If it is true in general that American cultural life has been provincial and that it was made so by the attenuation of eastern or European culture transmitted and retransmitted under frontier conditions, it follows that this provincialism would eventually be diffused thoroughly and that signs of it would not, for example, be confined to statements about European culture, on the one hand, or about the frontier, on the other. If, as has been argued here, a “frontier consciousness” is at the center of what we recognize as nationally distinctive in the character of earlier American literature, it ought to be discernible in the works of major artists who have had little or nothing to do with obviously “western” experience. After all, a consciousness of any sort is not exclusively, or even primarily, a bundle of typical concerns or ideas, although for the sake of discussion it is often treated as if it were.