References
Abdelhamid, M. A. F. (1999). Parasitism, abnormal growth and predation on Cretaceous echinoids from Egypt. Revue de Paléobiologie de Genève, 18, 69–83.
Ali, M. S. M. (1982). Predation and repairing phenomena in certain clypeasteroid echinoid from the Miocene and Paleocene epochs of Egypt. Journal of the Paleontological Society of India, 27, 7–8.
Allison, P. A. (1990). Variation in rates of decay and disarticulation of Echinodermata: implications for the application of actualistic data. Palaios, 5, 432–40.
Amemiya, S., Mizuno, Y., and Ohta, S. (1994). First fossil record of the family Phormosomatidae (Echinothurioida: Echinoidea) from the Early Miocene Morozaki Group, Central Japan. Zoological Science, 11, 313–17.
Ausich, W. I. (2001). Echinoderm taphonomy. In Jangoux, M. and Lawrence, J. M., eds., Echinoderm Studies 6. Lisse: A.A. Balkema, pp. 171–227.
Baier, J. J. (1708). Nürnbergische Fossilkunde. Nürnberg: Wolfgang Michael, reprinted in Erlanger Geologische Abhandlungen, 29, 1–133.
Banno, T. (2008). Ecological and taphonomic significance of spatangoid spines: Relationship between mode of occurrence and water temperature. Paleontological Research, 12, 145–57.
Bantz, H.-U. (1969). Echinoidea aus den Plattenkalken der Altmühlalb. Erlanger Geologischer Abhandlungen, 78, 1–35.
Bather, F. A. 1909. Triassic echinoderms of Bakony. Resultate des Wissenschaflichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, 1, 1–286.
Belaústegui, Z., Nebelsick, J. H., de Gibert, J. M., Domènech, R., and Martinell, J. (2012). A taphonomic approach to the genetic interpretation of clypeasteroid accumulations from Tarragona (Miocene, NE Spain). Lethaia, 45, 548–65.
Belaústegui, Z., de Gibert, J. M., Nebelsick, J. H., Domènech, R., and Martinell, J. (2013). Clypeasteroid tests as a benthic island for gastrochaenid bivalve colonization: Evidence from the middle Miocene of Tarragona (NE Spain). Palaeontology, 56, 783–96.
Belaústegui, Z., Muñiz, F., Nebelsick, J. H., Domènech, R., and Martinell, J. (2017). Echinoderm ichnology: Bioturbation, bioerosion and related processes. Journal of Paleontology, 91, 643–61.
Beu, A. G., Henderson, R. A., and Nelson, C. S. (1971). Notes on the taphonomy and paleoecology of New Zealand Tertiary Spatangoida. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 15, 275–86.
Birkeland, C. and Chia, F.-U. (1971). Recruitment risk, growth, age and predation in two populations of sand dollars, Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 6, 265–78.
Blake, D. B. (1968). Pedicellariae of two Silurian echinoids from western England. Palaeontology, 11, 576–79.
Borszcz, T. (2012). Echinoids as substrates for encrustation – review and quantitative analysis. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 82, 139–49.
Borszcz, T. and Zatoń, M. (2013). The oldest record of predation on echinoids: Evidence from the Middle Jurassic of Poland. Lethaia, 46, 141–45.
Borszcz, T., Kuklinski, P., and Zatoń, M. (2013). Encrustation patterns on late Cretaceous (Turonian) echinoids from Southern Poland. Facies, 59, 299–318.
Bourseau, J.-P., Bernier, P., Barale, G., et al.. (1994). Taphonomie des échinides dugisement de Cerin (Kimméridgien Supérieur, Jura Méridional, France). Implications environnementales. Geobios, Mémoire spéciaux, 16, 37–47.
Brett, C. E. and Seilacher, A. (1991). Fossil-Lagerstätten: A taphonomic consequence of event sedimentation. In Einsele, G., Ricken, W., & Seilacher, A., eds., Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy. New York: Springer Verlag, pp. 283–97.
Brett, C. E., Moffat, H. A., and Taylor, W. L. (1997). Echinoderm Taphonomy, Taphofacies, and Lagerstätten. In Waters, J. A. & Maples, C. G., eds., Geobiology of Echinoderms. Paleontological Society Papers, 3. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum, pp. 147–90.
Carter, B. D. and McKinney, M. L. (1992). Eocene echinoids, the Suwanee Strait, and biogeographic taphonomy. Paleobiology, 18, 299–325.
Ceranka, T. and Złotnik, M. 2003. Traces of cassid snails predation upon echinoids from the Middle Miocene of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 48, 491–96.
Chave, K. E. (1964). Skeletal durability and preservation. In Imbrie, J. and Newell, D., eds., Approaches to Paleoecology. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, pp. 377–87.
Chellouche, P., Fürsich, F. T., and Mäuser, M. (2012). Taphonomy of neopterygian fishes from the Upper Kimmeridgian Wattendorf Plattenkalk of Southern Germany. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 92, 99–117.
Coppard, S. E., Kroh, A., and Smith, A. B. (2012). The evolution of pedicellariae in echinoids: An arms race against pests and parasites. Acta Zoologica, 93, 125–48.
Cross, N. F. and Rose, E. P. F. (1994). Predation of the Upper Cretaceous spatangoid echinoid Micraster. In David, B., Guille, A., Féral, J. P., and Roux, M., eds., Echinoderms through Time. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, pp. 607–12.
Cutress, B. M. (1965). Observations on growth in Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck), with special reference to the origin of the oral primary spines. Bulletin of Marine Science, 15, 797–834.
David, B., Stock, S. R., De Carlo, F., Hétérier, V., and De Ridder, C. (2009). Microstructures of Antarctic cidaroid spines: Diversity of shapes and ectosymbiont attachments. Marine Biology, 156, 159–72.
Dixon, H. L. and Donovan, S. K. (1998). Oligocene echinoids of Jamaica. Tertiary Research, 18, 95–124.
Donovan, S. K. (1991). The taphonomy of echinoderms: Calcareous multi-element skeletons in the marine environment. In Donovan, S. K., ed., The Processes of Fossilisation. London: Belhaven Press, pp. 241–69.
Donovan, S. K. (2000). A fore-reef echinoid fauna from the Pleistocene of Barbados. Caribbean Journal of Science, 36, 314–20.
Donovan, S. K. (2001). Evolution of Caribbean echinoderms during the Cenozoic: Moving towards a complete picture using all of the fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 166, 177–92.
Donovan, S. K. (2003). Completeness of a fossil record: The Pleistocene echinoids of the Antilles. Lethaia, 36, 1–7.
Donovan, S. K. (2015). A prejudiced review of ancient parasites and their host echinoderms: CSI fossil record or just an excuse for speculation? In K. De Baets and T. J. Littlewood, eds., Fossil Parasites, Advances in Parasitology, 90, 291–328.
Donovan, S. K. and Clements, D. (2002). Taphonomy of large echinoids; Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck) from the Pliocene of South Carolina. Southeastern Geology, 41, 169–76.
Donovan, S. K. and Embden, B. J. (1996). Early Pleistocene echinoids of the Manchioneal Formation, Jamaica. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 485–93.
Donovan, S. K. and Gordon, C, M. (1993). Echinoid taphonomy and the fossil record: Supporting evidence from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Caribbean. Palaios, 8, 304–06.
Donovan, S. K. and Pickerill, R. K. (2004). Traces of cassid snails predation upon the echinoids from the Middle Miocene of Poland: Comments on Ceranka and Złotnik (2003). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49, 483–84.
Donovan, S. K. and Jagt, J. M. W. (2013). Rogerella isp. Infesting the Pore Pairs of Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske) (Echinoidea: Upper Cretaceous, Belgium). Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 34, 73–76.
Donovan, S. K. and Jagt, J. M. W. (2018). Big oyster, robust echinoid: An unusual association from the Maastrichtian type area (province of Limburg, southern Netherlands). Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 137, 357–61.
Donovan, S. K., Jagt, J. M. W., and Goggings, L. (2014). Bored and burrowed: An unusual echinoid steinkern from the type Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous, Belgium). Ichnos, 21, 261–65.
Donovan, S. K., Jagt, J. M. W., and Langeveld, M. (2017). A dense infestation of round pits in the irregular echinoid Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske) from the Maastrichtian of the Netherlands. Ichnos, 25, 25–29.
Donovan, S. K., Jagt, J. M. W., and Lewis, D. N. (2008). Ichnology of Late Cretaceous echinoids from the Maastrichtian type area (The Netherlands, Belgium) – 1. A healed puncture wound in Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske). Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 34, 73–76.
Dubois, P. and Ameye, L. (2001). Regeneration of spines and pedicellariae in echinoderms: A Review. Microscopy Research and Technique, 55, 427–37.
Dynowski, J. (2012). Echinoderm remains in shallow-water carbonates at Fernandez Bay, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Palaios, 27, 181–9.
Ebert, T. A. (1967). Growth and repair of spines in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson). Biological Bulletin, 133, 141–49.
Ebert, T. A. (1988). Growth, regeneration, and damage repair of spines of the slate-pencil sea urchin Heterocentrotus mammilatus (L.) (Echinodermata: Echinoidae). Pacific Science, 42, 3–4.
Ellers, O. and Telford, M. (1996). Advancement mechanics of growing teeth in sand dollars (Echinodermata, Echinoidea): A role for mutable collagenous tissue. Biological Sciences, 263, 39–44.
Ellers, O., Johnson, A. S., and Moberg, P. F. (1998). Structural strengthening of urchin skeletons by collagenous sutural ligaments. Biological Bulletin, 195, 136–44.
Ernst, G. (1967). Über Fossilnester in Pachydiscus-Gehäusen und das lagenvorkommen von Echiniden in der Oberkreide NW-Deutschlands. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 41, 221–229.
Ernst, G. (1969). Zur Ökologie und Biostratinomie des Schreibkreide-Biotops und seiner benthonischen Bewohner. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 119, 577–78.
Ernst, G. (1970). Faziesgebundenheit und Ökomorphologie bei irregulären Echiniden der nordwestdeutschen Oberkreide. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 44, 41–62.
Ernst, G. and Seibertz, E. (1977). Concepts and methods of echinoid biostratigraphy. In Kauffmanm, E. G. and Hazel, J. E., eds., Concepts and Methods of Biostratigraphy. Stroudsburg, PA : Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross Inc., pp. 541–66.
Ernst, G., Hähnel, W. and Seibertz, E. (1973).Aktuopaläontologie und Merkmalsvariabilität bei mediterranen Echiniden und Rückschlüsse auf die Ökologie und Artumgrenzung fossiler Formen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 47, 188–216.
Estes, J. A., Smith, N. S., and Palmisano, J. F. (1978). Sea otter predation and community organization in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Ecology, 59, 822–33.
Farrar, L., Graves, E., Petsios, E., Portell, R. W., Grun, T. B. Kowalewski, M., and Tyler, C. L. (2020). Characterization of traces of predation and parasitism on fossil echinoids. PALAIOS, 35, 215–27.
Fedra, K., Olscher, E. M., Scherubel, C., Stachowitsch, M., and Wurzian, R. S. (1976). On the ecology of a North Adriatic benthic community: Distribution, standing crop, and composition of the macrobenthos. Marine Biology, 38, 129–45.
Findlen, P. (2018). Projecting Nature: Agostino Scilla’s Seventeenth-Century Fossil Drawings. Endeavour, 42, 99–132.
Freneix, S. and Roman, J. (1979). Gastrochaenidae endobiotes d’échinides cénozoïques (Clypeaster et autres). Nouvelle classification de ces bivalves. Bulletin Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, série 4, 1, sect. C, 4, 287–313.
Geis, H. L. (1936). Recent and fossil pedicellariae. Journal of Paleontology, 10, 427–48.
Gibson, M. A. and Watson, J. B. (1989). Predatory and non-predatory borings in echinoids from the upper Ocala Formation (Eocene), north-central Florida, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 71, 309–21.
Gordon, C. M. and Donovan, S. K. (1992). Disarticulated echinoid ossicles in paleoecology and taphonomy: The last interglacial Falmouth formation of Jamaica. Palaios, 7, 157–66.
Gorzelak, P. and Salamon, M. A. (2013). Experimental tumbling of echinoderms – Taphonomic patterns and implication. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 386, 569–74.
Grawe-Baumeister, J., Schweigert, G., and Dietl, G. (2000). Echinoids from the Nusplinger Lithographic Limestone (Late Kimmeridgian, SE Germany). Stuttgart Beiträge zur Natürkunde B, 286, 1–39.
Greenstein, B. J. (1989). Mass mortality of the West-Indian echinoid Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): A natural experiment in taphonomy. Palaios, 4, 487–92.
Greenstein, B. J. (1990). Taphonomic biasing of subfossil echinoid populations adjacent to St. Croix, USVI. In Larue, D. K. and Draper, G., eds., 12th Caribbean Geological Conference, August 7–11, 1989. St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, pp. 290–300.
Greenstein, B. J. (1991). An integrated study of echinoid taphonomy: Predictions for the fossil record of four echinoid Families. Palaios, 6, 519–40.
Greenstein, B. J. (1992). Taphonomic bias and the evolutionary history of the family Cidaridae (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Paleobiology, 18, 50–79.
Greenstein, B. J. (1993a). The effect of life habit on the preservation potential of echinoids. In White, B. N., ed., Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas. San Salvador, Bahamas: Bahamian Field Station, pp. 55–74.
Greenstein, B. J. (1993b). Is the fossil record of regular echinoids so poor? A comparison of living and subfossil assemblages. Palaios, 8, 587–601.
Greenstein, B. J. (1995). The effects of life habit and test microstructure on the preservation potential of echinoids in Graham’s Harbour, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 300, 177–88.
Grun, T. B. (2016). Echinoid test damage by a stingray predator. Lethaia, 49, 285–86.
Grun, T. B. (2017). Recognizing traces of snail predation on the Caribbean sand dollar Leodia sexiesperforata. Palaios, 32, 448–61.
Grun, T. B. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2016). Taphonomy of a clypeasteroid echinoid using a new quasimetric approach. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61, 689–99.
Grun, T. B. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2018a). Biomechanics of an echinoid’s trabecular system. PLoS ONE, 13(9): e0204432.
Grun, T. B. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2018b). Technical biology of the clypeasteroid Echinocyamus pusillus: A review with outlook. Contemporary Trends in Geoscience, 7, 247–54.
Grun, T. B. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2018c). Structural design analysis of the minute clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus. Royal Society Open Science, 5, 171323.
Grun, T. B., Koohi, L., Schwinn, T., et al (2016). The skeleton of the sand dollar as a biological role model for segmented shells in building construction: A research review. In Knippers, J., Nickel, K., and Speck, T., eds., Biomimetic Research for Architecture and Building Construction: Biological Design and Integrative Structures. Basle: Springer, 222–47.
Grun, T. B., Kroh, A., and Nebelsick, J. H. (2017). Comparative drilling predation on time-averaged phosphatized and non-phosphatized specimens of the minute clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus stellatus from Miocene offshore sediments (Globigerina Limestone Fm., Malta. Journal of Paleontology, 91, 633–42.
Grun, T. B., Mancosu, A., Belaústegui, Z., and Nebelsick, J. H. (2018). Clypeaster taphonomy: A paleontological tool to identify stable structures in natural shell systems. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 288, 189–202.
Grun, T. B., Mihaljević, M., and Webb, G. E. (2020). Comparative taphonomy of deep-sea and shallow-marine echinoids of the genus Echinocyamus. Palaios, 35, 403–20.
Grun, T. B., Sievers, D., and Nebelsick, J. H. (2014). Drilling predation on the clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus from the Mediterranean Sea (Giglio, Italy). Historical Biology, 26, 745–57.
Guidetti, P. and Mori, M. (2005). Morpho-functional defenses of Mediterranean sea urchins, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula, against fish predators: Marine Biology, 147, 797–802.
Heatfield, B. M. (1971). Growth of the calcareous skeleton during regeneration of the spines of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson): A light and scanning electron microscopic study. Journal of Morphology, 124, 57–90.
Hendler, G. (1977). The differential effects of seasonal stress and predation on the stability of reef-flat echinoid populations. In Taylor, D. L., ed., Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium, 1. Miami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, pp. 217–23.
Hess, H. (1972): Eine Echinodermen-Fauna aus dem mittleren Dogger des Aargauer Juras. Schweizer Paläontologische Abhandlungen, 92, 1–87.
Hopkins, T. S., Thompson, L. E., Walker, J. M., and Davis, M. (2004). A study of epibiont distribution on the spines of the cidaroid sea urchin, Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) from the shallow shelf of the eastern Gulf of Mexico. In T. Heinzeller and Nebelsick, J. H., eds., Echinoderms München. Proceedings of the 11th International Echinoderm Meeting. Rotterdam: Taylor & Francis, pp. 207–11.
Jagt, J. W. M., Dortangs, R., Simon, E., and van Knippenberg, P. (2007). First record of the ichnofossil Podichnus centrifugalis from the Maastrichtian of northeast Belgium. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belqique, Sciences de la Terre, Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut vorr Natuurwetenschappen, 77, 95–105.
Jangoux, M. (1984). Diseases of echinoderms. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 37, 207–16.
Johansson, C. L., Bellwood, D. R., Depczynski, M., and Hoey, A. S. (2013). The distribution of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville) and its predators on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia: The implications for top-down control in an intact reef system. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 442, 39–46.
Johnson, A. S., Ellers, O., Lemire, J., Minor, M., and Leddy, H. A. (2002). Sutural loosening and skeletal flexibility during growth: Determination of drop-like shapes in sea urchins. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 269, 215–20.
Kidwell, S. M. and Baumiller, T. (1990). Experimental disintegration of regular echinoids: Roles of temperature, oxygen, and decay thresholds. Paleobiology, 16, 247–71.
Kier, P. M. (1977). The poor fossil record of the regular echinoid. Paleobiology, 3, 168–74.
Kier, P. M. (1981). A bored Cretaceous echinoid. Journal of Paleontology, 55, 656–59.
Kowalewski, M. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2003). Predation on recent and fossil echinoids. In P. H. Kelley, M. Kowalewski, and T. A. Hansen, eds., Predator-prey interactions in the fossil record. Topics in Geobiology, 20. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 279–302.
Kowalewski, M., Casebolt, S., Hua, Q., et al. (2018). One fossil record, multiple time resolutions: Disparate time-averaging of echinoids and mollusks on a Holocene carbonate platform. Geology, 46, 51–54.
Krainer, K., Mostler, H. and Haditsch, J.G. (1994). Jurassische Beckenentwicklung in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen bei Lofer (Salzburg) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Manganerz-Genese. Abhandlungen der geologischen Bundesanstalt, 50, 257–93.
Kroh, A. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2003). Echinoid assemblages as a tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction – an example from the early Miocene of Egypt. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 201, 157–77.
Kroh, A. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2010). Echinoderms and Oligo-Miocene carbonate system: Potential application in sedimentology and environmental reconstruction. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publications, 42, 201–28.
Kudrewicz, R. (1992). The endemic echinoids Micraster (Micraster) maleckii Mączyńska, 1979, from the Santonian deposits of Korzkiew near Cracow (southern Poland); their ecology, taphonomy and evolutionary position. Acta Geologica Polonica, 42, 124–34.
Kurz, R. C. (1995). Predator-prey interactions between Gray Triggerfish (Balistes capriscus Gmelin) and a guild of sand dollars around artificial reefs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science, 56, 150–60.
Kutscher, F. (1970). Die Echinodermen des Hunsrückschiefer-Meeres. Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung, 56, 37–48.
Lawrence, J. M. ed. (2020). (4th ed.). London: Academic Press, p. 718
Lawrence, J. M. and Vasquez, J. (1996). The effects of sublethal predation on the biology of echinoderms. Oceanologica Acta, 19, 431–40.
Lewis, R. (1980). Taphonomy. In Broadhead, T. W. and Waters, J. A., eds., Echinoderms: Notes for a Short Course. Studies in Geology, 3, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, pp. 27–39.
Linse, K., Walker, L. J. and Barnes, D. K. A. (2008). Biodiversity of echinoids and their epibionts around the Scotia Arc, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 20, 227–44.
Luidius, E. (1699). Lithophylacii Britannicii ichnographia. London.
McClanahan, T. R. (1988). Coexistence in a sea urchin guild and its implications to coral reef diversity and degradation. Oecologia, 77, 210–18.
McClanahan, T. R. (1995). Fish predators and scavengers of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei in Kenyan coral-reef marine parks. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 43, 187–93.
McClanahan, T. R. (1998). Predation and the distribution and abundance of tropical sea urchin populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 221, 231–55.
McKinney, F. K. and Jackson, J. B. C. (1989). Bryozoan Evolution. Boston: Unwin-Hyman.
Märkel, K. and Röser, U. (1983). Calcite-resorption in the spine of the echinoid Eucidaris tribuloides. Zoomorphology, 103, 43–58.
Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2013). Multiple routes to mass accumulations of clypeasteroid echinoids: A comparative analysis of Miocene echinoid beds of Sardinia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 374, 173–86.
Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2015). The origin and paleoecology of clypeasteroid assemblages from different shelf settings of the Miocene of Sardinia, Italy. Palaios, 30, 273–87.
Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2016). Echinoid assemblages from the early Miocene of Funtanazza (Sardinia): A tool for reconstructing depositional environments along a shelf gradient. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 454, 139–60.
Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2017a). Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradient of clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 62, 627–46.
Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2017b). Palaeoecology and taphonomy of spatangoid-dominated echinoid assemblages: A case study from the early middle Miocene of Sardinia, Italy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 466, 334–52.
Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2019). Reconstructing the palaeoecology of echinoid dominated sublittoral environments: A case study from the Miocene of Sardinia. Journal of Paleontology, 93, 764–84.
Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2020). Tracking the preservation potential of regular sea urchins in recent and fossil shallow water, high energy environments. Palaeontologia Electronica. 23(2), a42.
Mancosu, A., Nebelsick, J. H., Kroh, A. and Pillola, G. L. (2015). The origin of echinoid shell beds in siliciclastic shelf environments: Three examples from the Miocene of Sardinia, Italy. Lethaia, 48, 83–99.
Martinelli Filho, J. E., dos Santos, R. B., Ribeiro, C. C., (2014). Host selection, host-use pattern and competition in Dissodactylus crinitichelis and Clypeasterophilus stebbingi (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Symbiosis, 63, 99–110.
Marcopoulos-Diacantoni, A. (1970). Some observations on the anomalies and irregularities of the test of echinoids, especially those from the Neogene of Greece (in Greek with a French summary). Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 22, 256–62.
Marcopoulos-Diacantoni, A. (1984). Le genre Clypeaster dans le domaine Héllenique Durant le Néogène au point de vue Biostratigraphique – Paléoécologique – Taphonomique. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 32, 245–56.
Meadows, C. A., Fordyce, R. E. W., and Baumiller, T. K. (2015). Drill holes in the irregular echinoid, Fibularia, from the Oligocene of New Zealand. Palaios, 30, 810–17.
Merrill, R. J. and Hobson, E. S. (1970). Field Observations of Dendraster excentricus, a sand dollar of western North America. American Midland Naturalist, 83, 595–624.
Mitrović-Petrović, J. (1972). Les apparitions des irrégularités еt des anomalies sur le squelette des echinides du Miocene Moyen, соmmе la consequense du parasitisme еt des lesions biotiques. (In Serbian with a French summary). Geoloski anali balkanskoga poluostrva, 31, 135–45.
Mitrović-Petrović, J. (1982). Etudes taphonomiques du gisement contenant la faune des échinides (L´Èocene d´Istrie). In F. W. E. Rowe, ed., Papers from the Echinoderm Conference, The Australian Museum Sydney 1978. Australian Museum Memoir, 16, 9–16.
Mitrović-Petrović, J. and Urošević-Dačić, D. (1962). Incrustings of bryozoan colonies on the shells of Middle Miocene echinoids. Vesnik Zavoda za Geloška i Geofizička Istraživanja Series A, 20, 259–87.
Mizuno, Y. (1993). Echinoidea. In Ohe, F., Nonogaki, I., Tanaka, T., Hachiya, K., Mizuno, Y., Momoyama, T. and Yamaoka, T., eds., Fossils from the Miocene Morozaki Group. Nagoya, Japan: Tokai Fossil Society,pp. 141–55.
Moffat, H. A. and Bottjer, D. J. (1999). Echinoid concentration beds: Two examples from the stratigraphic spectrum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 149, 329–48.
Mortensen, T. (1934). Note on some fossil echinoids. Geological Magazine, 71, 393–407.
Mortensen, T. (1937). Some echinoderm remains from the Jurassic of Württemberg. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Biologiske Meddelelser, 13, 1–28.
Mostler, H. (2009). Pedicellarien spät-norischer Echiniden aus der hallstätter Tiefschwellen-fazies, Nördliche Kalkalpen. Geo.Alp, 6, 19–52.
Müller, A. H. (1957). Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie. Band 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen. Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag.
Nebelsick, J. H. (1992a). Echinoid distribution by fragment identification in the Northern Bay of Safaga, Red Sea, Egypt. Palaios, 7, 316–28.
Nebelsick, J. H. (1992b). The Northern Bay of Safaga (Red Sea, Egypt): An actuopalaeontological approach. III, Distribution of echinoids: Beiträge zur Paläontologie von Österreich, 17, 5–79.
Nebelsick, J. H. (1995a). The uses and limitations of actuopalaeontological investigations on echinoids. Geobios, Mémoire spéciaux, 18, 329–336.
Nebelsick, J. H. (1995b). Comparative taphonomy of Clypeasteroids. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 88, 685–93.
Nebelsick, J. H. (1995c). Actuopalaeontological investigations on echinoids: The potential for taphonomic interpretation. In Emson, R. H., Smith, A. B., and Campbell, A. C., eds., Echinoderm Research. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, pp. 209–14.
Nebelsick, J. H. (1996). Biodiversity of shallow-water Red Sea echinoids: implications for the fossil record. Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK, 76, 185–94.
Nebelsick, J. H. (1999a). Taphonomic comparison between recent and fossil sand dollars. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 149, 349–58.
Nebelsick, J. H. (1999b). Taphonomic legacy of predation on echinoids. In Candia Carnevali, M.D. and Bonasoro, F., eds., Echinoderm Research 1998. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, pp. 347–52.
Nebelsick, J. H. (1999c). Taphonomy of Clypeaster fragments: preservation and taphofacies. Lethaia, 32, 241–52.
Nebelsick, J. H. (2004). Taphonomy of echinoderms: introduction and outlook. In T. Heinzeller and Nebelsick, J. H., eds., Echinoderms München. Proceedings of the 11th International Echinoderm Meeting. Rotterdam: Taylor & Francis, pp.471–78.
Nebelsick, J. H. (2008). Taphonomy of the irregular echinoid Clypeaster humilis from the Red Sea: Implications for taxonomic resolution along taphonomic grades. In Ausich, W. I. and Webster, G. D., eds., Echinoderm Paleobiology. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, pp. 115–28.
Nebelsick, J. H. (2020). Clypeasteroids. In Lawrence, J. M., ed., Biology and Ecology of Sea Urchins, 4th ed. London: Academic Press, pp. 315–31.
Nebelsick, J. H. and Kampfer, S. (1994). Taphonomy of Clypeaster humilis and Echinodiscus auritus from the Red Sea. In David, B., Guille, A., Féral, J. P., and Roux, M., eds., Echinoderms through Time. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, pp. 803–08.
Nebelsick, J. H. and Kowalewski, M. (1999). Drilling predation on recent clypeasteroid echinoids from the Red Sea. Palaios, 14, 127–44.
Nebelsick, J. H. and Kroh, A. (2002). The stormy path from life to death assemblages: The formation and preservation of mass accumulation of fossil sand dollars. Palaios, 17, 378–93.
Nebelsick, J. H., Schmid, B., and Stachowitsch, M. (1997). The encrustation of fossil and recent sea-urchin tests: Ecological and taphonomical significance. Lethaia, 30, 271–84.
Nebelsick, J. H., Dynowski, J. F., Grossmann, J. N., and Tötzke, C. (2015). Echinoderms: Hierarchically organized light weight skeletons. In Hamm, C., ed., Evolution of Lightweight Structures: Analyses and Technical Applications, Biologically-Inspired Systems, 6. Basle: Springer Verlag, pp. 141–56.
Neumann, C. and Wisshak, M. (2006). A foraminiferal parasite on the sea urchin Echinocorys: Ichnological evidence from the Late Cretaceous (Lower Maastrichtian, northern Germany). Ichnos, 13, 185–90.
Neumann, C. and Wisshak, M. (2009). Gastropod parasitism on Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene holasteroid echinoids – evidence from Oichnus halo isp. n. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 284, 115–19.
Neumann, C., Wisshak, M., and Bromley, R. G. (2008). Boring a mobile domicile: An alternative to the conchicolous life habit. In Wisshak, M. and Tapanila, L., eds., Current Developments in Bioerosion. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 307–28.
Perricone, V., Grun, T. B., Marmo, F., Langella, C., and Candia Carnevali, M. D. (2021). Constructional design of echinoid endoskeleton: Main structural components and their potential for biomimetic applications. Bioinspiriration & Biomimetics, 16, 011001.
Petsios, E., Portell, R. W., Farrar, L., et al. (2021). An asynchronous Mesozoic marine revolution: The Cenozoic intensification of predation on echinoids. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 288, 20210400.
Peyer, K., Charbonnier, S., Allain, R., Läng, É., and Vacanta, R. (2014). A new look at the Late Jurassic Canjuers conservation Lagerstätte (Tithonian, Var, France). Nouveau regard sur le Lagerstätte de Canjuers, un site à conservation exceptionnelle du Jurassique supérieur (Tithonien, Var, France). Comptes Rendus Palevol, 13, 403–20.
Philippe, M. (1983). Déformation d´une scutella (Echinoidea, Clypeasteroida) Miocène due à fixation d´une balane. Hypothèse paléoécologique. Geobios, 16, 371–74.
Philippi, U. and Nachtigall, W. (1996). Functional morphology of regular echinoid tests (Echinodermata, Echinoida): A finite element study. Zoomorphology, 116, 35–50.
Prouho, H. (1887). Recherches sur le Dorocidaris papillata et quelques autres échinides de la Mediterranée. Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale, 15, 213–380.
Radwański, A. and Wysocka, A. (2001). Mass aggregation of Middle Miocene spine-coated echinoids Echinocardium and their integrated eco-taphonomy. Acta Geologica Polonica, 51, 299–316.
Radwański, A. and Wysocka, A. (2004). A farewell to Świniary sequence of mass-aggregated, spine-coated echinoids Psammechinus and their associates (Middle Miocene; Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 54, 381–99.
Rahman, I. A., Belaústegui, Z., Zamora, S., et al. (2015). Miocene Clypeaster from Valencia (E Spain): Insights into the taphonomy and ichnology of bioeroded echinoids using X-ray micro-tomography. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 438, 168–79.
Roman, J. (1952). Quelques anomalies chez Clypeaster melitensis Michelin. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 6, 3–11.
Roman, J. (1953). Galles de myzostomides chez des clypéastres de Turquie. Bulletin Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 2, 25, 287–313.
Roman, J. (1993). Taphonomie des échinodermes des calcaires lithographiques de Canjuers (Tithonien inférieur, Var, France). Geobios, Mémoire spéciaux, 16, 147–55.
Roman, J. and Fabre, J, (1986). Un rivage à échinoïdes reguliers de la base, du Crétacé à Canjuers (Aiguines, Var). Actes 111eme Congrès national des Sociétés savants, Poitiers, Paris, Section sciences, 1 (Science de Terre). 147–58.
Roman, J., Vadet, A., and Boullier, A. (1991) Echinoïdes et brachiopodes de la limite Jurassique-Crétacé à Canjuers (Var, France). Revue Paléobiologie, 10, 21–7.
Roman, J., Atrops, F., Arnaud, M., et al. (1994). Le gisement tithonien inférieur descalcaires lithographiques de Canjuers (Var, France): État actuel des connaissances. The Early Tithonian lithographic limestones from Canjuers (Var, France): Present state of knowledge. Geobios, 27, 127–35.
Romano, M. (2013). “The vain speculation disillusioned by the sense”: The Italian painter Agostino Scilla (1629–1700) called “The Discoloured”, and the correct interpretation of fossils as “lithified organisms” that once lived in the sea. Historical Biology, 26, 631–51.
Rose, E. P. F. (1976). Some observations on the recent holectypoid echinoid Echinoneus cyclostomus and their palaeoecological significance. Thalassia Jugoslavica, 12, 299–306.
Rose, E. P. F. and Cross, N. F. (1993). The chalk sea urchin Micraster: Microevolution, adaptation and predation. Geology Today, 5, 179–86.
Rosenkranz, D. (1971). Zur Sedimentologie und Ökologie von Echinodermen-Lagerstätten. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 138: 221–58.
Sala, E. and Zabala, M. (1996). Fish predation and the structure of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus populations in the NW Mediterranean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 140, 71–81,
Santos, A. G. and Mayoral, E. J. (2008). Colonization by barnacles on fossil Clypeaster: An exceptional example of larval settlement. Lethaia, 41, 317–32.
Santos, A. G., Mayoral, E., Muñiz, F., Bajo, I., and Adriaensens, O. (2003). Bioerosión en erizos irregulares (Clypeasteroidea) del Mioceno superior en el sector suroccidental de la Cuenca del Guadalquivir (Provincia de Sevilla). Revista Española de Paleontología, 18, 131–41.
Schäfer, W. (1962). Aktuo-Paläontologie nach Studien in der Nordsee. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Waldemar Kramer.
Schäfer, W. (1972). Ecology and Palaeoecology of Marine Environments. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Scilla, A. (1670). La vana speculatzione disingannata dal senso. Naples: Andrea Colicchia.
Schneider, C. L. (2003). Hitchhiking on Pennsylvanian echinoids: Epibionts on Archaeocidaris. Palaios, 18, 435–44.
Schneider, C. L. (2010). Epibionts on Late Carboniferous through Early Permian echinoid spines from Texas, USA. In Harris, L. G., Boetger, S. A., Walker, C. W., and Lesser, M. P., eds., Echinoderms 2006. Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, 7–11 August 2006. New Hampshire, USA. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp.71–76.
Schneider, C. L., Sprinkle, J., and Ryder, D. (2005). Pennsylvanian (Late Carboniferous) echinoids from the Winchell Formation, north-central Texas, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 79, 745–62.
Schwarz, A. (1930). Ein Seeigelstachel-Gestein. Natur und Museum, 12, 502–06.
Seilacher, A. (1970). Begriff und Bedeutung der Fossil-Lagerstätten. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 1970, 34–39
Seilacher, A. (1979). Constructional morphology of sand dollars. Palaeobiology, 5, 191–221.
Seilacher, A., Reif, W. E., and Westphal, F. (1985). Sedimentological, ecological and temporal patterns of fossil Lagerstätten. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B: Biological sciences, 311, 5–24.
Sievers, D. and Nebelsick, J. H. (2018). Fish predation on a Mediterranean echinoid: Identification and preservation potential. Palaios, 33, 47–54.
Sievers, D., Friedrich, J.-P., and Nebelsick, J. H. (2014). A feast for crows: Bird predation on irregular echinoids from Brittany, France. Palaios, 29, 87–94.
Simon, A., Poulicek, M., Machiroux, R., and Thorez, J. (1990). Biodegradation anaérobique des structures squelettiques en milieu marin: 1 – Approche morphologique. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 31, 95–105.
Smith, A. B. (1984). Echinoid Palaeobiology. London: ∷George Allen and Unwin Limited, p. 199.
Smith, A. B. (1990). Echinoid evolution from the Triassic to Lower Liassic. Cahiers Université Catholique de Lyon, Série Scientifique, 3, 79–117.
Smith, A. B. (2005). Growth and form in echinoids: The evolutionary interplay of plate accretion and plate addition. In Briggs, D. E. G., ed., Evolving Form and Function: Fossils and Development: Proceedings of a Symposium Honoring Adolf Seilacher for His Contributions to Paleontology in Celebration of His 80th Birthday. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, pp. 181–93.
Smith, A. B. and Rader, W. L. (2009). Echinoid diversity, preservation potential and sequence stratigraphical cycles in the Glen Rose Formation (early Albian, Early Cretaceous), Texas, USA. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 89, 7–52.
Smith, A. B., Morris, N. J., Gale, A. S., and Rosen, B. R. (1995). Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) echinoid-mollusc-coral assemblages and palaeoenvironments from a Tethyan carbonate platform succession, northern Oman Mountains. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 119, 155–68.
Smith, D. S., del Castillo, J., Morales, M. and Luke, B. (1990). The attachment of collagenous ligament to stereom in primary spines of the sea-urchin Eucidaris tribuloides. Tissue Cell, 22, 157–76.
Tasnádi-Kubaska, A. (1962). Paläopathologie, Pathologie der vorzeitliche Tiere. Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag.
Tavani, G. (1935). Sulle anomalie negli ambulacri di alcuni. Echini del Miocene della Cirenaica. Atti Processi Verbali della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali in Pisa, 44, 119–23.
Taylor, P. D. and Wilson, M. A. (2002). A New Terminology for Marine Organisms Inhabiting Hard Substrates. Palaios, 17, 522–25.
Telford, M. (1985a). Domes, arches and urchins: The skeletal architecture of echinoids (Echinodermata). Zoomorphology, 105, 114–24.
Telford, M. (1985b). Structural analysis of the test of Echinocyamus pusillus (O. F. Müller). In Keegan, B. F. and O’Conner, B. D. S., eds., Proceedings of the 5th International Echinoderm Conference, Ireland 1984. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, pp. 353–60.
Thompson, J. R. and Ausich, W. I. (2016). Facies distribution and taphonomy of echinoids from the Fort Payne Formation (late Osagean, early Viséan, Mississippian) of Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology, 90, 239–49.
Thompson, J. R. and Denayer, J. (2017). Revision of echinoids from the Tournaisian (Mississippian) of Belgium and the importance of disarticulated material in assessing palaeodiversity. Geological Journal, 52: 529–538.
Thompson, J. R., Crittenden, J., Schneider, C. L., and Bottjer, D. J. (2015). Lower Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian) echinoids from the Marble Falls Formation, San Saba, Texas, USA. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 276, 79–89.
Thuy, B., Gale, A.S., and Reich, M. (2011). A new echinoderm Lagerstätte from the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of the French Ardenne. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 130, 173–85.
Tyler, C. I., Dexter, T. A., Portell, R. W., and Kowalewski, M. (2018). Predation-facilitated preservation of echinoids in a tropical marine environment. Palaios, 33, 478–86.
Wilson, M. A., Borszcz, T., and Zapoń, M. (2015). Bitten spines reveal unique evidence for fish predation on Middle Jurassic echinoids. Lethaia, 48, 4–9.
Wysocka, A., Radwański, A., and Górka, M. (2001). Mykolaiv Sands in Opole Minor and beyond: Sedimentary features and biotic content of Middle Miocene (Badenian) sand shoals of Western Ukraine. Geological Quarterly, 56, 475–92.
Young, M. A. L. and Bellwood, D. R. (2011). Diel patterns in sea urchin activity and predation on sea urchins on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 30, 729–36.
Zachos, L. G. (2008). Preservation of echinoid fossils, Paleocene and Eocene of Texas. Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 58, 919–32.
Zachos, L. G. (2009). A new computational growth model for sea urchin skeletons. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 259, 646–57.
Zamora, A., Mayoral, E., Vintaned, J. A. G., Bajo, S., and Espílez, E. (2008). The infaunal echinoid Micraster: Taphonomic pathways indicated by sclerozoan trace and body fossils from the Upper Cretaceous of northern Spain. Geobios, 41, 15–29.
Zatoń, M. ł., Villier, L., and Salamon, M. A. (2007). Signs of predation in the Middle Jurassic of south-central Poland: Evidence from echinoderm taphonomy. Lethaia, 40, 139–51.
Zinsmeister, W. J. (1980). Observations in the predation of the clypeasteroid echinoid, Monophoraster darwini from the Upper Miocene Enterrios Formation, Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Paleontology, 54, 910–12.
Złotnik, M. and Ceranka, T. (2005). Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 50, 409–28.
