The parallel conduct of legitimate trade and contraband slave trading caused profound political, economic, and social transformations throughout southern Senegambia in the first half of the nineteenth century. The greatest change was the eruption of full-scale conflict between the powerful Muslim theocracy of Futa Jallon, internally weakened by a string of political, economic, and social crises, and the coastal states of the Southern Rivers, where legitimate trade, stimulated by peanut production, was developing. The decline of the slave trade shifted the trade balance between the two regions. The value of Futa Jallon's traditional market commodities was dropping. By contrast, the value of produce from the coastal states was now constantly rising, with peanuts proving particularly profitable. Smarting from the change in the balance of power, Futa Jallon, a landlocked power cordoned off behind the coastal states of the Southern Rivers, adopted a vigorous policy of territorial expansion, pushing coastward in an attempt to end the economic crisis brought about by the steady progress of legitimate trade. Futa Jallon's drive toward the conquest of the coast, apart from being designed to achieve control over legitimate trade in such produce as peanuts, was also linked to an internal political and social crisis. For new, centrifugal forces had emerged, forcing the old Futa Jallon aristocracy to react.

Throughout the nineteenth century the two royal clans, the Alfaya and the Soriya, had fought over central power at Timbo.