Adler, Patricia A. 1985. Wheeling and Dealing. New York: Columbia University Press.
Agar, Michael 1973. Ripping and Running: A Formal Ethnography of Urban Heroin Addicts. New York: Seminar Press.
Anderson, Elijah 1999. Code of the Street. New York: Norton.
Anderson, Elijah 1990. Streetwise: Race, class, and change in an urban community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Arkes, Hal R., and Ayton, Peter 1999. “The Sunk Cost and Concorde Effects: Are Humans Less Rational than Lower Animals?” Psychological Bulletin 125:591–600.
Bailey, F. Y., and Green, A. P. 1999. Law Never Here: A Social History of African American Responses to Issues of Crime and Justice. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Baron, Stephen W., Forde, David R., and Kennedy, Leslie W. 2001. “Rough justice: Street youth and violence.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 16:662–678.
Barreca, Regina 1995. Sweet revenge: The wicked delights of getting even. New York: Berkley Publishing Group.
Baskin, Deborah, and Sommers, Ira. 1998. Causalities of Community Disorder: Women's Careers in Violent Crime. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Baumeister, Roy F., and Campbell, W. K. 1999. “The intrinsic appeal of evil: Sadism, sensational thrills, and threatened egotism.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 3:210–221.
Berkowitz, L. 1993. Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control.New York: McGraw-Hill.
Biernacki, Patrick, and Waldorf, Dan 1981. “Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques of Chain Referral Sampling.” Sociological Methods and Research 10:141–63.
Bies, Robert J., and Thomas M. Tripp 2001. “A Passion for Justice: The Rationality and Morality of Revenge.” Justice in the Workplace: From Theory to Practice, pp. 197–208, edited by Cropanzano, Russell. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bies, Robert J., and Thomas M. Tripp 1996. “Beyond Distrust: ‘Getting Even’ and the Need for Revenge.” Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research, pp. 246–260, edited by , Roderick M. Kramer and , Tom R. Tyler. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bishop, Donna M. 1984. “Legal and Extralegal Barriers to Delinquency: A Panel Analysis.” Criminology 22:403–19.
Black, Donald 1993. The Social Structure of Right and Wrong. San Diego: Academic Press.
Black, Donald 1983. “Crime as Social Control.” American Sociological Review 48:34–45.
Black, Donald 1971. “The social organization of arrest.” Stanford Law Review 35:733–748.
Blau, Peter 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
Blumstein, Alfred, and Rosenfeld, Richard 1998. “Explaining Recent Trends in U.S. Homicide Rates.” Journal of Criminology and Criminal Law 88: 1175–1216.
Bottcher, Jean 2001. “Social practices of gender: How gender relates to delinquency in the everyday lives of high-risk youths.” Criminology 39:893–932.
Bottoms, Anthony, and Paul Wiles 1992. “Explanations of Crime and Place.” Crime, Policing and Place: Essays in Environmental Criminology, pp. 11–35, edited by Evans, D., Fyfe, N., and Herbert, D.. London: Routledge.
Bourgois, Philippe. 1996. “In search of masculinity: Violence, respect, and sexuality among Puerto Rican crack dealers in East Harle.” British Journal of Criminology 36:412–427.
Bourgois, Philippe. 1995. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Braga, Anthony, Kennedy, David, Piehl, Anne, and Waring, Elin 2001. “Measuring the Impact of Project Ceasefire,” in National Institute of Justice, Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Bray, Timothy M. 2003. The effect of socioeconomic disadvantage and racial isolation on neighborhood homicide. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri – St. Louis.
Broidy, Lisa, and Agnew, Robert 1997. “Gender and Crime: A General Strain Theory Perspective.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34:275–306.
Bryan, Brophy-Baermann, and Conybeare, John A. C. 1994. “Retaliating against Terrorism: Rational Expectations and the Optimality of Rules versus Discretion.” American Journal of Political Science 38:196–210.
Brown, Stephen E., Esbensen, Finn-Aage, and Geis, Gilbert 1996. Explaining Crime and Its Context (2nd ed.). Cincinnati: Anderson.
Canada, Geoffrey 1995. Fist stick knife gun: A personal history of violence in America. Boston: Beacon Press.
Clarke, Ronald V., and Derek B. Cornish. 2001. “Rational Choice.” In Explaining Criminals and Crime: Essays in Contemporary Criminological Theory, pp. 23–42, edited by Paternoster, R. and Bachman, R.. Los Angeles: Roxbury.
Collison, Mike. 1996. “In search of the high life: Drugs, crime, masculinities, and consumptio.” British Journal of Criminology 36:428–44.
Connell, R. W. 1995. Masculinities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Connell, R. W. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Cook, Phillip, and John Laub 1998. “The Unprecendented Epidemic of Youth Violence.” In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research: Volume 29, pp. 117–153, edited by Tonry, Michael and Moore, Mark, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cooney, Mark 1998. Warriors and peacemakers: How third parties shape violence. New York: New York University Press.
Cota-McKinley, Amy L., Woody, William Douglas, and Bell, Paul A. 2001. “Vengeance: Effects of gender, age, and religious background.” Aggressive Behavior 27:343–350.
Courtwright, David 1996. Violent Land: Single Men and Social Disorder from the Frontier to the Inner City. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Covington, Jeanette 2003. “The violent black male: Conceptions of race in criminological theories.” In Hawkins, Darnell, Violent Crime: Assessing Race and Ethnic Differences. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Craig, Kellina M. 1999. “Retaliation, Fear, or Rage: An Investigation of African American and White Reactions to Racist Hate Crimes.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 14:138–151.
Crick, Nicki R. 2003. “A gender-balanced approach to the study of childhood aggression and reciprocal family influences.” In Crouter, Ann C. and Booth, Alan (eds). Children's Influence on Family Dynamics: The Neglected Side of Family Relationships. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Crick, Nicki R., Grotpeter, Jennifer K., and Bigbee, Maureen A.. 2002. “Relationally and physically aggressive children's intent attributions and feelings of distress for relational and instrumental peer provocation.” Child Development 73 (4):1134–1142.
Cromwell, Paul F., Marks, Alan, Olson, James N., and Avary, D'Aunn W. 1991. “Group Effects on Decision-making by Burglars.” Psychological Reports 69:579–588.
Curtis, Richard, and Travis Wendel 2000. “Lockin' Niggas up like it's goin' out of style: The differing consequences of police interventions in Three Brooklyn, New York drug markets.” Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology's annual meeting in San Francisco, November 2000.
Daly, Kathleen 1989. “Gender and Varieties of White-Collar Crime.” Criminology 27:769–79.
Decker, Scott H. and Winkle, Barrik 1996. Life in the Gang. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
DeRidder, Richard, Schruijer, Sandra G. L., and Rijsman, John B. 1999. “Retaliation to personalistic attack.” Aggressive Behavior 25:91–96.
Dodge, K. A., Price, J. M., Bachorowski, J. A., and , J. P. Newman 1990. “Hostile attribution biases in severely aggressive adolescents.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99:385–92.
Durkheim, Emile 1965. The rules of the sociological method. Solovay, S. and Mueller, J. (trans.), edited by , G. Catlin. New York: The Free Press.
Dyer, Joel. 2000. The Perpetual Prisoner Machine: How America Profits from Crime. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Edgerton, Robert B. 1972. “Violence in East African tribal societies.” Collective Violence, pp. 159–170, edited by Short, Jr James F.. and Wolfgang, Marvin E.. Chicago: Aldine.
Elliott, Delbert S., and Ageton, Suzanne S. 1980. “Reconciling race and class differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency.” American Sociological Review 45:95–110.
Erickson, Maynard L., and Empey, LaMar T. 1963. “Court records, undetected delinquency, and decision-making.” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 54:454–469.
Lyn, Exum M. 2002. “The application and robustness of the rational choice perspective in the study of intoxicated and angry intentions to aggress.” Criminology 40:933–966.
Fitness, Julie 2001. “Betrayal, rejection, revenge, and forgiveness: An interpersonal script approach.” Interpersonal Rejection, pp. 73–103, edited by Leary, M.. London: Oxford University Press.
Fleisher, Mark S. 1995. Beggars and Thieves. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Freud, Sigmund 1930. Civilizations and its Discontents. London: Hogarth.
Fromm, Erich 1973. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Furby, L. 1986. “Psychology and justice.” Justice: Views from the Social Sciences, pp. 153–204, edited by Cohen, R.. New York: Plenum.
Gabriel, Yiannis 1998. “An introduction to the social psychology of insults in organizations.” Human Relations 51:1329–1354.
Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In A Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Glaser, Barney, and Strauss, Anselm. 1987. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago: Aldine.
Glassner, Barry 1999. The Culture of Fear. New York: Basic Books.
Glassner, Barry, and Cheryl Carpenter 1985. “The Feasibility of an Ethnographic Study of Property Offenders: A Report Prepared for the National Institute of Justice.” Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Mimeo.
Goldstein, Paul J. 1985. “The Drugs/Violence Nexus: A Tripartite Conceptual Framework.” Journal of Drug Issues 15:493–506.
Golub, Andrew, and Johnson, Bruce D. 1999. “Cohort Changes in Illegal Drug Use among Arrestees in Manhattan: From the Heroin Injection Generation to the Blunts Generation.” Substance Use and Misuse 34:1733–1763.
Goode, Erich 1997. Deviant Behavior (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Gould, Roger V. 2003. Collision of wills: How ambiguity about social rank breeds conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gouldner, Alvin W. 1960. “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement.” American Sociological Review 25:161–178.
, Greenberg J. 1993. “Stealing in the name of justice.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 54:81–103.
Hackney, Suzette, David Ashenfelter, and Cecil Angel 2000. “Crime falls in U.S., state.” Retrieved from www.freep.com/news/mich/crime8_20000509.html
John, Hagan, and McCarthy, Bill 1997. Mean Streets: Youth Crime and Homelessness. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hamm, Mark 2001. In Bad Company: America's Terrorist Underground. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Hanawalt, Barbara A. 1979. Crime and Conflict in English Communities, 1300–1348. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hasluck, Margaret 1954. The Unwritten Law in Albania. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Heckathorn, Douglas D. 1997. “Respondent-driven sampling: A new approach to the study of social problems.” Social Problems 44:174–199.
Heimer, Karen, and DeCoster, Stacy. 1999. “The gendering of violent delinquenc.” Criminology. 37:277–317.
Herzberger, Sharon D., and Hall, Jennifer A. 1993. “Consequences of Retaliatory aggression against Siblings and Peers: Urban Minority Children's Expectations.” Child Development 64:1773–1785.
Hobbs, Dick. 1994. “Mannish boys: Danny, Chris, crime, masculinity, and business.” In Newburn, Tim and Stanko, Elizabeth (eds). Just Boys Doing Business? Men, Masculinities, and Crime. London: Routledge.
Hochstetler, Andy 2001. “Opportunities and decisions: Interactional dynamics in robbery and burglary groups.” Criminology 39:737–763.
Homans, G. C. 1961. Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World.
Horowitz, Ruth 1983. Honor and the American Dream. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Horwitz, Allan V. 1990. The Logic of Social Control. New York: Plenum Press.
Humphreys, Laud 1970. Tearoom Trade. Chicago: Aldine de Gruyter.
Huston, Ted, Geis, Gilbert, and Wright, Richard 1976. “The Angry Samaritan.” Psychology Today 10: 61–64, 85.
Irwin, John 1972. “Particpant Observation of Criminals.” In Research on Deviance, edited by Douglas, J.. New York: Random House.
Jacobs, Bruce A. 1999. Dealing Crack: The Social World of Streetcorner Selling. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Jacobs, Bruce A. 2000. Robbing Drug Dealers: Violence Beyond the Law.New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Jacobs, Bruce A., with Wright, Richard 2000. “Researching Drug Robbery.” Chapter 1 of Robbing Drug Dealers: Violence Beyond the Law.New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Jacobs, Bruce A., Topalli, Volkan, and Wright, Richard 2000. “Managing retaliation: Drug robbery and informal sanction threats.” Criminology 38:171–198.
Jacoby, Susan 1983. Wild Justice: The Evolution of Revenge. New York: Harper and Row.
Jenness, Valerie 1993. Making it Work: The Prostitutes' Rights Movement in Perspective. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Johnson, Eric, and John Payne 1986. “The Decision to Commit a Crime: An information-Processing Analysis.” In The Reasoning Criminal. Derek, B. Cornish and Ronald, V. Clarke (eds.) New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 170–185.
Jones, E. E. and K. E. Davis 1965. “From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception.” Advances in experimental psychology, pp. 220–266, edited by Berkowitz., L.New York: Academic Press.
Katz, Jack 1991. “The Motivation of the Persistent Robber.” Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, pp. 277–305, edited by Tonry, M.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Katz, Jack 1988. Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York: Basic Books.
Kennedy, David, Anthony Braga, and Anne Piehl 2001. “Developing and Implementing Operation Ceasefire.” In National Institute of Justice, Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Kershnar, Stephen 2001. Desert, Retribution, and Torture. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
Khatri, Naresh, and Ng, H. Alvin 2000. “The Role of Intuition in Strategic Decisionmaking.” Human Relations 53:57–86.
Kim, Sung Hee, Smith, Richard H., and Brigham, Nancy L. 1998. “Effects of power imbalance and the presence of third parties on reactions to harm: Upward and downward revenge.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24:353–361.
Kim, Sung Hee, and Smith, Richard H. 1993. “Revenge and conflict escalation.” Negotiation Journal. January:37–43.
Lawler, E. J. 1986. “Bilateral Deterrence and Conflict Spiral: A Theoretical Analysis.” Advances in Group Processes, vol. 3, pp. 107–130, edited by Lawler, E. J.. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Lerner, M. J. 1980. The Belief in a Just World. New York: Plenum.
Letkemann, Peter 1973. Crime as Work. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Lewis, I. M. 1961. A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Loftin, Colin 1985 “Assaultive violence as a contagious social process.” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 62:550–55.
Loftus, Elizabeth, and Hoffman, Hunter 1989. “Misinformation and Memory: The Creation of New Memories.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 118: 100–104.
Luckenbill, David 1981. “Generating Compliance: The Case of Robbery.” Urban Life 10:25–46.
Luckenbill, David F. 1977. “Criminal homicide as a situated transaction.” Social Problems 25:176–186.
Luckenbill, David F., and Doyle, Daniel P. 1989. “Structural position and violence: Developing a cultural explanation.” Criminology 27:419–36.
MacLeod, Jay 1987. Ain't No Making It. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Maher, Lisa 1997. Sexed Work. New York: Clarendon Press.
Maher, Lisa, and Kathleen, Daly 1996. “Women in the street-level drug economy: Continuity or change.” Criminology 34:465–492.
Markowitz, F. E., and Felson, R. E. 1998. “Social–demographic differences in attitudes and violence.” Criminology 36:117–138.
Marleau, Jude, and Hamilton, Alayne. 1999. “Demanding to Be Heard: Women's Use of Violence.” Humanity and Society 23:339–358.
Marongiu, Pietro, and Newman, Graeme 1987. Vengeance: The Fight against Injustice. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
Meier, Robert F., Leslie W. Kennedy, and Vincent F. Sacco. 2001. “Crime and the criminal event perspective.” In The Process and Structure of Crime, pp. 1–28, edited by Meier, R. F., Kennedy, L. W., and Sacco, V. F.. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Mercy, James, Rosenberg, Mark, Powell, Kenneth, Broome, Claire, and William, Roper 1993. “Public Health Policy for Preventing Violence.” Health Affairs 12: 7–28.
Merry, Sally Engle 1990. Getting Justice and Getting Even; Legal Consciousness among Working-Class Americans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Messerschmidt, James W. 2000. Nine Lives: Adolescent Masculinities, the Body, and Violence. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Messerschmidt, James W. 1997. Crime as Structured Action: Gender, Race, Class, and Crime in the Making. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Messerschmidt, James W. 1993. Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Mieczkowski, Thomas 1986. “‘Geeking up’ and Throwing Down: Heroin Street Life in Detroit.” Criminology 24:645–666.
Miller, Dale T. 2001. “Disrespect and the experience of injustice.” Annual Review of Psychology 52:527–553.
Miller, Jerome G. 1996. Search and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Miller, Jody. 2002. “The strengths and limits of ‘doing gender’ for understanding street crime.” Theoretical Criminology. 6:433–460.
Miller, Jody 2001. One of the Guys: Girls, Gangs, and Gender. New York: Oxford University Press.
Miller, Jody 1998. “Up it up: Gender and the accomplishment of street robbery.” Criminology. 36:37–66.
Miller, Jody, and White, Norman. 2003. “Gender and adolescent relationship violence: A contextual examination.” Criminology 41(4):1207–1248.
Miller, Norman, Pedersen, William C., Earlywine, Mitchell, and Pollock, Vicki E.. 2003. “A theoretical model of triggered displaced aggression.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 7:75–97.
Miller, Walter B. 1958. “Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquence.” Journal of Social Issues 14:5–19.
Miller, William 1997. “Clint Eastwood and Equity: The Virtues of Revenge and the Shortcomings of Law in Popular Culture.” Law and the Domains of Culture, pp. 161–202, edited by Sarat, Austin and Kearns, Thomas. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Miller, William 1993. Humiliation and Other Essays on Honor, Social Discomfort, and Violence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Molm, Linda D. 1994. “Is punishment effective? Coercive strategies in social exchange.” Social Psychology Quarterly 57:75–94.
Moore, Michael S. 1993. “Justifying retributivism.” Israel Law Review 27:15–49.
Mullins, Christopher 2004. Masculinities, Streetlife, and Violence. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri-St. Louis.
Mullins, Christopher W., and Richard, T. Wright. 2003. “Gender, social networks, and residential burglary.” Criminology 41:1601–1627.
Nagin, Daniel, and Greg, Pogarsky 2001. “Integrating celerity, impulsivity, and extralegal sanction threats into a model of general deterrence: Theory and evidence.” Criminology 39:865–92.
Nye, F. Ivan, and James, F. Short. 1956. “Scaling delinquent behavior.” American Sociological Review 22:326–31.
Ohbuchi, Kennichi, and Saito, Megumi 1986. “Power imbalance, its legitimacy, and aggression.” Aggressive Behavior 12:33–40.
Oliver, William 1994. The Violent Social World of Black Men. New York: Lexington.
Paternoster, Raymond, and Alex, Piquero 1995. “Reconceptualizing Deterrence: An Empirical Test of Personal and Vicarious Experiences.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 32:251–286.
Pederson, William C., Candace, Gonzales, and Norman, Miller 2000. “The moderating effect of trivial triggering provocation on displaced aggression.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78:913–927.
Peterson, Elicka S. L. 1999. “Murder as self-help: Women and intimate partner homicide.” Homicide Studies 3:30–46.
Pitt-Rivers, Julian 1966. “Honour and social status.” In Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterreanean Society, pp. 19–77, edited by Peristiany, J. G.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Polk, Kenneth 1994. When Men Kill: Scenarios of Masculine Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Polsky, Ned 1969. Hustlers, Beats, and Others. Chicago: Aldine.
Posner, Richard A. 1980. “Retribution and related concepts of punishment.” The Journal of Legal Studies 9:71–92.
Prus, Robert 1984. “Purchasing Products for Resale: Assessing Supliers as ‘Partners-in-Trade’” Symbolic Interaction 7:249–278.
Rather, Dan 2001. CBS Evening News. September 12.
Ripstein, Arthur 1997. “Responses to humiliation.” Social Research 64:90–111.
Rosenfeld, Richard, and Scott, H. Decker 1996. “Consent to Search and Seize: Evaluating an Innovative Youth Firearm Supression Program.” Law and Contemporary Problems 59:197–219.
Rosenfeld, Richard, Bruce, A. Jacobs, and Richard, Wright. 2003. “Snitching and the code of the streets.” British Journal of Criminology 43:291–309.
Rothschild, Joyce, and Terance, D. Miethe, 1999. “Disclosures and Management Retaliation. The Battle to Control Information about Organization Corruption.” Work and Occupations 26:107–128.
Sampson, Robert J., and Stephen, W. Raudenbush 1999. “Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods.” American Journal of Sociology 105:603–651.
Sarat, Austin 1997. “Vengeance, victims, and the identities of law.” Social and Legal Studies 6:163–189.
Schnake, Sherry B.Ruscher, Janet B., Gratz, Kim Lee, and O'Neal, Edgar C. 1997. “Measure for Measure? Male Retaliation Commensurate with Anger Depends on Provocateur Gender and Aggression Covertness.” Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 12:937–954.
Seton, Paul H. 2001. “On the importance of getting even: A study of the origins and intention of revenge.” Smith College Studies in Social Work 72:77–97.
Shaffir, Wiliam B., Stebbins, Robert A., and Turowetz, Allan 1980. Fieldwork Experience: Qualitative Approaches to Social Research, New York: St. Martin's Press.
Sheley, Joseph F., and Wright, James D.. 1995. In the Line of Fire: Youth, Guns, and Violence in Urban America. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Sherman, Lawrence 2003. “Reason for emotion: Reinventing justice with theories, innovations, and research – The American Society of Criminology 2002 Presidential Address.” Criminology 41:1–37.
Sherman, Lawrence 1993. “Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A Theory of the Criminal Sanction.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30:445–73.
Shover, Neal 1996. Great Pretenders. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Shover, Neal 1991. “Burglary.” Crime and Justice: A Review of Research: Volume 14, pp. 73–113, edited by Tonry, Michael, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sim, Joe 1994. “Tougher than the Rest? Men in Prison.” In Newburn, Tim and Stanko, Elizabeth (eds). Just Boys Doing Business: Men, Masculinities, and Crime. New York: Routledge.
Simon, David 1991. Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets. New York: Fawcett Columbine.
Simon, Herbert A. 1979. “Rational decision making in business organizations.” The American Economic Review 69:493–513.
Simpson, Sally 1991. “Caste, class, and violent crime: Explaining differences in female offending.” Criminology, 29:115–135.
Simpson, Sally, and Elis, Lori. 1995. “Doing gender: Sorting out the caste and crime conundrur.” Criminology. 33:47–81.
Singer, Simon 1988. “The fear of reprisal and the failure of victims to report a personal crime.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 4:289–302.
Solomon, Robert C. 1990. A Passion for Justice: Emotions and the Origins of the Social Contract. Reading, MA.: Addison-Wesley.
Solomon, Robert C. 1989. “The emotions of justice.” Social Justice Research 3:345–374.
Sluka, Jeffrey A. 1990. “Participant Observation in Violent Social Contexts.” Human Organization 49:109–128.
Spradley, James 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Spreen, Marius 1992. “Rare Populations, Hidden Populations, and Link-Tracing Designs: What and Why.” Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 6:34–58.
Steffensmeier, Darrell 1983. “Organization properties and sex-segregation in the underworld: Building a sociological theory of sex differences in crime.” Social Forces 61:1010–1032.
Steffensmeier, Darrell, and Terry, Robert. 1986. “Institutional sexism in the underworld: A view from the inside.” Sociological Inquiry 56:304–323.
Strauss, Anselm 1987. Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge University Press.
Sutherland, Edwin and Cressey, Donald 1970. Criminology, 8th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Sykes, Gresham, and Matza, David 1957. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency.” American Sociological Review 22:667–670.
Tedeschi, James T., and Felson, Richard B. 1994. Violence, Aggression, and Coercive Actions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Topalli, Volkan, Fornango, Robert, and Wright, Richard 2002. “Drug dealers, robbery, and retaliation: Vulnerability, deterrence, and the contagion of violence.” British Journal of Criminology 42:337–351.
Travis, Jeremy, Solomon, Amy L., and Waul, Michelle. 2001. From prison to home: The dimensions and consequences of prisoner reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
UCR 2002. Crime in the United States, Washington. DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
United States Department of Labor 1998. Quarterly Report, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Mannen, John 1988. Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Vidmar, Neil 2001. “Retribution and revenge.” In Handbook of Justice Research, pp. 31–63, edited by Sanders, Joseph and Hamilton, V. Lee. New York: Kluwer.
Walker, A. and Charles Lidz 1977. “Methodological Notes on the Employment of Indigenous Observers.” In Street Ethnography, pp. 103–123, edited by Weppner, R.. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Wendel, Travis 2000. “Zero Tolerance: Misleading results.” Drug Link November/December:3–6.
Wenzel, Michael 2001. “A social categorization approach to distributive justice: Social identity as the link between relevance of inputs and need for justice.” British Journal of Social Psychology 40:315–335.
West, D., and Farrington, David 1977. The Delinquent Way of Life. London: Heinemann.
West, Candace, and Fenstermaker, Sarah. 1995. “Doing difference.” Gender and Society. 9:3–37.
West, Candace, and Zimmerman, Don 1987. “Doing gender.” Gender and Society. 1:125–151.
West, W.Gordon 1980, “Access to Adolescent Deviants and Deviance,” pp. 31–44, in Shaffir, W., Stebbins, R., and Turowitz, A.(eds), Fieldwork Experience: Qualitative Approaches to Social Research. New York: St. Martin's Press.
White, Jacquelyn W., and Robin, M. Kowalski. 1994. “Deconstructing the myth of the non-aggressive women.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 18:487–508.
Whyte, William Foote, with Whyte, Kathleen King. 1984. Learning from the Field: A Guide from Experience. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Wilkinson, Deanna L., and Jeffrey Fagan 2001. “A theory of violent events.” pp. 169–195, in Meier, R. F., Kennedy, L. W., and Sacco, V. F. (eds.), The Process and Structure of Crime. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Williams, Christopher R. 2002. “Toward a transvaluation of criminal ‘justice;’ On vengeance, peacemaking, and punishment.” Humanity and Society 25:100–16.
Wilson, William J. 1996. When Work Disappears. New York: Knopf.
Wolff, K. 1960. Durkheim, Emile et al., Writings on Sociology and Philosophy.New York: Harper and Row.
Wolfgang, Marvin 1958. Patterns in Criminal Homicide. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Wolfgang, Marvin E., and Ferracuti, Franco 1967. The Subculture of Violence. London: Tavistock Press.
Wright, Richard T., and Decker, Scott H. 1997. Armed Robbers in Action. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Wright, Richard T., and Decker, Scott H. 1994. Burglars on the Job. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Wright, Richard, and Stein, Michael 1996. “Seeing Ourselves: Exploring the Social Production of Criminological Knowledge in a Qualitative Methods Course.” Journal of Criminal Justice Education 7:66–77.
Zimring, Franklin E., and Hawkins, Gordon J. 1973. Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
