Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m8s7h Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-22T11:27:27.410Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Power modeling

from Part II - Energy management and conservation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2014

Sasu Tarkoma
Affiliation:
University of Helsinki
Matti Siekkinen
Affiliation:
Aalto University, Finland
Eemil Lagerspetz
Affiliation:
University of Helsinki
Yu Xiao
Affiliation:
Aalto University, Finland
Get access

Summary

Our studies of power measurement have revealed that the power consumption of a smartphone varies with the applications in use, the way the device user uses the applications, and the environment where the smartphone is operated. As power measurement only tells us how much energy is being consumed by the whole smartphone or a hardware component such as the display, more information is required for analyzing the factors that affect the power consumption.

Power modeling is a technique that has been developed for quantifying the impact of different factors using mathematical models. A power model can be specified for a certain hardware component, a certain smartphone, or a certain piece of software. The information used for defining the model variables can be provided by hardware, OS, and/or applications, while the coefficients of these variables can be derived from power measurement using deterministic and/or statistical methods. The methodology of deterministic and statistical power modeling is introduced in Section 9.1, followed by three case studies: a deterministic power model of a Wi-Fi network interface (Section 9.2), a statistical model of the overall power consumption of a smartphone (Section 9.3), and a fine-grained energy profiler using system call traces (Section 9.4).

Power models can be used for estimating the energy consumption of the hardware or software component. Examples of model-based energy profilers can be found in Chapter 10. More importantly, power models provide hints on improving the energy efficiency of smartphones and applications.

Type
Chapter
Information
Smartphone Energy Consumption
Modeling and Optimization
, pp. 162 - 191
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

[1] A., Pathak, Y. C., Hu, M., Zhang, P., Bahl, and Y.-M., Wang, “Fine-grained power modeling for smartphones using system call tracing,” in Proc. 6th Conf. on Computer Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2011, pp. 153–168. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/ 10.1145/ 1966445.1966460Google Scholar
[2] R., Fonseca, P., Dutta, P., Levis, and I., Stoica, “Quanto: tracking energy in networked embed¬ded systems,” in Proc. 8th USENIX Conf. on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. Berkeley, CA, USA: USENIX Association, 2008, pp. 323–338. [Online]. Available: http: //portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1855741.1855764Google Scholar
[3] G., Qu, N., Kawabe, K., Usami, and M., Potkonjak, “Function-level power estimation method¬ology for microprocessors,” in Proc. 37th Annu. Design Automation Conf. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2000, pp. 810–813. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/337292. 337786Google Scholar
[4] J., Laurent, N., Julien, E., Senn, and E., Martin, “Functional level power analysis: an efficient approach for modeling the power consumption of complex processors,” in Proc. Conf. on Design, Automation and Test in Europe - Volume 1. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=968878.968987Google Scholar
[5] L. M., Feeney and M., Nilsson, “Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment,” in Proc. 12th Conf. on Computer Communications, vol. 3, 2001, pp. 1548–1557.Google Scholar
[6] B., Wang and S., Singh, “Analysis of TCP's computational energy cost for mobile computing,” SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev., vol. 31, pp. 296–297, June 2003. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/885651.781065Google Scholar
[7] N., Potlapally, S., Ravi, A., Raghunathan, and N., Jha, “A study of the energy consumption characteristics of cryptographic algorithms and security protocols,” IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 128–143, February 2006.Google Scholar
[8] T. K., Tan, A., Raghunathan, and N. K., Jha, “Energy macromodeling of embedded operating systems,” ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst., vol. 4, pp. 231–254, February 2005. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1053271.1053281Google Scholar
[9] T., Li and L. K., John, “Run-time modeling and estimation of operating system power consumption,” in Proc. 2003 ACM SIGMETRICS Int. Conf. on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2003, pp. 160–171. [Online]. Available: http://doi. acm.org/10.1145/781027.781048Google Scholar
[10] J., Flinn and M., Satyanarayanan, “Powerscope: A tool for profiling the energy usage of mobile applications,” in Proc. 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 1999. [Online]. Available: http://dl.acm. org/citation.cfm?id=520551.837522Google Scholar
[11] L., Zhang, B., Tiwana, Z., Qian, Z., Wang, R. P., Dick, Z. M., Mao, and L., Yang, “Accurate online power estimation and automatic battery behavior based power model generation for smartphones,” in Proc. 8th IEEE/ACM/IFIP Int. Conf. on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2010, pp. 105–114.Google Scholar
[12] M., Dong and L., Zhong, “Self-constructive high-rate system energy modeling for battery-powered mobile systems,” in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2011, pp. 335–348. [Online]. Available: http://doi. acm. org/10.1145/1999995.2000027Google Scholar
[13] Y., Xiao, R., Bhaumik, Z., Yang, M., Siekkinen, P., Savolainen, and A., Yla-Jaaski, “A system-level model for runtime power estimation on mobile devices,” in Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom), 2010 IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom), 2010, pp. 27–34.Google Scholar
[14] C., Lawson and R., Hanson, Solving Least Squares Problems. Prentice-Hall, 1974.Google Scholar
[15] D. C., Snowdon, S. M., Petters, and G., Heiser, “Accurate on-line prediction of processor and memory energy usage under voltage scaling,” in Proc. 7th ACM & IEEE Int. Conf. on Embedded Software. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2007, pp. 84–93. [Online]. Available: http://doi. acm.org/10.1145/1289927.1289945Google Scholar
[16] X., Lu, T., Fernaine, and Y., Wang, “Modelling power consumption of a H.263 video encoder,” in Proc. 2004 Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, May 2004, pp. 77–80.
[17] F., Qian, Z., Wang, A., Gerber, Z., Mao, S., Sen, and O., Spatscheck, “Profiling resource usage for mobile applications: A cross-layer approach,” in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. New York, NY, USA: ACM, June 2011, pp. 321–334. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1999995.2000026Google Scholar
[18] 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), “Radio resource control (RRC) protocol specification,” 3GPP TS 25.331, 2006.
[19] K.-c., Lan and J., Heidemann, “A measurement study of correlations of internet flow characteristics,” Comput. Netw., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 46–62, 2006.Google Scholar
[20] M. A., Eriksen, “Trickle Bandwidth Shaper,” 2007, accessed January 12, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://monkey.org/~marius/pages/?page=trickleGoogle Scholar
[21] “IEEE Standard for Information Technology - Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems - Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Specific Requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications,” IEEE Std 802.11-2007 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-1999), June 2007.
[22] Y., Xiao, Y., Cui, P., Savolainen, M., Siekkinen, A., Wang, L., Yang, A., Yla-Jaaski, and S., Tarkoma, “Modeling energy consumption of data transmission over Wi-Fi,” IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing, vol. 99, PrePrints, 2013.Google Scholar
[23] C., Isci and M., Martonosi, “Runtime power monitoring in high-end processors: methodol¬ogy and empirical data,” in Proc. 36th Annu. IEEE/ACM Int. Symp. on Microarchitecture MICRO-36. 2003, pp. 93–104.Google Scholar
[24] R., Azimi, M., Stumm, and R. W., Wisniewski, “Online performance analysis by statistical sampling of microprocessor performance counters,” in Proc. 19th Annu. Int. Conf. on Super-computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2005, pp. 101–110. [Online]. Available: http://doi. acm.org/10.1145/1088149.1088163Google Scholar
[25] A., Pathak, Y. C., Hu, and M., Zhang, “Where is the energy spent inside my app? Fine grained energy accounting on smartphones with eProf,” in Proc. 7th ACM European Conf. on Computer Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2012, pp. 29–42. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2168836.2168841Google Scholar
[26] S. L., Graham, P. B., Kessler, and M. K., Mckusick, “Gprof: A call graph execution profiler,” SIGPLANNot., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 120–126, Jun. 1982. [Online]. Available: http://doi. acm. org/10.1145/872726.806987Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×