Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T17:03:33.407Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

One - The Lower and Middle Paleolithic of the Southern Levant

from Part One

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2018

Assaf Yasur-Landau
Affiliation:
University of Haifa, Israel
Eric H. Cline
Affiliation:
George Washington University, Washington DC
Yorke Rowan
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
The Social Archaeology of the Levant
From Prehistory to the Present
, pp. 9 - 28
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alperson-Afil, N. 2008. Continual Fire-Making by Hominins at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. QSR 27: 1733–9.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1987. Pleistocene Connexions between Africa and Southwest Asia: An Archaeological Perspective. African Archaeological Review 5 (1): 2938.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., and Belmaker, M. 2011. Early and Middle Pleistocene Faunal and Hominins Dispersals through Southwestern Asia. QSR 30: 1318–37.Google Scholar
Belmonte, A.; Fabiani, L.; Mercatanti, L.; Rustioni, M.; and Vianello, F. 1992. L’Acheuleano medio di Jebel el Hattiya nella Giordania meridionale. SEQ 14: 1531.Google Scholar
Bisson, M. S.; Nowell, A.; Cordova, C. E.; Poupart, M.; Pokines, J.; and Ghaleb, B. 2014. WE-2: The Middle Paleolithic of the Wādī al-ʻUnqiyya Revisited. In Jordan’s Prehistory: Past and Future Research, ed. Finlayson, B. and Rollefson, G. O., 3547. Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan.Google Scholar
Chazan, M. 2000. Typological Analysis of the Lower Paleolithic Site of Holon, Israel. JIPS 30: 732.Google Scholar
Clark, G. A.; Lindly, J.; Donaldson, M. L.; Garrard, A.; Coinman, N.; Schuldenrein, J.; Fish, S. K.; and Olszewski, D. 1988. Excavations at Middle, Upper and Epipalaeolithic Sites in the Wadi Hasa, West-Central Jordan. In The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986, Part 1, ed. Garrard, A. N. and Gebel, H. G. K., 209–85. BAR International Series 396 (1). Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Clark, G. A.; Schuldenrein, J.; Donaldson, M. L.; Schwarcz, H. P.; Rink, W. J.; and Fish, S. K. 1989. Analysis of the Paleolithic Artifacts from the Sounding of A. Garrard at C-Spring, 1985 Season. In The Hammer on the Rock: Studies in the Early Paleolithic of Azraq, Jordan, Vol. 2, ed. Copeland, L. and Hours, F., 325–90. BAR International Series 540 (2). Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Clark, G. A.; Schuldenrein, J.; Donaldson, M. L.; Schwarcz, H. P.; Rink, W. J.; and Fish, S. K. 1997. Chronostratigraphic Contexts of Middle Paleolithic Horizons at ‘Ain Difla Rockshelter (WHS 634), West-Central Jordan. In The Prehistory of Jordan II: Perspectives from 1997, ed. Gebel, H. G. K., Kafafi, Z., and Rollefson, G. O., 77100. SENEPSE 4. Berlin: Ex Oriente.Google Scholar
Copeland, L. 1975. The Middle and Upper Paleolithic of Lebanon and Syria in the Light of Recent Research. In Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, ed. Wendorf, F. and Marks, A., 317–50. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.Google Scholar
Copeland, L. 1985. The Pointed Tools of Hummal 1a (El Kowm, Syria). Cahiers de l’Euphrate 4: 177–89.Google Scholar
Copeland, L. 1988. Environment, Chronology and Lower-Middle Paleolithic Occupations of the Azraq Basin, Jordan. Paléorient 14 (2): 6675.Google Scholar
Copeland, L. 1991. The Late Acheulean Knapping-Floor at C-Spring, Azraq Oasis, Jordan. Levant 23: 16.Google Scholar
Copeland, L., and Hours, F. 1988. The Paleolithic in North Central Jordan: An Overview of Survey Results from the Upper Zarqa and Azraq 1982–1986. In The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986, Part 2, ed. Garrard, A. N. and Gebel, H. G. K., 287309. BAR International Series 396 (2). Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Cordova, C. E.; Nowell, A.; Bisson, M.; Ames, C. J. H.; Pokines, J.; Chang, M.; and al-Nahar, M. 2013. Interglacial and Glacial Desert Refugia and the Middle Paleolithic of the Azraq Oasis, Jordan. QI 300: 94110.Google Scholar
Culley, E. V.; Popescu, G.; and Clark, G. A. 2013. An Analysis of the Compositional Integrity of the Levantine Mousterian Facies. QI 300: 213–33.Google Scholar
Dirks, W.; Watson, R.; and Schnurrenberger, D. 1998. Preliminary Account of Pleistocene Mammals from ʻAin Soda, Azraq Basin, Jordan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts 18 (3): 38A39A.Google Scholar
Fabiano, M., and Primiceri, P. 2001. L’Acheuleano inferiore di Giabal el Issua nella Giordania meridionale. SEQ 23: 941.Google Scholar
Garrod, D. A. E. 1970. Pre-Aurignacian and Amudian: A Comparative Study of the Earliest Blade Industries of the Near East. In Frühe Menschheit und Umwelt, Vol. 1: Archäologische Beiträge, ed. Gripp, K., Schütrumpf, R., and Schwabedissen, H., 224–9. Fundamenta A2 (1). Cologne: Böhlau.Google Scholar
Garrod, D. A. E., and Bate, D. M. A. 1937. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel: Excavations at the Wady el-Mughara, Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Gopher, A.; Ayalon, A.; Bar-Matthews, M.; Barkai, R.; Frumkin, A.; Karkanas, P.; and Shahack-Gross, R. 2010. The Chronology of the Late Lower Paleolithic in the Levant Based on U–Th Ages of Speleothems from Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary Geochronology 5: 644–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gopher, A.; Barkai, R.; Shimelmitz, R.; Khalaily, M.; Lemorini, C.; Hershkovitz, I.; and Stiner, M. 2005. Qesem Cave: An Amudian Site in Central Israel. JIPS 35: 6992.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N. 1985. The Lithic Assemblage of the Berekhat Ram Acheulian Site, Golan Heights. Paléorient 11 (1): 728.Google Scholar
Goren-Inbar, N., and Saragusti, I. 1996. An Acheulian Biface Assemblage from Gesher Benot Yaʼaqov, Israel: Indications of African Affinities. JFA 23: 1530.Google Scholar
Green, R. E.; Krause, J.; Briggs, A. W.; Maricic, T.; Stenzel, U.; Kircher, M.; Patterson, N.; Li, H.; Zhai, W.; Fritz, M. H.-Y.; Hansen, N. F.; Durand, E. Y.; Malaspinas, A.-S.; Jensen, J. D.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Alkan, C.; Prüfer, K.; Meyer, M.; Burbano, H. A.; Good, J. M.; Schultz, R.; Aximu-Petri, A.; Butthof, A.; Höber, B.; Höffner, B.; Siegemund, M.; Weihmann, A.; Nusbaum, C.; Lander, E. S.; Russ, C.; Novod, N.; Affourtit, J.; Egholm, M.; Verna, C.; Rudan, P.; Brajkovic, D.; Kucan, Ž.; Gušic, I.; Doronichev, V. B.; Golovanova, L. V.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; de la Rasilla, M.; Fortea, J.; Rosas, A.; Schmitz, R. W.; Johnson, P. L. F.; Eichler, E. E.; Falush, D.; Birney, E.; Mullikin, J. C.; Slatkin, M.; Nielsen, R.; Kelso, J.; Lachmann, M.; Reich, D.; and Pääbo, S. 2010. A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328 (5979): 710–22.Google Scholar
Grün, R.; Stringer, C. B.; and Schwarcz, H. B. 1991. ESR Dating of Teeth from Garrod’s Tabun Cave Collection. JHE 20: 231–48.Google Scholar
Henry, D. O. 1998. The Middle Paleolithic of Jordan. In The Prehistoric Archaeology of Jordan, ed. Henry, D., 2338. BAR International Series 705. Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Henry, D. O., ed. 1995. Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Hours, F. 1989. The Lithic Industries of Wadi Enoqiyya. In The Hammer on the Rock: Studies in the Early Paleolithic of Azraq, Jordan, Vol. 2, ed. Copeland, L. and Hours, F., 403–50. BAR International Series 540 (2). Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A. J. 1982. The Tabun Cave and Paleolithic Man in the Levant. Science 216 (4553): 1369–75.Google Scholar
Kalbe, J.; Sharon, G.; Porat, N.; Zhang, C.; and Mischke, S. 2014. Geological Setting and Age of the Middle Paleolithic Site of Nahal Mahanayeem Outlet (Upper Jordan Valley, Israel). QI 331: 139–48.Google Scholar
Lordkipanidze, D.; Ponce de León, M. S.; Margvelashvili, A.; Rak, Y.; Rightmire, G. P.; Vekua, A.; and Zollikofer, C. P. E. 2013. A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo. Science 342 (6156): 326–31.Google Scholar
Macumber, P. G. 1992. The Geological Setting of Palaeolithic Sites at Tabaqat Fahl, Jordan. Paléorient 18 (2): 3144.Google Scholar
Macumber, P. G., and Edwards, P. C. 1997. Preliminary Results from the Acheulian Site of Mashari’a 1, and a New Stratigraphic Framework for the Lower Paleolithic of the East Jordan Valley. In The Prehistory of Jordan II: Perspectives from 1997, ed. Gebel, H. G. K., Kafafi, Z., and Rollefson, G. O., 2343. SENEPSE 4. Berlin: Ex Oriente.Google Scholar
Marder, O.; Khalaily, H.; Rabinovitz, R.; Gvirtzman, G.; Wieder, M.; Porat, N.; Ron, H.; Bankirer, R.; and Saragusti, I. 1999. The Lower Paleolithic Site of Revadim Quarry: Preliminary Finds. JIPS 28: 2153.Google Scholar
Marks, A. E. 1981. The Middle Paleolithic of the Negev, Israel. In Préhistoire du Levant, ed. Cauvin, J. and Sanlaville, P., 287–98. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. 2011. The Contribution of Hayonim Cave Assemblages to the Understanding of the So-Called Early Levantine Mousterian. ERAUL 126: 85100.Google Scholar
Meignen, L.; Bar-Yosef, O.; Speth, J. D.; and Stiner, M. C. 2006. Middle Paleolithic Settlement Patterns in the Levant. In Transitions before the Transition: Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age, ed. Hovers, E. and Kuhn, S. L., 149–69. ICA. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Mercier, N., and Valladas, H. 2003. Reassessment of TL Age Estimates of Burnt Flints from the Paleolithic Site of Tabun Cave, Israel. JHE 45: 401–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Mercier, N.; Valladas, H.; Froget, L.; Joron, J.-L.; Reyss, J.-L.; Weiner, S.; Goldberg, P.; Meignen, L.; Bar-Yosef, O.; Belfer-Cohen, A.; Chech, M.; Kuhn, S. L.; Stiner, M. C.; Tillier, A.-M.; Arensburg, B.; and Vandermeersch, B. 2007. Hayonim Cave: A TL-Based Chronology for This Levantine Mousterian Sequence. JAS 34: 1064–77.Google Scholar
Mercier, N.; Valladas, H.; Froget, L.; Joron, J.-L.; and Ronen, A. 2000. Datation par thermoluminescence de la base du gisement paléolithique de Tabun (Mont Carmel, Israël). EPS 330: 731–8.Google Scholar
Nowell, A. 2014. Reversals of Fortune: Neandertals and Modern Humans in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic, a View from the Druze Marsh, North Azraq (Jordan). In Jordan’s Prehistory: Past and Future Research, ed. Finlayson, B. and Rollefson, G. O., 2334. Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan.Google Scholar
Parenti, F.; al-Shiyab, A. H.; Santucci, E.; Kafafi, Z.; and Palumbo, G., with an appendix by Guérin, C. 1997. Early Acheulean Stone Tools and Fossil Faunas from the Dauqara Formation, Upper Zarqa Valley, Jordanian Plateau. In The Prehistory of Jordan II: Perspectives from 1997, ed. Gebel, H. G. K., Kafafi, Z., and Rollefson, G. O., 722. SENEPSE 4. Berlin: Ex Oriente.Google Scholar
Pollarolo, L. 2003. L’Acheuleano medio sui terrazzi di Uadi el Harad nella Girodania meridionale. SEQ 25: 2336.Google Scholar
Porat, N.; Chazan, M.; Schwarcz, H. P.; and Horwitz, L. K. 2002. Timing of the Lower to Middle Paleolithic Boundary: New Dates from the Levant. JHE 43: 107–22.Google Scholar
Porat, N., and Ronen, A. 2002. Luminescence and ESR Age Determinations of the Lower Paleolithic Site Evron Quarry, Israel. Advances in ESR Applications 18: 123–30.Google Scholar
Quintero, L., and Wilke, P. 2014. Ayoun Qedim: Middle Pleistocene Hunting Patterns at a Box Canyon Oasis in al-Jafr Basin, Jordan. In Jordan’s Prehistory: Past and Future Research, ed. Finlayson, B. and Rollefson, G. O., 921. Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan.Google Scholar
Quintero, L. A.; Wilke, P.; and Rollefson, G. O. 2007. An Eastern Jordan Perspective on the Lower Paleolithic of the “Levantine Corridor.” SHAJ 9: 157–66.Google Scholar
Rech, J. A.; Pigati, J. S.; al-Kuisi, M.; and Bright, J. 2013. The Rise and Fall of Late Pleistocene Paleolakes in Southern Jordan. Geological Society of America Abstracts 45: 680.Google Scholar
Rink, W. J.; Schwarcz, H. P.; Ronen, A.; and Tsatskin, A. 2004. Confirmation of a near 400 ka Age for the Yabrudian Industry at Tabun Cave, Israel. JAS 31: 1520.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G. O. 1981. The Late Acheulian Site at Fjaje, Wadi el-Bustan, Southern Jordan. Paléorient 7 (1): 521.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G. O. 1984. A Middle Acheulian Surface Site in the Wadi Uweinid, Eastern Jordan. Paléorient 10 (1): 127–33.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G. O.; Quintero, L. A.; and Wilke, P. J. 2005. The Acheulian Industry in the al-Jafr Basin of Southeastern Jordan. JIPS 35: 5368.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G. O.; Quintero, L. A.; and Wilke, P. J. 2006. Late Acheulian Variability in the Southern Levant: A Contrast of the Western and Eastern Margins of the Levantine Corridor. NEA 69: 6172.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G. O.; Quintero, L. A.; and Wilke, P. J. In press. Excavations at ‘Ayn Sawda, Azraq Wetlands Reserve, Eastern Jordan. ADAJ.Google Scholar
Ronen, A.; Ohel, M. Y.; Lamdan, M.; and Assaf, A. 1980. Acheulean Artifacts from Two Trenches at Maʻayan Barukh. IEJ 30: 1733.Google Scholar
Rust, A. 1950. Die Höhlernfunde von Jabrud, Syrien. Offa-Bücher 8. Neumünster: Wachholz.Google Scholar
Schuldenrein, J., and Clark, G. A. 1994. Landscape and Prehistoric Chronology of West‐Central Jordan. Geoarchaeology 9: 3155.Google Scholar
Schwarcz, H. P.; Goldberg, P.; and Blackwell, B. 1980. Uranium Series Dating of Archaeological Sites in Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 29: 157–65.Google Scholar
Sharon, G., and Oron, M. 2014. The Lithic Tool Arsenal of a Mousterian Hunter. QI 331: 167–85.Google Scholar
Shea, J. J. 1998. Ar-Rasfa, a Stratified Middle Paleolithic Open-Air Site in Northwest Jordan: A Preliminary Report on the 1997 Excavation. ADAJ 42: 4152.Google Scholar
Shea, J. J. 2001. The Middle Paleolithic: Early Modern Humans and Neandertals in the Levant. NEA 64: 3864.Google Scholar
Shea, J. J. 2003. The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant. JWP 17: 313–94.Google Scholar
Shea, J. J. 2010. Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: A Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal. In Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia, ed. Fleagle, J. G., Shea, J. J., Grine, F. E., Baden, A. L., and Leakey, R. E., 4764. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Shimelmitz, R.; Barkai, R.; and Gopher, A. 2011. Systematic Blade Production at Late Lower Paleolithic (400–200 kyr) Qesem Cave, Israel. JHE 61: 458–79.Google Scholar
Succi Fabiani, L. 2001. Due siti dell’Acheuleano medio/arcaico nella Giordania meridionale. SEQ 23: 5767.Google Scholar
Succi Fabiani, L., and Fabiano, M. 2004. L’Acheuleano medio del bacino idrografico di Uadi Harad (Giordania meridionale). SEQ 26: 4155.Google Scholar
Valladas, H.; Mercier, N.; Hershkovitz, I.; Zaidner, Y.; Tsatskin, A.; Yeshurun, R.; Vialettes, L.; Joron, J.-L.; Reyss, J.-L.; and Weinstein-Evron, M. 2013. Dating the Lower to Middle Paleolithic Transition in the Levant: A View from Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. JHE 65: 585–93.Google Scholar
Villiers, L. E. 1983. Final Report on Paleolithic Sampling at Abu al-Khas, North Jordan. ADAJ 27: 2744.Google Scholar
Weinstein-Evron, M.; Tsatskin, A.; Porat, N.; and Kronfeld, J. 1999. 230Th/234U Date for the Acheulo-Yabrudian Layer in the Jamal Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. South African Journal of Science 95: 186–8.Google Scholar
Whalen, N. M., and Kolly, C. M. 2001. Survey of Acheulean Sites in the Wadi as-Sirhan Basin, Jordan, 1999. ADAJ 45: 1118.Google Scholar
Wilke, P. J.; Quintero, L. A.; and Rech, J. A. 2010. The Acheulian Occupations at ‘Uyun al-Qadim, al-Jafr Basin, Jordan: A Progress Summary. ADAJ 54: 423–41.Google Scholar
Zaidner, Y.; Ronen, A.; and Burdukiewicz, J.-M. 2003. L’industrie microlithique du Paléolithique inférieur de Bizat Ruhama, Israël. L’Anthropologie 107: 203–22.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×