Unlike the more extreme cases of developmental success and failure in this study, namely, South Korea and Nigeria, respectively, both Brazil and India represent mixed cases. The case of Brazil is closer to the success end of the performance continuum, at least as far as industrial growth is concerned, and at least as manifest in its middle-income status. However, Brazil's industrialization also began in the late nineteenth century. While industrial development in the twentieth century was far from steady, Brazil's industry grew for much of the period. The gains were impressive, though coupled with significant periods of slower growth and even decline, especially after 1980. At a per capita income of more than $7,000 – albeit distributed highly unevenly – Brazil at the end of the century was a middle-income country, with a diversified industrial base. It was well ahead of India, which had less than a third of Brazil's per capita income, though it was also well behind Korea with close to double its per capita income (see Table 1 above; all of these per capita income figures are at purchasing power parity adjusted). In analyzing the case of Brazil, then, the puzzle is thus not only why it has done as well as it has, but also why, despite its early start, industrial development there has been relatively crisis-prone, limiting its overall achievements.