In the previous chapter, we discussed coding schemes and gave several examples. We emphasized that coding schemes are primarily conceptual, rooted in and reflecting theoretical assumptions; and, although we regard coding schemes as instruments that focus observers’ attention, they are not physical in the sense that microscopes are. In contrast, applying those coding schemes to the passing stream of behavior – transforming observed behavior into data – combines physical and conceptual components. Recording observational data requires physical materials ranging from simple paper and pencil to sophisticated video and computer systems. It also requires selection of an appropriate recording strategy. This chapter addresses both the strategies and materials used to record observational data.

Recording strategies provide rules that observers must follow when applying coding schemes to the stream of behavior; they serve both measurement and control. For experimental variables, control means variable manipulation or neutralization – for example, via random assignment. For observational variables, control is exerted by requiring observers to adhere to specific recording rules as detailed in this chapter.