In the prior chapters, we have seen that language, together with other semiotic systems, seems to have a decisive impact on the choice of an internal code for spatial memory and reckoning. In this chapter, we explore other possible ramifications of frame-of-reference specialization. The literature reviewed in Chapter 2 suggests that there are a myriad of internal representations of space for different sensory modalities and purposes. If language can be shown to influence the choice of frame of reference for the spatial memory of small-scale arrays, what about larger-scale arrays and mental models of the world around us? After all, spatial cognition must centrally be concerned with locating ourselves in a ‘mental map’ of the environment, and finding our way around in it. This chapter pursues differences in the cognition of wayfinding and orientation that seem deeply linked to specializations in frames of reference in language. But the chapter also pursues another theme, the cross-modal nature of these frame-of-reference specializations. For the best evidence for wayfinding abilities and the nature of mental maps comes from pointing and gesture – that is from the motoric output driven (at least proximately) by kinaesthetic representations. Unreflective gesture gives us insight into another level of mental life, representations of space that are at least partially independent of language, and that seem close to the very heart of our spatial thinking and spatial imagery. We can therefore look at gesture as a special window on underlying spatial cognition.