciplinary Encounters.” 34 Law and Society Review911–72.
Trelease, Allen W. (1971) White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. New York: Harper & Row.
Tribe, Laurence H. (2000) American Constitutional Law, 3rd ed. New York: Foundation Press.
Tushnet, Mark (1987) “The Politics of Equality in Constitutional Law: The Equal Protection Clause, Dr. Du Bois, and Charles Hamilton Houston.” 74 Journal of American History884–90.
Twiss, Benjamin (1942) Lawyers and the Constitution: How Laissez Faire Came to the Supreme Court. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Urofsky, Melvin I., and Finkelman, Paul (2002) A March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press.
Valelly, Richard M. (2009) “The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building: A New Look.” Studies in American Political Development 23:115–42.
Valelly, Richard M. (2007) “Partisan Entrepreneurship and Policy Windows: George Frisbie Hoar and the 1890 Federal Elections Bill.” In Skowronek, S. and Glassman, M., eds., Formative Acts: American Politics in the Making. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Valelly, Richard M. (2004) The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wang, Xi (1997) The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage and Northern Republicans, 1860–1910. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Warren, Charles (1922) The Supreme Court in United States History. Boston: Little, Brown.
Welch, Richard E., Jr. (1971) George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Welke, Barbara (1995) “When All the Women Were White, and All the Blacks Were Men: Gender, Class, Race, and the Road to Plessy, 1855–1914.” Law and History Review 13: 261–316.
Wells-Barnett, Ida B. (1962) On Lynching: Southern Horrors, A Red Record. New York: Arno Press.
Wendt, Lloyd (1979) Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper. Chicago: Rand McNally.
White, G. Edward (2003) Tort Law in America: An Intellectual History. Oxford University Press.
White, G. Edward (2000) The Constitution and the New Deal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
White, G. Edward (1993) “Revisiting James Bradley Thayer.” 88 Northwestern University Law Review48.
Whiteside, Ruth Ann (1981) Justice Joseph P. Bradley and the Reconstruction Amendments. Ph.D. dissertation, Rice University, Department of History.
Whittington, Keith E. (2007) Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court, and Constitutional Leadership in U.S. History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Wiecek, William M. (1998) The Lost World of Classical Legal Thought: Law Ideology in America, 1886–1937. New York: Oxford University Press.
Williams, Lou Faulkner (1996) The Great South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials, 1871–1872. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Willoughby, W. W. (1929) Constitutional Law of the United States, 2nd ed. New York: Baker, Voorhis and Co.
Wilson, Charles Erwin (1947) To Secure These Rights: The Report of President Harry S. Truman's Committee on Civil Rights. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Wilson, James Grant, and Fiske, John, eds. (1891) Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. 1. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 352–3.
Woodward, C. Vann (1951) Origins of the New South, 1877–1913. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Woodward, C. Vann (1966 [1951]) Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Woodward, C. Vann (1950) The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wright, Benjamin F. (1942) Growth of American Constitutional Law. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Wright, Benjamin F. (1931) American Interpretations of Natural Law: A Study in the History of Political Thought. New York: Russell and Russell.
Zuckert, Michael P. (1986) “Congressional Power under the Fourteenth Amendment: The Original Understanding of Section 5.” 3 Constitutional Commentary123.