This study is based on my doctoral dissertation submitted to Cambridge University in January 1965. The subject of the dissertation was suggested by Dr Kenneth Ingham, then of Makerere College. I am indebted to Dr Ingham and his successor at Makerere, Dr R. W. Beachey, for their encouragement and assistance. The text of the dissertation was prepared under the supervision of Dr Ronald Robinson, of St John's College, Cambridge, for whose guidance I am most grateful. I would also like to thank my examiners, Dr Eric Stokes and Professor Roland Oliver, who suggested a number of changes which are incorporated in the present text. The differences between the book and the dissertation are quite substantial, especially in the later chapters, and here I owe much to my colleagues at the University College, Dar es Salaam, whose research and writing on related topics provided a comparative framework within which to place my work. In particular, Professor Terence Ranger and Dr John Lonsdale stimulated and informed my interest in African reactions to colonial rule. Responsibility for the conclusions, however, is naturally my own.

My original research in East Africa was financed by a scholarship from the Trustees of Leverhulme Research Awards, and was kindly assisted by the authorities of Makerere College and of the University College, Dar es Salaam. Research in the German Democratic Republic was supported by the Governing Body of Peterhouse, Cambridge.