Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Adams, James, Merrill, Samuel, and Grofman, Bernard (2004). A Unified Theory of Party Competition: A Cross-National Analysis Integrating Spatial and Behavioral Factors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Albright, Jeremy J. (2010). The Multidimensional Nature of Party Competition. Party Politics 22: 1–21.
Alemán, Eduardo, and Kellam, Marisa (2008). The Nationalization of Electoral Change in the Americas. Electoral Studies 27: 193–212.
Almond, Gabriel A. (1956). Comparative Political Systems. Journal of Politics 18: 391–409.
Almond, Gabriel A., and Verba, Sidney (1963). The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Anderson, Benedict R. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Andeweg, Rudy B. (1995). The Reshaping of National Party Systems. West European Politics 18: 58–78.
Andeweg, Rudy B. (2011). Approaching Perfect Policy Congruence: Measurement, Development, and Relevance for Political Representation. In Martin, Rosema, Bas, Denters, and Aarts, Kees (eds.), How Democracy Works: Political Representation and Policy Congruence in Modern Societies. Amsterdam: Pallas Publications (pp. 39–52).
Ansell, Christopher K., and Di Palma, Giuseppe (eds.) (2004). Restructuring Territoriality: Europe and the United States Compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bardi, Luciano (1992). Transnational Party Federations in the European Community. In Katz, Richard S., and Mair, Peter (eds.), Party Organizations: A Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960–90. Newbury Park, CA: Sage (pp. 931–73).
Bardi, Luciano (1994). Transnational Party Federations, European Parliamentary Party Groups, and the Building of Europarties. In Katz, Richard S., and Mair, Peter (eds.), How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage (pp. 357–72).
Bardi, Luciano (1996). Transnational Trends in European Parties and the 1994 Elections to the European Parliament. Party Politics 2: 99–114.
Bardi, Luciano (2002). Parties and Party Systems in the European Union. In Kurt, Luther and Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds.), Political Parties in the New Europe: Political and Analytical Challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 292–322).
Bartolini, Stefano (1993). On Time and Comparative Research. Journal of Theoretical Politics 5: 131–67.
Bartolini, Stefano (2000). The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bartolini, Stefano (2002). Institutional Democratization and Political Structuring in the EU: Lessons from the Nation-State Development. In Cavanna, Henry (ed.), Governance, Globalization, and the European Union: Which Europe for Tomorrow?Dublin: Four Courts Press (pp. 129–58).
Bartolini, Stefano (2004). Old and New Peripheries in the Processes of European Territorial Interpretation. In Ansell, Christopher K., and Di Palma, Giuseppe (eds.), Restructuring Territoriality: Europe and the United States Compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (pp. 19–44).
Bartolini, Stefano (2005). Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building, and Political Structuring between the Nation-State and the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bartolini, Stefano, and Mair, Peter (1990). Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates, 1885–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bauer, Michael, Knill, Christoph, and Pitschel, Diana (2007). Differential Europeanisation in Eastern Europe: The Impact of Diverse EU Regulatory Governance Patterns. Journal of European Integration 29: 405–23.
Beetham, David, and Lord, Christopher (1998). Legitimacy and the EU. London: Longman.
Beisheim, Marianne, Dreher, Sabine, Walter, Gregor, Zangl, Bernhard, and Zürn, Michael (1999). Im Zeitalter der Globalisierung? Thesen und Daten zur gesellschaftlichen und politischen Denationalisierung. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Bell, Daniel (1976). The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Books.
Bell, David S. (2003). French Socialists: Refusing the “Third Way”. The Journal of Policy History 15: 46–64.
Bendix, Reinhard (1964). Nation-Building and Citizenship: Studies of Our Changing Social Order. New York: Wiley.
Bennett, Colin J. (1991). What Is Policy Convergence and What Causes It?British Journal of Political Science 21: 215–33.
Benoit, Kenneth, and Laver, Michael (2006). Party Policy in Modern Democracies. London: Routledge.
Benoit, Kenneth, and Laver, Michael (2007). Estimating Party Policy Positions: Comparing Expert Surveys and Hand-Coded Content Analysis. Electoral Studies 26: 90–107.
Berejikian, Jeffrey (1992). Revolutionary Collective Action and the Agent–Structure Problem. American Political Science Review 86: 647–57.
Berge, Benjamin von dem, and Poguntke, Thomas (2013). The Influence of Europarties on Central and Eastern European Partner Parties: A Theoretical and Analytical Model. European Political Science Review 5: 311–34.
Berglund, Sten, and Dellenbrant, Jan Åke (1994). The New Democracies in Eastern Europe: Party Systems and Political Cleavages (second edition). Aldershot: Elgar.
Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Beyme, Klaus von (1985). Political Parties in Western Democracies. Aldershot: Gower.
Blondel, Jean, and Cotta, Maurizio (eds.) (2000). The Nature of Party Government: A Comparative European Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Blumer, Jay G., and Fox, Anthony D. (1982). The European Voter: Popular Responses to the First European Community Elections. London: Policy Studies Institute.
Bobbio, Norberto (1996). Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Cambridge: Polity.
Bochsler, Daniel (2010a). Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies. Houndmills: Palgrave.
Bochsler, Daniel (2010b). Measuring Party Nationalisation: A New Gini-Based Indicator that Corrects for the Number of Units. Electoral Studies 29: 155–68.
Boix, Carles (1999). Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies. American Political Science Review 93: 609–24.
Bordandini, Paola, Di Virgilio, Aldo, and Raniolo, Francesco (2008). The Birth of a Party: The Case of the Italian Partito Democratico. South European Society and Politics 13: 303–24.
Bornschier, Simon (2010). Cleavage Politics and the Populist Right: The New Cultural Conflict in Western Europe. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Börzel, Tanja (1999). Towards Convergence in Europe? Institutional Adaptation to Europeanization in Germany and Spain. Journal of Common Market Studies 39: 573–96.
Brack, Nathalie (2012). Eurosceptics in the European Parliament: Exit or Voice?Journal of European Integration 34(2): 151–68.
Brady, David W., D'Onofrio, Robert, and Fiorina, Morris P. (2000). The Nationalization of Electoral Forces Revisited. In Brady, David W., Cogan, John F., and Fiorina, Morris P. (eds.), Continuity and Change in House Elections. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press (pp. 130–48).
Braun, Dietmar, and Gilardi, Fabrizio (2006). Taking Galton's Problem Seriously: Towards a Theory of Policy Diffusion. Journal of Theoretical Politics 18: 298–322.
Braunias, Karl (1932). Das parlamentarische Wahlrecht: ein Handbuch über die Bildung der gesetzgebenden Körperschaften in Europa. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Budge, Ian, Hearl, Derek, and Robertson, David (1987). Ideology, Strategy, and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Budge, Ian, Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, and Tanenbaum, Eric (2001). Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments, 1945–1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press (supplemented with CD-ROM).
Butler, David, and Stokes, Donald E. (1974). Political Change in Britain: The Evolution of Electoral Choice. London: Macmillan (second edition).
Camia, Valeria, and Caramani, Daniele (2012). Family Meetings: Ideological Convergence within Party Families across Europe, 1945–2009. Comparative European Politics 10(1): 48–85.
Campbell, Angus (1960). Surge and Decline: A Study of Electoral Change. Public Opinion Quarterly 24: 397–418.
Campbell, Angus (1966). Surge and Decline: A Study of Electoral Change. In Campbell, Angus, Converse, Philip E., Miller, Warren E., and Stokes, Donald E. (eds.), Elections and the Political Order. New York: Wiley (pp. 40–62).
Campbell, James E. (1987). The Revised Theory of Surge and Decline. American Journal of Political Science 31: 965–79.
Capoccia, Giovanni (2005). Defending Democracy: Reactions to Extremism in Interwar Europe. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Capoccia, Giovanni, and Kelemen, Daniel R. (2011). The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism. World Politics 59: 341−69.
Caporaso, James A., Marks, Gary, Moravcsik, Andrew, and Pollack, Mark A. (1997). Does the European Union Represent an N of 1?ECSA Review 10: 1–5.
Caramani, Daniele (2000). Elections in Western Europe since 1815: Electoral Results by Constituencies. London: Palgrave (supplemented with CD-ROM).
Caramani, Daniele (2003a). The End of Silent Elections: The Birth of Electoral Competition, 1832–1915. Party Politics 9: 411–43.
Caramani, Daniele (2003b). State Administration and Regional Construction in Central Europe: A Historical Perspective. In Keating, Michael, and Hughes, James (eds.), The Regional Challenge in Central and Eastern Europe: Territorial Restructuring and European Integration. Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang (pp. 21–50).
Caramani, Daniele (2004). The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Caramani, Daniele (2006). Is There a European Electorate and What Does It Look Like? Evidence from Electoral Volatility Measures, 1976–2004. West European Politics 29: 1–27.
Caramani, Daniele (2009). Introduction to the Comparative Method with Boolean Algebra. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences).
Caramani, Daniele (2010a). Of Differences and Similarities: Is the Explanation of Variation a Limitation to (or of) Comparative Analysis?European Political Science 9: 34–48.
Caramani, Daniele (2010b). Debate on the Future of Comparative Politics: A Rejoinder. European Political Science 9: 78–82.
Caramani, Daniele (2011a). Electoral Waves: An Analysis of Trends, Spread and Swings across 20 West European Countries 1970–2008. Representation 47: 137–60.
Caramani, Daniele (2011b). Stein Rokkan: The Macro-Sociological Fresco of State, Nation and Democracy in Europe. In Campus, Donatella, Pasquino, Gianfranco, and Bull, Martin (eds.), Maestri of Political Science (volume 2). Colchester: Routledge/ECPR series (pp. 177–205).
Caramani, Daniele (2012). The Europeanization of Electoral Politics: An Analysis of Converging Voting Distributions in 30 European Party Systems, 1970–2008. Party Politics 18: 803–23.
Caramani, Daniele (2014). Introduction to Comparative Politics. In Caramani, Daniele (ed.), Comparative Politics (third edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 1–17).
Caramani, Daniele, and Hug, Simon (1998). The Literature on European Parties and Party Systems since 1945: A Quantitative Analysis. European Journal of Political Research 4: 497–524.
Caramani, Daniele, and Mény, Yves (eds.) (2005). Challenges to Consensual Politics: Democracy, Identity, and Populist Protest in the Alpine Region. Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang.
Carrubba, Cliff, and Timpone, Richard J. (2005). Explaining Vote Switching across First- and Second-Order Elections: Evidence from Europe. Comparative Political Studies 38: 260–81.
Castles, Francis G., and Mair, Peter (1984). Left–Right Political Scales: Some “Expert” Judgments. European Journal of Political Research 12: 73–88.
Castles, Francis G., Mair, Peter, and Pedersen, Morgens M. (1997). Left–Right Political Scales. European Journal of Political Research 31: 147–57.
Cheibub, José Antônio (2007). Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chhibber, Pradeep K., and Kollman, Ken (1998). Party Aggregation and the Number of Parties in India and the United States. American Political Science Review 92: 329–42.
Chhibber, Pradeep K., and Kollman, Ken (2004). The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Claggett, William, Flanigan, William, and Zingale, Nancy (1984). Nationalization of the American Electorate. American Political Science Review 79: 1171–3.
Cornford, James (1970). Aggregate Election Data and British Alignments, 1885–1910. In Allardt, Erik, and Rokkan, Stein (eds.), Mass Politics: Studies in Political Sociology. New York: Free Press (pp. 107–16).
Cox, Gary W. (1997). Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cox, Gary W. (1999). Electoral Rules and Electoral Coordination. Annual Review of Political Science 2: 145–61.
Crewe, Ivor, and Denver, David T. (eds.) (1985). Electoral Change in Western Democracies: Patterns and Sources of Electoral Volatility. London: Croom Helm.
Croissant, Aurel, and Schächter, Teresa (2008). Die Nationalisierung politischer Parteien und Parteiensysteme in asiatischen Neo-Demokratien. Politische Vierteljahresschrift 49: 12–36.
Cusack, Thomas, Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David (2007). Economic Interests and the Origin of Electoral Systems. American Political Science Review 101: 373–91.
Cusack, Thomas, Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David (2010). Coevolution of Capitalism and Political Representation: The Choice of Electoral Systems. American Political Science Review 104: 393–403.
Daalder, Hans (1966). The Netherlands: Opposition in a Segmented Society. In Dahl, Robert A. (ed.), Political Oppositions in Western Democracies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (pp. 188–236).
Dalton, Russell J., Flanagan, Scott, and Beck, Paul A. (eds.) (1984). Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment?Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Dalton, Russell J., and Wattenberg, Martin P. (eds.) (2000). Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dahl, Robert A. (ed.) (1966). Political Oppositions in Western Democracies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dahl, Robert A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dahrendorf, Ralf (1959). Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Della Porta, Donatella, and Caiani, Manuela (2009). Social Movements and Europeanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Deutsch, Karl W. (1953). Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Diez, Thomas (2001). European Federation of Green Parties. In Johansson, Karl M., and Zervakis, Peter (eds.), European Political Parties between Cooperation and Integration. Baden-Baden: Nomos (pp. 125–59).
Diez, Thomas, Stetter, Stephan, and Albert, Mathias (2006). The European Union and Border Conflicts: The Transformative Power of Integration. International Organization 60: 563–93.
Dimitrakopoulos, Dionyssis G. (2011). Social Democracy and European Integration: The Politics of Preference Formation. London: Routledge.
Dinas, Elias, and Gemenis, Kostas (2010). Measuring Parties’ Ideological Positions with Manifesto Data: A Critical Evaluation of the Competing Methods. Party Politics 16: 427–50.
Dolowitz, David P., and Marsh, David (1996). Who Learns What from Whom: A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature. Political Studies 44: 343–57.
Dolowitz, David P., and Marsh, David (2000). The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making. Governance 13: 5–24.
Döring, Holger, and Manow, Philip (2010). Parliament and Government Composition Database (ParlGov): An Infrastructure for Empirical Information on Political Institutions. Version 10/02 (www.parlgov.org).
Downs, Anthony (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper Collins.
Duverger, Maurice (1950). L'Influence des Systèmes Électoraux sur la Vie Politique. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.
Duverger, Maurice (1951). The Influence of Electoral Systems on Political Life. International Social Science Bulletin 3: 314–52.
Duverger, Maurice (1954). Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen.
Dyson, Kenneth (ed.) (2002). European States and the Euro: Europeanization, Variation, and Convergence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. (ed.) (2002). Multiple Modernities. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. (2006). Comparative Civilizations and Multiple Modernities. Boston, MA: Brill.
Ennser, Laurenz (2012). The Homogeneity of West European Party Families: The Radical Right in Comparative Perspective. Party Politics 18: 151–71.
Enyedi, Zsolt, and Lewis, Paul G. (2006). The Impact of the European Union on Party Politics in Central and Eastern Europe. In Lewis, Paul G., and Mansfeldova, Zdenka (eds.), The European Union and Party Politics in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Palgrave (pp. 231–49).
Epstein, Leon D. (1961). Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: Praeger.
Erikson, Robert S. (1988). The Puzzle of Midterm Loss. Journal of Politics 50: 1011–29.
Ersson, Svante O., Janda, Kenneth, and Lane, Jan-Erik (1985). Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe: A Regional Analysis. Comparative Political Studies 18: 170–205.
Fabbrini, Sergio (2004). The European Union in American Perspective: The Transformation of Territorial Sovereignty in Europe and the United States. In Ansell, Christopher K., and Di Palma, Giuseppe (eds.), Restructuring Territoriality: Europe and the United States Compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (pp. 163–87).
Fabbrini, Sergio (ed.) (2005). Democracy and Federalism in the European Union and the United States: Exploring Post-National Governance. London: Routledge.
Fabbrini, Sergio (2007). Compound Democracies: Why the United States and Europe Are Becoming Similar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Featherstone, Kevin, and Radaelli, Claudio (eds.) (2003). The Politics of Europeanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ferrera, Maurizio (2005). The Boundaries of Welfare: European Integration and the New Spatial Politics of Social Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Flanagan, William G. (1993). The Structural Roots of Action and the Question of Convergence. Research in Urban Sociology 3: 233–53.
Flora, Peter (1983). State, Economy, and Society in Western Europe, 1815–1975: A Data Handbook. Volume 1: The Growth of Mass Democracies and Welfare States. Frankfurt-am-Main: Campus.
Flora, Peter (1999). Introduction and Interpretation. In Rokkan, Stein, State Formation, Nation-Building, and Mass Politics in Europe, edited by Flora, Peter, Kuhnle, Stein, and Urwin, Derek W.. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 1–91).
Flora, Peter (2000). Externe Grenzbildung und interne Strukturierung: Eine Rokkanische Forschungsperspektive. Berliner Journal für Soziologie 2: 151–65.
Flora, Peter, Franz, Kraus, and Pfenning, Winfried (1987). State, Economy, and Society in Western Europe, 1815–1975: A Data Handbook. Volume 2: The Growth of Industrial Societies and Capitalist Economies. Frankfurt-am-Main: Campus.
Franklin, Mark N., Mackie, Thomas T., and Valen, Henri (1992). Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gabel, Matthew, and Hix, Simon (2002). Defining the EU Political Space: An Empirical Study of the European Elections Manifestos, 1979–1999. Comparative Political Studies 35(8): 934–64.
Gaffney, John (ed.) (1996). Political Parties and the European Union. London: Routledge.
Gagnon, Jean-Paul (2012). Post-Colonial Public Law: Are Current Legal Establishments Democratically Illegitimate?African Journal of Legal Studies 5: 21–43.
Gallagher, Michael (1991). Proportionality, Disproportionality, and Electoral Systems. Electoral Studies 10: 32–51.
Gallagher, Michael, and Mitchell, Paul (eds.) (2005). The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gallagher, Michael, Laver, Michael, and Mair, Peter (2001). Representative Government in Modern Europe (third edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gartzke, Erik (2007). The Capitalist Peace. American Journal of Political Science 51: 166–91.
Gellner, Ernest (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Green Cowles, Maria, Caporaso, James, and Risse, Thomas (eds.) (2001). Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Grofman, Bernard (2004). Downs and Two-Party Convergence. Annual Review of Political Science 7: 25–46.
Grunberg, Gérard, Perrineau, Pascal, and Ysmal, Colette (2000). Le Vote des Quinze: Les Elections Européennes du 13 Juin 1999. Paris: Presses de Science Po.
Haas, Ernst B. (1958). The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces, 1950–57. London: Stevens.
Habermas, Jürgen (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge: Polity.
Habermas, Jürgen (2001). Why Europe Needs a Constitution. New Left Review 11: 5–26.
Hale, William (2008). Kirchheimer Revisited: Party Polarisation, Party Convergence, or Party Decline in the German Party System. German Politics 17: 105–23.
Hall, Peter A., and Taylor, Rosemary C. (1996). Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms. Political Studies 44: 936–57.
Harbers, Imke (2010). Decentralization and the Development of Nationalized Party Systems in New Democracies: Evidence from Latin America. Comparative Political Studies 43(5): 606–27.
Harmel, Robert, Zeynep, Somer, and Smith, Jason (2005). Effects of “Europe” on National Party Issue Profiles: Assessment and Explanation of Convergence within Party Families. Paper presented at International Studies Association, Chicago.
Hearl, Derek J., Budge, Ian, and Bernard, Pearson (1996). Distinctiveness of Regional Voting: A Comparative Analysis across the European Community (1979–83). Electoral Studies 15: 167–82.
Hicken, Allen (2009). Building Party Systems in Developing Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hix, Simon (1994). The Study of the European Community: The Challenge to Comparative Politics. West European Politics 17: 1–30.
Hix, Simon (1996). The Transnational Party Federations. In Gaffney, John (ed.), Political Parties and the European Union. London: Routledge (pp. 308–31).
Hix, Simon (1999). Dimensions and Alignments in European Union Politics: Cognitive Constraints and Partisan Responses. European Journal of Political Research 35: 69–106.
Hix, Simon (2001). Legislative Behaviour and Party Competition in the European Parliament: An Application of Nominate to the EU. Journal of Common Market Studies 39: 663–88.
Hix, Simon (2002). Parties at the European Level. In Paul, Webb, Farrell, David, and Holliday, Ian (eds.), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 280–309).
Hix, Simon (2005). The Political System of the European Union (second edition). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Hix, Simon, and Kreppel, Amie (2003). From Grand Coalition to Left–Right Confrontation: Explaining the Shifting Structure of Party Competition in the European Parliament. Comparative Political Studies 36: 75–96.
Hix, Simon, Kreppel, Amie, and Noury, Abdul G. (2003). The Party System in the European Parliament: Collusive or Competitive?Journal of Common Market Studies 41: 309–31.
Hix, Simon, and Lord, Christopher (1997). Political Parties in the European Union. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Hix, Simon, and Marsh, Michael (2011). Second-Order Effects plus Pan-European Political Swings: An Analysis of European Parliament Elections across Time. Electoral Studies 30: 4–15.
Hix, Simon, Noury, Abdul G., and Roland, Gérard (2005). Power to the Parties: Cohesion and Competition in the European Parliament. British Journal of Political Science 35: 209–34.
Hix, Simon, Noury, Abdul G., and Roland, Gérard (2007). Democratic Politics in the European Parliament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hirschman, Albert O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric (1973). The Age of Revolution, 1789–1848. London: Cardinal.
Hobsbawm, Eric (1975). The Age of Capital, 1848–1875. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Hobsbawm, Eric (1987). The Age of Empire, 1875–1914. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Hobsbawm, Eric (1994). The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991. London: Viking Penguin.
Holmes, Michael, and Lightfoot, Simon (2011). Limited Influence? The Role of the Party of European Socialists in Shaping Social Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Government and Opposition 46: 32–55.
Hooghe, Liesbet, and Marks, Gary (2001). Multi-level Governance and European Integration. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Hooghe, Liesbet, and Marks, Gary (2008). A Postfunctional Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus. British Journal of Political Science 39: 1–23.
Hooghe, Liesbet, Marks, Gary, and Wilson, Carole J. (2002). Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration?Comparative Political Studies 35: 965–89.
Horowitz, Donald L. (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Huber, John, and Inglehart, Ronald (1995). Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 41 Societies. Party Politics 1: 73–111.
Hug, Simon, and Schulz, Tobias (2007). Left–Right Positions of Political Parties in Switzerland. Party Politics 13: 305–30.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Ignazi, Piero (2003). Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Inglehart, Ronald (1977). The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, Ronald (1990). Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society: Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, Ronald, and Welzel, Christian (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Irving, Ronald E. M. (1979). The Christian Democratic Parties in Western Europe. London: Allen & Unwin.
Ishiyama, John T. (2002). Regionalism and the Nationalization of the Legislative Vote in Post-Communist Russian Politics. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 35: 155–68.
Jachtenfuchs, Markus, Diez, Thomas, and Jung, Sabine (1998). Which Europe? Conflicting Models of a Legitimate European Order. European Journal of International Relations 4: 409–45.
Jackson, Robert H., and Sørensen, Georg (2007). Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches (third edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jérôme, Bruno, Jérôme, Véronique, and Michael, Lewis-Beck (2006). Partisan Dynamics and the European “Nation”. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
Joffé, George H. (2001). The EU and the Mediterranean. In Telò, Mario (ed.), European Union and New Regionalism. Aldershot: Ashgate (pp. 207–25).
Johnsson, Karl M., and Zervakis, Peter (eds.) (2002). European Political Parties between Cooperation and Integration. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Jones, Mark P., and Mainwaring, Scott (2003). The Nationalization of Parties and Party Systems. Party Politics 9: 139–66.
Kalyvas, Stathis N. (1996). The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Karvonen, Lauri, and Kuhnle, Stein (2000). Party Systems and Voter Alignments Revisited. London: Routledge.
Kasuya, Yuko, and Moenius, Johannes (2008). The Nationalization of Party Systems: Conceptual Issues and Alternative District-Focused Measures. Electoral Studies 27: 126–35.
Katz, Richard S. (1973). The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique. American Political Science Review 67: 817–28.
Katz, Richard S., and Mair, Peter (eds.) (1992). Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960–90. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Katz, Richard S., and Mair, Peter (eds.) (1994). How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kawato, Sadafumi (1987). Nationalization and Partisan Realignment in Congressional Elections. American Political Science Review 81: 1235–50.
Keating, Michael (1988). State and Regional Nationalism: Territorial Politics and the European State. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Keating, Michael (1998). The New Regionalism in Western Europe: Territorial Restructuring and Political Change. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Keating, Michael (ed.) (2004). Regions and Regionalism in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Keating, Michael, and Loughlin, John (eds.) (1997). The Political Economy of Regionalism. London: Frank Cass.
Kirchner, Emil J. (ed.) (1988). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kitschelt, Herbert (1994). The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kitschelt, Herbert (1995). The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Klausen, Jytte, and Tilly, Louise A. (eds.) (1997). European Integration in Social and Historical Perspective, 1850 to the Present. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Mochmann, Ekkehard, and Newton, Kenneth (eds.) (2000). Elections in Central and Eastern Europe: The First Wave. Berlin: Sigma.
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, Budge, Ian, and McDonald, Michael (2006). Mapping Policy Preferences II: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments in Eastern Europe, European Union and OECD, 1990–2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press (supplemented with CD-ROM).
Knill, Christoph (2001). The Europeanization of National Administrations: Patterns of Institutional Change and Persistence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Knill, Christoph (ed.) (2005). Cross-National Policy Convergence: Causes, Concepts, and Empirical Findings. Journal of European Public Policy 12(5): special issue.
Knill, Christoph, and Lenschow, Andrea (2005). Compliance, Competition and Communication: Different Approaches of European Governance and Their Impact on National Institutions. Journal of Common Market Studies 43: 583–604.
Knutsen, Oddbiørn (1995). Value Orientations, Political Conflicts and Left–Right Identification: A Comparative Study. European Journal of Political Research 28: 63–93.
Knutsen, Oddbiørn (1998). Expert Judgements of the Left–Right Location of Political Parties: A Comparative Longitudinal Study. West European Politics 21: 63–94.
Kohler-Koch, Beate (1998). La Renaissance de la Dimension Territoriale en Europe. Florence: EUI Working Paper (Robert Schuman Centre, no. 98/38).
Kommisrud, Arne (2009). Historical Sociology: A Rokkanian Approach to Eastern European Development. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Koopmans, Ruud (1992). Democracy from Below: New Social Movements and the Political System in West Germany. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Kreppel, Amie (2002). The European Parliament and Supranational Party System: A Study in Institutional Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kreuzer, Markus (2010). Historical Knowledge and Quantitative Analysis: The Case of the Origins of Proportional Representation. American Political Science Review 104: 369–92.
Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Dolezal, Martin, Helbling, Marc, Höglinger, Dominic, Hutter, Swen and Wüest, Bruno (2012). Political Conflict in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Lachat, Romain, Dolezal, Martin, Bornschier, Simon, and Frey, Timotheos (2006). Globalization and the Transformation of the National Political Space: Six European Countries Compared. European Journal of Political Research 45: 921–95.
Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Lachat, Romain, Dolezal, Martin, Bornschier, Simon, and Frey, Timotheos (2008). West European Politics in the Age of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kuechler, Manfred (1991). Issues and Voting in the European Elections 1989. European Journal of Political Research 19: 81–104.
Kuhnle, Stein (1975). Patterns of Social and Political Mobilization: A Historical Analysis of the Nordic Countries. London: Sage.
Kumar, Krishan (2003). The Idea of Europe: Cultural Legacies, Transnational Imaginings, and the Nation-State. In Berezin, Mabel, and Schain, Martin (eds.), Europe without Borders: Remapping Territory, Citizenship, and Identity in a Transnational Age. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press (pp. 33–50).
Kurzman, Charles (1998). Waves of Democratization. Studies in Comparative International Development 33(1): 42–64.
Laasko, Markku, and Taagepera, Rein (1979). Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe. Comparative Political Studies 12: 3–27.
Ladrech, Robert (1993). Social Democratic Parties and the EC integration. European Journal of Political Research. 24: 195–210.
Ladrech, Robert (2002). The Europeanization of Political Parties: Towards a Framework of Analysis. Party Politics 8: 389–403.
Ladrech, Robert (2008). Europeanization and the Variable Influence of the EU: National Parties and Party Systems in Western and Eastern Europe. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 10: 139–50.
Ladrech, Robert (2009). Europeanization and Political Parties. Living Reviews in European Governance 4: 1–21.
Lago-Peñas, Ignacio, and Lago-Peñas, Santiago (2009). Does the Nationalization of Party Systems Affect the Composition of Public Spending?Economics and Governance 10: 85–98.
Lago-Peñas, Ignacio, and Lago-Peñas, Santiago (2011). Decentralization and the Nationalization of Party Systems. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 29: 244–63.
Landes, David S. (1998). The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Are Some so Rich and Some so Poor. New York: Norton.
LaPalombara, Joseph, and Weiner, Myron (eds.) (1966). Political Parties and Political Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Lavenex, Sandra (2004). EU External Governance in Wider Europe. Journal of European Public Policy 11: 680–700.
Laver, Michael, and Hunt, Ben W. (1992). Policy and Party Competition. New York: Routledge.
Laver, Michael, and Schepsle, Kenneth A. (1990). Coalitions and Cabinet Government. American Political Science Review 84: 873–90.
Laver, Michael, and Schepsle, Kenneth A. (eds.) (1994). Cabinet Ministers and Parliamentary Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Laver, Michael, and Schepsle, Kenneth A. (1996). Making and Breaking Governments: Cabinets and Legislatures in Parliamentary Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Laver, Michael, and Schofield, Norman (1990). Multiparty Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lee, Adrian (1988). The Persistence of Difference: Electoral Change in Cornwall. Paper presented at the Political Studies Association, Plymouth.
Lehmbruch, Gehrhart (1967). Proporzdemokratie. Tübingen: Mohr.
Leitner, Christian (1997). Electoral Nationalisation, Dealignment and Realignment: Australia and the U.S., 1900–88. Australian Journal of Political Science 32: 205–22.
Lewis, Paul G. (ed.) (1996). Party Structure and Organization in East-Central Europe. Cheltenham: Elgar.
Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Paldam, Martin (2000). Economic Voting: An Introduction. Electoral Studies 19: 113–21.
Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Stegmeier, Mary (2007). Economic Models of Voting. In Dalton, Russell J., and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 518–37).
Lijphart, Arend (1968). The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lijphart, Arend (1984). Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Linz, Juan J. (1976). Patterns of Land Tenure, Division of Labor, and Voting Behavior in Europe. Comparative Politics 8: 365–430.
Linz, Juan J., and Stepan, Alfred (eds.) (1978). The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, Seymour M., and Rokkan, Stein (1967). Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction. In Lipset, Seymour M., and Rokkan, Stein (eds.), Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. New York: Free Press (pp. 1–64).
Lodge, Juliet (1975). Britain and the EEC: Exit, Voice or Loyalty. Cooperation and Conflict 10: 199–216.
Lodge, Juliet (1986). Direct Elections to the European Parliament 1984. London: Macmillan.
Lodge, Juliet (1990). The 1989 Election of the European Parliament. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Lodge, Juliet (2001). The 1999 Elections to the European Parliament. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Lorwin, Val (1966). Belgium: Religion, Class, and Language in National Politics. In Dahl, Robert A. (ed.), Political Oppositions in Western Democracies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (pp. 147–87).
Lowe, Will, Benoit, Kenneth, Mikhaylov, Slava, and Laver, Michael (2011). Scaling Policy Positions from Coded Units of Political Texts. Legislative Studies Quarterly 26: 123–55.
Luebbert, Gregory M. (1991). Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lyons, Pat, and Linek, Lukáš (2010). Party System Nationalisation and Non-Uniform Vote Switching: Evidence from the Czech Republic. Czech Sociological Review 46: 375–99.
Mackie, Thomas T. (ed.) (1990). Europe Votes 3: European Parliamentary Election Results 1989. Aldershot: Darbouth.
Mackie, Thomas T., and Craig, Frederick W. S. (eds.) (1985). Europe Votes 2: European Parliamentary Election Results 1979–84. Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services.
Mahoney, James, and Snyder, Richard (1999). Rethinking Agency and Structure in the Study of Regime Change. Studies in Comparative International Development 2: 3–32.
Mair, Peter (1996). Party Systems and Structures of Competition. In LeDuc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard G., and Norris, Pippa (eds.), Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective. London: Sage (pp. 83–106).
Mair, Peter (2000). The Limited Impact of Europe on National Party Systems. West European Politics 23: 27–51.
Mair, Peter (2007a). Party Systems and Alternation in Government, 1950–2000: Innovation and Institutionalization. In Gloppen, Siri, and Rakner, Lise (eds.), Globalisation and Democratisation: Challenges for Political Parties. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget (pp. 135–54).
Mair, Peter (2007b). Left–Right Orientations. In Dalton, Russell J., and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 206–22).
Mair, Peter, and Mudde, Cas (1998). The Party Family and Its Study. Annual Review of Political Science 1: 211–29.
Mair, Peter, and Zielonka, Jan (eds.) (2002). The Enlarged European Union: Diversity and Adaptation. London: Frank Cass.
Majone, Giandomenico (ed.) (1996). Regulating Europe. London: Routledge.
Manin, Bernard (1997). The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mann, Michael (1993). The Sources of Social Power (two volumes). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mansbridge, Jane (2003). Rethinking Representation. American Political Science Review 97: 515–28.
March, James G., and Olsen, Johan P. (1989). Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York: Free Press.
Marks, Gary (1997). A Third Lens: Comparing European Integration and State Building. In Jytte, Klausen, and Tilly, Louise A. (eds.), European Integration in Social and Historical Perspective, 1850 to the Present. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield (pp. 23–43).
Marks, Gary (2007). Introduction: Triangulation and the Square-Root Law. Electoral Studies 26(1): 1–10.
Marks, Gary, Hooghe, Liesbet, Nelson, Moira, and Edwards, Erica (2006). Party Competition and European Integration in East and West: Different Structure, Same Causality. Comparative Political Studies 39: 155–75.
Marks, Gary, and Steenbergen, Marco R. (2002). Understanding Political Contestation in the European Union. Comparative Political Studies 35: 879–92.
Marks, Gary, and Wilson, Carole J. (2000). The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Responses to European Integration. British Journal of Political Science 30: 433–59.
Marks, Gary, Wilson, Carole J., and Leonard, Ray (2002). National Political Parties and European Integration. American Journal of Political Science 46: 585–94.
Marquand, David (1978). Toward a Europe of the Parties. Political Quarterly 49: 425–45.
Marsh, Michael (1998). Testing the Second-Order Election Theory after Four European Elections. British Journal of Political Science 28: 591–607.
Marsh, Michael, and Franklin, Mark N. (1996). The Foundations: Unanswered Questions from the Study of European Elections, 1979–94. In Van der Eijk, Cees, and Franklin, Mark N., et al., Choosing Europe? The European Electorate and National Politics in the Face of Union. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (pp. 11–32).
Marshall, Thomas H. (1964). Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (with the 1950 essay Citizenship and Social Class). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
McNeill, William H. (1963). The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Mény, Yves, and Surel, Yves (eds.) (2002). Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Michels, Robert (1962 [1911]). Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracies. New York: Free Press.
Mikhaylov, Slava, Laver, Michael, and Benoit, Kenneth (2008). Coder Reliability and Misclassification in Comparative Manifesto Project Codings. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
Milward, Alan S. (1992). The European Rescue of the Nation-State. London: Routledge.
Mitchell, Brian R. (2007). International Historical Statistics: Europe 1750–2005 (sixth edition). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Moenius, Johannes, and Kasuya, Yuko (2004). Measuring Linkage across Districts: Some Party System Inflation Indices and Their Properties. Party Politics 10: 543–64.
Moore, Barrington Jr. (1966). Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Moravcsik, Andrew (1998). The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Morgan, Edmund S. (1988). Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America. New York: Norton.
Morgenstern, Scott, and Potthoff, Richard F. (2005). The Components of Elections: District Heterogeneity, District-Time Effects, and Volatility. Electoral Studies 24: 17–40.
Morgenstern, Scott, and Swindle, Stephen M. (2005). Are Politics Local? An Analysis of Voting Patterns in 23 Democracies. Comparative Political Studies 38: 143–70.
Morgenstern, Scott, Swindle, Stephen M., and Castagnola, Andrea (2009). Party Nationalization and Institutions. The Journal of Politics 71: 1322–41.
Morris, Ian (2010). Why the West Rules – for Now: The Patterns of History and What They Reveal about the Future. New York: Norton.
Mudde, Cas (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition 39: 542–63.
Müller, Wolfgang C., and Strøm, Kaare (eds.) (2000). Coalition Governments in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (ed.) (1989). New Politics in Western Europe: The Rise and Success of Green Parties and Alternative Lists. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Neumann, Sigmund (ed.) (1956). Modern Political Parties. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Niemi, Richard G., and Weisberg, Herbert F. (eds.) (1993). Controversies in Voting Behavior (third edition). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Nikolenyi, Csaba (2009). Party Inflation in India: Why Has a Multiparty Format Prevailed in the National Party System. In Grofman, Bernard, Blais, André, and Bowler, Shaun (eds.), Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States. New York: Springer (pp. 97–114).
Noël, Alain, and Thérien, Jean-Philippe (2008). Left and Right in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nohlen, Dieter, and Stöver, Philip (eds.) (2010). Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Olsen, Johan (2007). Europe in Search of Political Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ostrogorski, Moisei Y. (1902). Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties (two volumes). London: Macmillan.
Palmer, Robert R. (1959). The Age of Democratic Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Panebianco, Angelo (1988). Political Parties: Organization and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paterson, William E., and Sloam, James (2005). Learning from the West: Policy Transfer and Political Parties. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 21: 33–47.
Pedersen, Morgens N. (1979). The Dynamics of European Party Systems: Changing Patterns of Electoral Volatility. European Journal of Political Research 7: 7–26.
Pedersen, Morgens N. (1996). Euro-parties and European Parties: New Arenas, New Challenges and New Strategies. In Andersen, Svein S., and Eliassen, Kjell A. (eds.), The European Union: How Democratic Is It?London: Sage (pp. 15–40).
Pennings, P. (2006). An Empirical Analysis of the Europeanization of National Party Manifestos, 1960–2003. European Union Politics 7: 257–70.
Perrineau, Pascal, and Ysmal, Colette (eds.) (1995). Le Vote des Douze: Les Elections Européennes de Juin 1994. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.
Pierce, Roy (1999). Mass–Elite Linkages and the Responsible Party Model of Representation. In Miller, Warren E., et al., Policy Representation in Western Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 9–32).
Pierson, Paul (1994). Dismantling the Welfare State?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pitkin, Hanna F. (1967). The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Poggi, Gianfranco (1990). The State: Its Nature, Development, and Prospects. Cambridge: Polity.
Poguntke, Thomas, Aylott, Nicholas, Carter, Elisabeth, Ladrech, Robert, and Luther, Kurt R. (2007). The Europeanization of National Political Parties: Power and Organizational Adaptation. London: Routledge.
Pollack, Mark A. (2003). The Engines of European Integration: Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pomeranz, Kenneth (2000). The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Powell, G. Bingham Jr. (2000). Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Powell, G. Bingham (2009). The Ideological Congruence Controversy: The Impact of Alternative Measures, Data, and Time Periods on the Effects of Election Rules. Comparative Political Studies 42: 1475–97.
Powell, G. BinghamPowell, G. Bingham Jr., and Whitten, Guy (1993). Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context. American Journal of Political Science 37: 391–414.
Pridham, Geffrey (1996). Transnational Party Links and Transition to Democracy: Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective. In Lewis, Paul G. (ed.), Party Structure and Organization in East-Central Europe. Cheltenham: Elgar (pp. 187–219).
Przeworski, Adam, and Sprague, John D. (1986). Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Przeworski, Adam, Stokes, Susan C., and Manin, Bernard (eds.) (1999), Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. (1971). Studying Elite Political Culture: The Case of “Ideology”. American Political Science Review 65: 651–81.
Radaelli, Claudio (2000). Whither Europeanization? Concept Stretching and Substantive Change. European Integration Online Papers 4 (no. 8): online article.
Rae, Douglas W. (1971). The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws (second edition). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Ragin, Charles C. (1987). The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rallings, Colin, and Thrasher, Michael (2007). British Electoral Facts, 1832–2006. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Raunio, Tapio (2002). Political Interests: The EP's Party Groups. In Peterson, John, and Shackleton, Michael (eds.), The Institutions of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 257–76).
Ray, Leonard (1999). Measuring Party Orientations Towards European Integration: Results from an Expert Survey. European Journal of Political Research 36: 283–306.
Reif, Karlheinz (1985a). National Electoral Cycles and European Elections 1979 and 1984. Electoral Studies 3: 244–55.
Rokkan, Stein (1985b). Ten Second-Order National Elections. In Reif, Karlheinz (ed.), Ten European Elections. Aldershot: Gower (pp. 1–36).
Rokkan, Stein (1997). European Elections as Member State Second-Order Elections Revisited. European Journal of Political Research 31: 115–24.
Reif, Karlheinz, and Schmitt, Hermann (1980). Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results. European Journal of Political Research 8: 3–44.
Rihoux, Benoît, and Ragin, Charles C. (eds.) (2009). Configurational Comparative Methods: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques. London: Sage.
Rogowski, Ronald (1989). Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rokkan, Stein (1966). Norway: Numerical Democracy and Corporate Pluralism. In Dahl, Robert A. (ed.), Political Oppositions in Western Democracies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (pp. 70–115).
Rokkan, Stein (1970). Citizens, Elections, Parties: Approaches to the Comparative Study of the Processes of Development. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Rokkan, Stein (1974a). Politics between Economy and Culture: An International Seminar on Albert O. Hirschman's Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Social Science Information 13: 27–38.
Rokkan, Stein (1974b). Entries, Voices, Exits: Towards a Possible Generalization of the Hirschman Model. Social Science Information 13: 39–53.
Rokkan, Stein (1999). State Formation, Nation-Building, and Mass Politics in Europe: The Theory of Stein Rokkan. Oxford: Oxford University Press (edited by Peter Flora with Kuhnle, Stein, and Derek W. Urwin).
Rokkan, Stein, and Meyriat, Jean (eds.) (1969). International Guide to Electoral Statistics. Volume 1: National Elections in Western Europe. The Hague and Paris: Mouton.
Rose, Richard (1993). Lesson-Drawing in Public Policy: A Guide to Learning across Time and Space. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
Rose, Richard, and Urwin, Derek W. (1975). Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations. London and Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Professional Papers in Contemporary Political Sociology (no. 06-007).
Russett, Bruce M. (1964). Inequality and Instability: The Relation of Land Tenure to Politics. World Politics 16: 442–54.
Sartori, Giovanni (1976). Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sartori, Giovanni (1982). Teoria dei Partiti e Caso Italiano. Milan: SugarCo.
Sartori, Giovanni (1986). The Influence of Electoral Systems: Faulty Laws or Faulty Methods? In Bernard, Grofman, and Lijphart, Arend (eds.), Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon Press (pp. 43–68).
Schakel, Arjan H. (2013). Congruence between Regional and National Elections. Comparative Political Studies 46: 631–62.
Scharpf, Fritz W. (1999). Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic?Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schattschneider, Elmer E. (1960). The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Schimmelfennig, Frank (2005). The EU: Promoting Liberal Democracy through Membership Conditionality. In Flockhart, Trine (ed.), Socializing Democratic Norms: The Role of International Organizations for the Construction of Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave (pp. 106–26).
Schimmelfennig, Frank (2007). Europeanization beyond Europe. Living Reviews in European Governance 2: online article.
Schimmelfennig, Frank, and Sedelmeier, Ulrich (2004). Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of European Public Policy 11: 661–79.
Schimmelfennig, Frank, and Sedelmeier, Ulrich (eds.) (2005). The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Schmitt, Hermann (1990). Party Attachment and Party Choice in the European Elections of June 1989: A Cross-National Comparative Analysis of the Post Electoral Survey of the European Voters Study 1989. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 2: 169–84.
Schmitt, Hermann, and Thomassen, Jacques J. A. (2000). Dynamic Representation: The Case of European Integration. European Union Politics 1: 318–39.
Schmitter, Philippe (2000). How to Democratize the European Union … and Why Bother?Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Schneider, Carsten, and Wagemann, Claudius (2012). Set-Theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences: A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1962). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
Sciarini, Pascal, Alex, Fischer, and Nicolet, Sarah (2004). How Europe Hits Home: Evidence from the Swiss Case. Journal of European Public Policy 11: 353–78.
Sigelman, Lee, and Yough, Sing N. (1978). Left–Right Polarization in National Party Systems: A Cross-National Analysis. Comparative Political Studies 11: 355–79.
Simmons, Beth A., Dobbin, Frank, and Garrett, Geoffrey (eds.) (2008). The Global Diffusion of Markets and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skocpol, Theda (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skocpol, Theda (1995). Why I Am an Historical Institutionalist. Polity 28: 103–6.
Sloam, James (2005a). West European Social Democracy as a Model for Transfer. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics (special issue) 21: 67–83.
Sloam, James (2005b). The European Policy of the German Social Democrats: Interpreting a Changing World. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Smith, Anthony D. (1986). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell.
Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter (eds.) (2004). The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stasavage, Davis (2003). Public Debt and the Birth of the Democratic State: France and Great Britain, 1688–1789. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steenbergen, Marco R., and Marks, Gary (2007). Evaluating Expert Judgments. European Journal of Political Research 46: 347–66.
Steiner, Jürg (1974). Amicable Agreement versus Majority Rule: Conflict Resolution in Switzerland. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Steinmo, Sven, Thelen, Kathleen, and Longstreth, Frank (eds.) (1992). Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberger, Dolf, and Vogel, Bernhard (eds.) in collaboration with Dieter Nohlen (1969). Die Wahl der Parlamente und anderer Staatsorgane: Ein Handbuch (two half-volumes). Volume 1: Europa. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Stokes, Donald E. (1965). A Variance Components Model of Political Effects. In Claunch, John M. (ed.), Mathematical Applications in Political Science. Dallas, TX: The Arnold Foundation (pp. 61–85).
Stokes, Donald E. (1967). Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces. In Chambers, William N., and Walter D., Burnham (eds.), The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 182–202).
Stonecash, Jeffrey M., Brewer, Mark D., and Mariani, Mack (2003). Diverging Parties: Social Change, Realignment and Party Polarization. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Strøm, Kaare (1990). Minority Government and Majority Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Strøm, Kaare (2000). Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies. European Journal of Political Research 37: 261–89.
Strøm, Kaare, Müller, Wolfgang C., and Bergman, Torbjörn (eds.) (2007). Cabinets and Coalition Bargaining: The Democratic Life Cycle in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sundquist, James L. (1973). Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Taggart, Paul (1998). A Touchstone of Dissent: Euroscepticism in Contemporary Western European Party Systems. European Journal of Political Research 33: 363–88.
Tarrow, Sidney (1994). Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, Charles L., and Jodice, David A. (1983). World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators (third edition). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Taylor, Michael (1989). Structure, Culture, and Action in the Explanation of Social Change. Politics and Society 17: 115–62.
Thelen, Kathleen (1999). Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics. Annual Review of Political Science 2: 369–404.
Thiem, Alrik, and Dus¸a, Adrian (2013). Qualitative Comparative Analysis with R: A User's Guide. New York: Springer.
Thiem, Alrik, and Dus¸a, Adrian (2014). A Package for Qualitative Comparative Analysis. R Package Version 1.1−3, 2014.
Thomas, John C. (2006). The Changing Nature of Partisan Divisions in the West: Trends in Democratic Policy Orientations in Ten Party Systems. European Journal of Political Research: 397–413.
Thomassen, Jacques J. A., Noury, Abdul G., and Voeten, Erik (2004). Political Competition in the European Parliament: Evidence from Roll Call and Survey Analyses. In Marks, Gary, and Steenbergen, Marco R. (eds.), European Integration and Political Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (pp. 141–64).
Thomassen, Jacques J. A., and Schmitt, Hermann (1997). Policy Representation. European Journal of Political Research 32: 165–84.
Tilly, Charles (ed.) (1975). The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Tilly, Charles (1990). Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990. Oxford: Blackwell.
Todorov, Antony (2010). Bulgaria. In Nohlen, Dieter, and Stöver, Philip (eds.), Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook. Baden-Baden: Nomos (pp. 351–98).
Urwin, Derek W. (1980). From Ploughshare to Ballotbox: The Politics of Agrarian Defence in Europe. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Urwin, Derek W. (1982). Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accommodation. In Rokkan, Stein, and Urwin, Derek W. (eds.), The Politics of Territorial Identity: Studies in European Regionalism. London: Sage (pp. 165–250).
Van der Eijk, Cees, and Franklin, Mark N. (1991). European Community Politics and Electoral Representation: Evidence from the 1989 European Elections Study. European Journal of Political Research 19: 105–28.
Van der Eijk, Cees, and Franklin, Mark N. (2004). Potential for Contestation on European Matters at National Elections in Europe. In Marks, Gary, and Marco R., Steenbergen (eds.), European Integration and Political Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (pp. 32–50).
Van der Eijk, Cees, and Franklin, Mark N., et al. (1996). Choosing Europe? The European Electorate and National Politics in the Face of Union. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Van der Eijk, Cees, and Oppenhuis, Erik (1990). Turnout and Second-Order Effect in the European Elections of June 1989: Evidence from the Netherlands. Acta Politica 25: 67–94.
Vanhanen, Tatu (2000). A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810−1998. Journal of Peace Research 37(2): 251–65.
Verz, Laura L., Frendreis, John P., and Gibson, James L. (1987). Nationalization of the Electorate in the United States. American Political Science Review 81: 961–6.
Volkens, Andrea, and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter (2002). Parties, Ideologies and Issues. Stability and Change in Fifteen European Party Systems 1945–1998. In Luther, Kurt, and Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds.), Political Parties in the New Europe: Political and Analytical Challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 143–67).
Wallerstein, Immanuel M. (1974). The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.
Wallerstein, Immanuel M. (1980). The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600–1750. New York: Academic Press.
Wallerstein, Immanuel M. (1989). The Modern World-System III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730s–1840s. New York: Academic Press.
Wallerstein, Immanuel M. (2011). The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Warkotsch, Alexander (2006). The European Union and Democracy Promotion in Bad Neighbourhoods: The Case of Central Asia. European Foreign Affairs Review 11: 509–25.
Weber, Max (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretative Sociology (two volumes). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Weiler, Joseph H. H. (1999). The Constitution of Europe: “Do the New Clothes Have an Emperor?” and Other Essays on European Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Welzel, Christian (2013). Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wendt, Alexander E. (1987). The Agent–Structure Problem in International Relations Theory. International Organization 41: 335–70.
Weyland, Kurt (2014). Making Waves: Democratic Contention in Europe and Latin America since the Revolutions of 1848. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilensky, Harold L. (2002). Rich Democracies: Political Economy, Public Policy and Performance. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wimmel, Andreas, and Edwards, Erica E. (2011). The Return of “Social Europe”: Ideas and Positions of German Parties towards the Future of European Integration. German Politics 20: 293–314.
Wittenberg, Jason (2013). What do We Mean by Historical Legacy?Qualitative and Multi-Method Research 11: 7−9.
Youngs, Richard (2001). The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy: Europe's Mediterranean and Asian Policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zaborowski, Marcin (2005). Westernizing the East: External Influences in the Post-Communist Transformation of Eastern and Central Europe. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics (special issue) 21: 16–32.
Zielonka, Jan (ed.) (2002). Europe Unbound: Enlarging and Reshaping the Boundaries of the European Union. London: Routledge.
Zürn, Michael (1998). Regieren jenseits des Nationalstaats: Globalisierung und Denationalisierung als Chance. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Zürn, Michael (2001). Politische Fragmentierung als Folge der gesellschaftlichen Denationalisierung? In Loch, Dietmar, and Heitmeyer, Wilhelm (eds.), Schattenseiten der Globalisierung. Frankfurt-am-Main: Suhrkamp (pp. 111–39).
Zürn, Michael, Beisheim, Marianne, Dreher, Sabine, and Walter, Gregor (2000). Postnationale Politik? Über den politischen Umgang mit den Denationalisierungsherausforderungen Internet, Klimawandel und Migration. Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 7: 297–329.
Zürn, Michael, and Walter, Gregor (eds.) (2005). Globalizing Interests: Pressure Groups and Denationalization. Albany: State University of New York Press.
