It is a courageous scholar who publishes a book with the professed aim of adding to the sum of human ignorance; but in Shakespeare studies we need such books. If the first age of the discipline saw figures like Fleay, Chambers, and Greg create a model of English Renaissance drama that was part scholarship, part hypothesis and guesswork, the second was an age of credulity, of critics in awe of dead giants whose authority lived on. As we enter the third age, the old certainties topple, and we aim for a state, to misquote John Ford’s Friar Bonaventure, of knowledge in ignorance. One of the books helping us on our way is Margreta de Grazia’s subtle and persuasive analysis of the birth of Shakespeare scholarship, Shakespeare Verbatim (Oxford, 1991).

The giant whom de Grazia has set out to bury goes back further than most: Edmond Malone, arguably Shakespeare's first truly scholarly commentator, whose assumptions, aims, and methodology remain the foundation of modern Shakespeare studies. De Grazia shakes those foundations: