Introduction

Everyone knows about American procedural exceptionalism. Indeed, it seems that American exceptionalism extends beyond procedure into other important bodies of law. A strong justification for this exceptionalism is that it affords unparalleled access to justice by guaranteeing that those who seek relief in court have the means and ability to obtain that relief. Indeed, it is so forceful that Professor Huang, a Korean scholar, wrote a whole book a decade ago urging that civil law systems switch to American ways of handling discovery and burden of proof to enable access to justice. He was forceful in his critique of the civil law process:

To date, that broad challenge has not been taken up.

But that does not mean nothing has changed. To the contrary, American federal-court procedure (the original stimulus for much of the current exceptionalism in American procedure) has for several decades been the subject of repeated reform efforts, mainly by formal rule changes but also on occasion in judicial decisions. It is fair to say that this reform has tended to constrain and contain some of the most aggressive aspects of American procedure. European procedure seems, during this time, to have undergone some changes that may make it resemble American procedure a bit more. Both reform trends may be justified as methods of improving access to justice and protection of rights.

This contribution reports on the tenor of relatively recent American reform efforts, which may strike those from the rest of the world as surprising because they urge that access to justice, at least in terms of procedural arrangements, is something of a zero-sum game, a game theory construct in which a gain by one side can be had only if there is a corresponding loss by the other side. That seems a peculiar attitude to take toward procedure, which is designed in general to enable just results. Indeed, that is a central assumption of Professor Huang's book endorsing the adoption of American discovery and related concepts in the rest of the world.