Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
June 2020
Print publication year:
2020
Online ISBN:
9781108670715

Book description

Tibetan Demonology discusses the rich taxonomy of gods and demons encountered in Tibet. These spirits are often the cause of, and exhorted for, diverse violent and wrathful activities. This Element consists of four thematic sections. The first section, 'Spirits and the Body', explores oracular possession and spirit-induced illnesses. The second section, 'Spirits and Time', discusses the role of gods in Tibetan astrology and ritual calendars. The third section, 'Spirits and Space', examines the relationship between divinities and the Tibetan landscape. The final section, 'Spirits and Doctrine', explores how certain deities act as fierce protectors of religious and political institutions.

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Bla brang skal bzang. 1996. Bod skyong srung ma khag gi lo rgyus. Dharamsala: H. P.
Blo bzang chos kyi nyi ma, Thu’u bkwan 03 (1737–1802). 19691971. Glud gtor gyi cho ga kun phan ’dod ’jo dang / rgyal rdzong lag tu blang bde ba. In Collected Works of Thu’u-Bkwan Blo-Bzang-Chos-Kyi-Nyi-Ma, vol.5. Gadan Sungrab Minyam Gyunphel Series, vol. Ngawang Gelek Demo, V., ed. New Delhi: Ngawang Gelek Demo, pp. 127137.
Blo bzang dpal ldan, Dze smad. 1973. Mthu dang stobs kyis che ba’i bstan srung chen po rdo rje shugs ldan rtsal gyi byung ba brjod pa pha rgod bla ma’i zhal gyi bdud rtsi’i chu khur brtsegs shing ’jigs rung glog zhags ’gyu ba’i sprin nag ’khrugs pa’i nga ro. Delhi: n.p.
Blo gros mtha’ yas, Kong sprul (1813–1899). 1976. Rin chen gter mdzod chen mo: a reproduction of the Stod-luṅ Mtshur-phu redaction of ’Jam-mgon Kon˙-sprul’s great work on the unity of the gter-ma traditions of Tibet, with supplemental texts from the Dpal-spun˙s redaction and other manuscripts, vols. 59–63. Paro: Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay.
Bstan ’dzin rgya mtsho, ed. n.d. Snga ’gyur rgyud ’bum las btus pa’i gtam rgyud phyogs bsgrigs. Gser rta: gser rta dgon po’i par khang.
Bzhad pa’i rdo rje, Sle lung rje drung (1697–1740). 1976. Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam par thar pa cha shas tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad. Thimphu: Kunzang Topgey.
Bzhad pa’i rdo rje, Sle lung rje drung 1978. Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam par thar pa cha shas tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad, 2 vols. Paro: Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay.
Bzhad pa’i rdo rje, Sle lung rje drung 1979. Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam par thar pa cha shas tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad, 2 vols. Smanrtsis Shesrig Spedzod, vol. 105. Leh: T. S. Tashigang.
Bzhad pa’i rdo rje, Sle lung rje drung 2003. Dam can bstan srung gi rnam thar [=Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam par thar pa cha shas tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad]. Beijing: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang.
Chandra, Lokesh, ed. 1961. The Samye Monastery. Bhoṭa-Piṭaka 6. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.
Dbang phyug rgyal po, Gung Bshad sgra ba. 2000. Bsam yas dkar chag dad pa’i sgo ’byed. Gangs can rig mdzod 34. Lhasa: Bod ljongs bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang.
Dhongthog, Tenpai Gyaltsan. 1996. The Earth Shaking Thunder of True Word: A Refutation of Attacks on the Advice of H. H. the Dalai Lama Regarding the Propitiation of Guardian Deities. Shoreline: Shotech Press.
Mchog gyur gling pa (1829–1870). 1976. Gsol ’debs bar chad lam sel. In Rin chen gter mdzod chen mo: a reproduction of the Stod-lun˙ Mtshur-phu redaction of ’Jam-mgon Kon˙-sprul’s great work on the unity of the gter-ma traditions of Tibet, with supplemental texts from the Dpal-spun˙s redaction and other manuscripts, vol. 15. Paro: Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay, pp. 5158.
Ngag dbang blo bzang, Klong rdol. 1991. Bstan srung dam can rgya mtsho’i mtshan tho. In Klong rdol ngag dbang blo bzang gi gsung ’bum, vol. 2. Lhasa: Bod ljongs bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang, pp. 461493.
Ngag dbang rgyal po, Legs bshad thogs med, and Zla ba rgyal mtshan. 2005. Dpal bsam yas mi ’gyur lhun gyis grub pa’i gtsug lag khang gi dkar chag. Beijing: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang.
O rgyan gling pa (1323–1360). 1996. Padma bka’ thang. Chengdu: Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang.
O rgyan gling pa [1986] 1997. Bka’ thang sde lnga. Beijing: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang.
Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, Sde srid (1653–1705). 1972. The Vaidūrya Dkar Po of Sde-srid Sans-rgyas-rgya-mtsho: The Fundamental Treatise on Tibetan Astrology and Calendrical Calculations, vol. 2. New Delhi: T. Tsepal Taikhang.
Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, Sde srid 1973. Bai Ḍūr Sṅon Po: Being the Text of the “Gso ba rig pa’i bstan bcos sman bla’i dgons rgyan rgyud bźi’i gsal byed bai ḍūr sṅon po’i ma lli ka,” Sde-srid Saṅs-rgyas-rgya-mtsho’s detailed synthetic treatise on the Rgyud bźi, the fundamental exposition of Tibetan ayurvedic medicine. Smanrtsis Shesrig Spendzod, vol. 53. Leh: S.W. Tashigangpa.
Yon tan mgon po, G.yu thog (1126–1202). 1982. Bdud rtsi snying po yan lag brgyad pa gsang ba man ngag gi rgyud. Lhasa: Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang.

Secondary Sources

Achard, Jean-Luc, ed. 2002. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 2: Numéro Spécial Lha srin sde brgyad. Paris: Langues et Cultures de l’Aire Tibétaine.
Achard, Jean-Luc 2003. “Contribution aux nombrables de la tradition Bon po: L’Appendice de bsTan ’dzin Rin chen rgyal mtshan à la Sphère de Cristal des Dieux et des Démons de Shar rdza rin po che.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 4, pp. 78146.
Acharya, Chowang and Dokham, Sonam Gyatso. 1998. “Sikkim: The Hidden Holy Land and Its Sacred Lakes.” In Bulletin of Tibetology 34(3), pp. 1015.
Arnott, W. Geoffrey. 1989. “Nechung: A Modern Parallel to the Delphic Oracle?” In Greece & Rome 36 (2), pp. 152157.
Bailey, Cameron. 2012. “The Raven and the Serpent: ‘The Great All-Pervading Rāhula’ and Dǽmonic Buddhism in India and Tibet.” Master’s thesis, Florida State University.
Bailey, Cameron 2017. “A Feast for Scholars: The Life and Works of Sle lung Bzhad pa’i rdo rje.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford.
Bailey, Cameron 2019a. “The Demon Crowned with a Raven Head: Rāhula’s Archaic Form ‘Ki kang’ and his Chinese Origins.” In International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Culture 29(1), pp. 149176.
Bailey, Cameron 2019b. “The Progenitor of all Dharma Protectors: Buddhist Śaivism in Lelung Zhepe Dorje’s Ocean of Oath-Bound Protectors.” In Bojo Sasang 54, pp. 180237.
Barnett, Robert. 2012. “Notes on Contemporary Ransom Rituals in Lhasa.” In Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World. Buffetrille, Katia, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 273374.
Beer, Robert. 2004. The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs. Chicago: Serindia Publications.
Bell, Christopher. 2006. “Tsiu Marpo: The Career of a Tibetan Protector Deity.” Master’s thesis, Florida State University.
Bell, Christopher 2013. “Nechung: The Ritual History and Institutionalization of a Tibetan Buddhist Protector Deity.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia.
Bell, Christopher 2017. “The Mythic Murals of Meru Sarpa.” In Orientations 48(1), pp. 4452.
Bellezza, John Vincent. 1997. Divine Dyads: Ancient Civilization in Tibet. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
Bellezza, John Vincent. 2005. Spirit-Mediums, Sacred Mountains and Related Bon Textual Traditions in Upper Tibet: Calling Down the Gods. Leiden: Brill.
Bellezza, John Vincent. 2008. Zhang Zhung: Foundations of Civilization in Tibet. A Historical and Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Monuments, Rock Art, Texts, and Oral Tradition of the Ancient Tibetan Upland. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Bellezza, John Vincent. 2010. “gShen-rab Myi-bo: His Life and Times According to Tibet’s Earliest Literary Sources.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 19, pp. 31118.
Bellezza, John Vincent. 2011. “The Liturgies and Oracular Utterances of the Spirit-mediums of Upper Tibet: An Introduction to their bSang Rituals.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 20, pp. 531.
Bentor, Yael. 1996. Consecration of Images and Stūpas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Berglie, Per-Arne. 1976. “Preliminary Remarks on Some Tibetan ‘Spirit Mediums’ in Nepal.” In Kailash 4(1), pp. 85108.
Berglie, Per-Arne 1992. “Tibetan Spirit-Mediumship: Change and Continuity. Some Observations from a Revisit to Nepal.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Fifth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Narita 1989, vol. 2. Shōren, Ihara and Zuihō, Yamaguchi, eds. Tokyo: Naritasan Shinshoji, pp. 361368.
Berounský, Daniel. 2007. “Iconography and Texts of the Tibetan Five Protecting Deities.” In Filosofiya, Religiya i Kul’tura stran Vostoka: Materialy Nauchnoi Konferencii, 7–10 October 2007. Pakhomov, S. V, ed. Saint Petersburg: Izdatelstvo Sankt Petergburgskogo Universitěta, pp. 331340.
Berounský, Daniel 2008. “Powerful Hero (Dpa’ rtsal): Protective Deity from the 19th Century Amdo and his Mediums.” In Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’08. Special Issue: Mediums and Shamans in Central Asia, vol. 1(2). Berounský, Daniel, ed. Prague: Triton, pp. 67115.
Berounský, Daniel 2009. “‘Soul of Enemy’ and Warrior Deities (dgra bla): Two Tibetan Myths on Primordial Battle.” In Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’09: Ethnolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Religion and Culture, vol. 2(2). Vacek, Jaroslav and Oberfalzerová, Alena, eds. Prague: Triton, pp. 1957.
Berounský, Daniel 2010. “Opice a Démon Theurang: Tibetské Mýty a Ochranné Obrázky z Amda.” In Zvířecí Mýty a Myticka Zvířata. Olivová, Lucie, ed. Prague: Academia Praha, pp. 2847.
Berounský, Daniel 2012. “The Murdered King Protecting Fields: A Tibetan Deity-Medium from the Bonpo Village in Amdo.” In Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’12: Ethnolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Religion and Culture, vol. 5(2). Vacek, Jaroslav and Oberfalzerová, Alena, eds. Prague: Triton, pp. 2150.
Berounský, Daniel 2014. “Tibetan Myths on ‘Good Fortune’ (phya) and ‘Well-being’ (g.yang).” In Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’14: Ethnolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Religion and Culture 7(2). Berounský, Daniel, ed. Prague: Charles University in Prague Faculty of Arts, Institute of South and Central Asia Seminar of Mongolian and Tibetan Studies, pp. 5577.
Bethlenfalvy, Géza. 2003. “Fearsome and Protective Deities; Sky-, Air-, Earth-, Mountain-, Water-Divinities; Harmful and Helpful Demons; Spirits, Ghosts, Devils and Witches in Tibet and Mongolia.” In Demons and Protectors: Folk Religion in Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhism. Kelényi, Béla, ed. Budapest: Ferenc Hopp Museum of Eastern Asiatic Art, pp. 2746.
Beyer, Stephan. 1978. The Cult of Tara: Magic and Ritual in Tibet. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bhattacharyya, N. N. 2000. Indian Demonology: The Inverted Pantheon. New Delhi: Manohar.
Blezer, Henk. 2004. “The ‘Bon’ dBal-mo Nyer-bdun (/brgyad) and the Buddhist dBang-phyug-ma Nyer-brgyad: A Brief Comparison.” In New Horizons in Bon Studies. Karmay, Samten G. and Nagano, Yasuhiko, eds. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, pp. 117178.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie. 1971. “Le Lha ’dre bka’-thaṅ.” In Études Tibétaines Dédiées à la Mémoire de Marcelle Lalou. Maisonneuve, Adrien, ed. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient, pp. 29126.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie 1976. “Les Religions du Tibet.” In Histoire des Religions, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, vol.3. Puech, Henri-Charles, ed. Paris: Gallimard, pp. 233249.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie 1990. “Questions Préliminaires sur les Rituels mdos.” In Tibet: Civilisation et Société. Fernand, Meyer, ed. Paris: Éditions de la Fondation Singer-Polignac, pp. 91107.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie ed. 1998. Tibetan Mountain Deities, Their Cults and Representations. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie 2002. “Les Ma mo: Mythes Cosmogoniques et Théogoniques dans le rNying ma’i rgyud ’bum.” In The Many Canons of Tibetan Buddhism: PIATS 2000: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000. Eimer, Helmut and Germano, David, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 293311.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie 2004. “The mKha’ klong gsang mdos: Some Questions on Ritual Structure and Cosmology,” In New Horizons in Bon Studies. Samten, Karmay and Yasuhiko, Nagano, eds. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, pp. 249287.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie 2008. “Le Réseau des Mille Dieux et Démons: Mythes et Classifications.In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 15, pp. 199250.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie, and Steinkellner, Ernst, eds. 1996. Reflections of the Mountain: Essays on the History and Social Meaning of the Mountain Cult in Tibet and the Himalaya. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Buffetrille, Katia. 2002. “Qui est Khri ka’i yul lha? Dieu Tibétain du Terroir, Dieu Chinois de la Littérature ou de la Guerre? Un Problème d’Identité Divine en A mdo.” In Territory and Identity in Tibet and the Himalayas: PIATS 2000: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000. Buffetrille, Katia and Diemberger, Hildegard, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 135155.
Cabezón, José, ed. 2010. Tibetan Ritual. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cantwell, Catherine. 1997. “To Meditate upon Consciousness as Vajra: Ritual ‘Killing and Liberation’ in the Rnying-ma-pa Tradition.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Seventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Graz 1995. Eimer, Helmut, ed. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 107118.
Cantwell, Catherine 2005. “The Earth Ritual: Subjugation and Transformation of the Environment.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 7, pp. 421.
Cantwell, Catherine and Mayer, Robert. 2013. “Representations of Padmasambhava in Early Post-Imperial Tibet.” In Tibet after Empire: Culture, Society and Religion between 850–1000. Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, March 2011. Cüppers, Christoph, Mayer, Robert, and Walter, Michael, eds. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, pp. 1950.
Central Tibetan Secretariat Information Office, Tsering Tashi, and Tsepak Rinzin. 1992. “Nechung: The State Oracle of Tibet.” In Tibetan Bulletin, July/August, pp. 16–32.
Phuntsok, Chabpel Tseten. 1991. “The Deity Invocation Ritual and the Purification Rite of Incense Burning in Tibet.” Thubten K. Rikey, trans. In The Tibet Journal 16(3), pp. 327.
Chandra, Lokesh and Bunce, Fredrick W.. 2002. The Tibetan Iconography of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and Other Deities: A Unique Pantheon. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld.
Chandra, Raghu Vira and Chandra, Lokesh, eds. 19611972. A New Tibeto-Mongol Pantheon. Śata-piṭaka Series 21. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.
Childs, Geoff. 2004. Tibetan Diary: From Birth to Death and Beyond in a Himalayan Valley of Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rinpoche, Chime Radha. 1981. “Tibet.” In Oracles and Divination. Loewe, Michael and Blacker, Carmen, eds. Boulder: Shambhala Publications, pp. 337.
Conrad, Sara Marie. 2012. “Oral Accounts of the Sa skya ‘bag mo, Past and Present Voices of the Terrifying Witches of Sa skya.” Master’s thesis, Indiana University.
Cornu, Philippe. 1990. l’Astrologie Tibétaine. Paris: Collection Présences.
Cornu, Philippe 2002. Tibetan Astrology. Hamish Gregor, trans. Boston: Shambhala.
Craig, Sienna. 2012. Healing Elements: Efficacy and the Social Ecologies of Tibetan Medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cuevas, Bryan J. 2011. “Illustrations of Human Effigies in Tibetan Ritual Texts, with Remarks on Specific Anatomical Figures and Their Possible Iconographic Source.” In Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series) 21(1), pp. 7397.
Cuevas, Bryan J. 2015. The All-Pervading Melodious Drumbeat: The Life of Ra Lotsawa. New York: Penguin.
Cuevas, Bryan J. 2019. “The Politics of Magical Warfare.” In Faith and Empire: Art, Politics and Tibetan Buddhism. Debreczeny, Karl, ed. New York: Rubin Museum of Art, pp. 170189.
Dalton, Jacob. 2004. “The Early Development of the Padmasambhava Legend in Tibet: A Study of IOL Tib J 644 and Pelliot tibétain 307.” In Journal of the American Oriental Society 124(4), pp. 759772.
Dalton, Jacob 2005. “A Crisis of Doxography: How Tibetans Organized Tantra during the 8th–12th Centuries.” In the Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 28(1), pp. 115181.
Dalton, Jacob 2011. The Taming of the Demons: Violence and Liberation in Tibetan Buddhism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dalton, Jacob 2016. The Gathering of Intentions: A History of a Tibetan Tantra. New York: Columbia University Press.
Cairang, Danzang. 2009. “The ‘Spirit Mediums’ (Lha pa) of Reb gong in A mdo.” In Buddhism Beyond the Monastery: Tantric Practices and their Performers in Tibet and the Himalayas. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, vol. 12. Jacoby, Sarah and Terrone, Antonio, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 163188.
Dargyay, Eva. 1985. “The White and Red Rong-Btsan of Matho Monastery.” In Journal of the Tibet Society 5, pp. 5565.
Dargyay, Eva 1988. “Buddhism in Adaptation: Ancestor Gods and Their Tantric Counterparts in the Religious Life of Zanskar.” In History of Religions 28(2), pp. 123134.
Davidson, Ronald M. 2003. “Reflections on the Maheśvara subjugation myth: Indic materials, Sa-skya-pa apologetics, and the birth of Heruka.” In History of Tibet, vol. 2. McKay, Alex, ed. London: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 206232.
Davidson, Ronald M. 2005. Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
Day, Sophie. 1989. “Embodying Spirits: Village Oracles and Possession Ritual in Ladakh, North India.” Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science.
Day, Sophie 1990. “Ordering Spirits: The Initiation of Village Oracles in Ladakh.” In Wissenschaftsgeschichte und gegenwärtige Forschungen in Nordwest-Indien 9(3), pp. 206222.
Deane, Susannah. 2014. “Sowa Rigpa, Spirits and Biomedicine: Lay Tibetan Perspectives on Mental Illness and its Healing in a Medically-pluralistic Context in Darjeeling, Northeast India.” Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University.
Decleer, Hubert. 1978. “The Working of Sādhana: Vajrabhairava.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the First Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Zurich 1977. Brauen, Martin and Kvaerne, Per, eds. Zurich: Völkerkundemuseum der Universität Zürich, pp. 113123.
Denjongpa, Anna Balikci. 2002. “Kangchendzönga: Secular and Buddhist Perceptions of the Mountain Deity of Sikkim Among the Lhopos.” In Bulletin of Tibetology 38(2), pp. 537.
Diemberger, Hildegard. 1993. “Gangla Tshechu, Beyul Khenbalung: Pilgrimage to Hidden Valleys, Sacred Mountains and Springs of Life Water in Southern Tibet and Eastern Nepal.” In Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Anthropology of Tibet and the Himalaya; September 21–28, 1990, Zurich. Ramble, Charles and Brauen, Martin, eds. Druck: BuchsDruck, pp. 6072.
Diemberger, Hildegard 2005. “Female Oracles in Modern Tibet.” In Women in Tibet. Gyatso, Janet and Havnevik, Hanna, eds. New York: Columbia University Press.
Diemberger, Hildegard 2007. “Padmasambhava’s Unfinished Job: The Subjugation of Local Deities as Described in the dBa’ bzhed in Light of Contemporary Practices of Spirit Possession.” In Pramāṇakīrtiḥ: Papers Dedicated to Ernst Steinkellner on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday, Part 1. Kellner, Birgit, Krasser, Helmut, Lasic, Horst, Torsten Much, Michael, and Tauscher, Helmut, eds. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien, pp. 8593.
Diemberger, Hildegard and Hazod, Guntram. 1997. “Animal Sacrifices and Mountain Deities in Southern Tibet.” In Les Habitants du Toit du Monde: Études Recueillies en Hommage à Alexander W. Macdonald. Karmay, Samten and Sagant, Philippe, eds. Recherches sur la Haute Asie 12. Nanterre: Société d’Ethnologie, pp. 261281.
Gyal, Dobis Tsering. 2009. “Gzhung sa dga’ ldan pho brang chen po’i gzhung bsten chos skyong khag la dpyad pa”. In Contemporary Visions in Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the First International Seminar of Young Tibetologists. Dotson, Brandon, Gurung, Kalsang Norbu, Halkias, Georgios, and Myatt, Tim, eds. Chicago: Serindia Publications, pp. 343361.
Dorje, Gyurme. 2004. Footprint Tibet. 3rd ed. Bath: Footprint Travel Guides.
Dotson, Brandon. 2007. “Divination and Law in the Tibetan Empire: The Role of Dice in the Legislation of Loans, Interest, Marital Law and Troop Conscription.” In Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet. Kapstein, Matthew and Dotson, Brandon, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 377.
Dotson, Brandon 2012. “At the Behest of the Mountain: Gods, Clans and Political Topography in Post-Imperial Tibet.” In Old Tibetan Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Ronald E. Emmerick (1937–2001). PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003. Scherrer-Schaub, Cristina A., ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 157202.
Dotson, Brandon 2015. “The Call of the Cuckoo to the Thin Sheep of Spring: Healing and Fortune in Old Tibetan Dice Divination Texts.” In Tibetan and Himalayan Healing: An Anthology for Anthony Aris. Ramble, Charles and Roesler, Ulrike, eds. Kathmandu: Vajra Publications, pp. 148160.
Dotson, Brandon 2017. “On ‘Personal Protective Deities’ (’go ba’i lha) and the Old Tibetan Verb ’go.” In Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 80(3), pp. 525545.
Dotson, Brandon 2018. “Divination and Buddhism in Tibet.” 2018 Khyentse Lecture. Center for Buddhist Studies, University of California, Berkeley, CA, August 2, 2018. www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTNpvPMOgCE&-feature=youtu.be
Douglas, Kenneth and Bays, Gwendolyn, trans. 1978. The Life and Liberation of Padmasambhava, 2 vols. Berkeley: Dharma Publishing.
Dowman, Keith. 1988. The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim’s Guide. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Dpal-ldan-bkra-shis, Kevin Stuart, . 1998. “Perilous Novelties: The A-mdo Tibetan klu-rol Festival in Gling-rgyal Village.” In Anthropos 93, pp. 3153.
Dreyfus, Georges. 1998. “The Shuk-den Affair: History and Nature of a Quarrel.” In Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 21(2), pp. 227270.
Ehrhard, Franz-Karl. 2003. “Political and Ritual Aspects of the Search for Himalayan Sacred Lands.” In History of Tibet, vol. 2. McKay, Alex, ed. London: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 659674.
Ekvall, Robert. 1963. “Some Aspects of Divination in Tibetan Society.” In Ethnology 2(1), pp. 3139.
Farkas, János, and Szabó, Tibor. 2002. Die Bilderwelt der tibetisch-mongolischen Dämonen; The Pictorial World of the Tibeto-Mongolian Demons. Budapest: Mandala & LibroTrade.
Faure, Bernard. 2016. Gods of Medieval Japan, Volume 1: The Fluid Pantheon. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
FitzHerbert, Solomon George. 2015. “On the Tibetan Ge-sar Epic in the Late 18th Century: Sum-pa mkhan-po’s Letters to the 6th Paṇ-chen Lama.” In Études Mongoles et Sibériennes, Centrasiatiques et Tibétaines 46. https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/2602.
Forgues, Grégory. 2017. “Invoquer le Dgra lha. Rituels Propitiatoires Adressés à Gesar dans la Tradition Ris med du XIXᵉ siècle: Vue d’Ensemble et Étude de Cas.” In Musique et Épopée en Haute-Asie: Mélanges offerts à Mireille Helffer à l’Occasion de Son 90ᵉ Anniversaire. Buffetrille, Katia and Henrion-Dourcy, Isabelle, eds. Paris: l’Asiathèque Maison des Langues du Monde, pp. 151169.
Francke, A. H. 1930. “gZer Myig, i.e. Rays from the Eyes of the Svastika, a Precious Summary of the World. Book VI. Translated from the Tibetan.” In Asia Major, (New Series) vol. 5, pp. 140.
Frankfurter, David. 2012. “Introduction.” In Archiv für Religionsgeschichte 14, pp. 18.
Gentry, James. 2010. “Representations of Efficacy: The Ritual Expulsion of Mongol Armies in the Consolidation and Expansion of the Tsang (Gtsang) Dynasty.” In Tibetan Ritual. Cabezón, José Ignacio, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 131163.
Gentry, James 2017. Power Objects in Tibetan Buddhism: The Life, Writings, and Legacy of Sokdokpa Lodrö Gyeltsen. Leiden: Brill.
Gerke, Barbara. 2007. “Engaging the Subtle Body: Re-Approaching bla Rituals in the Himalayas,” In Soundings in Tibetan Medicine; Anthropological and Historical Perspectives: PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003. Schrempf, Mona, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 193214.
Germano, David and Gyatso, Janet. 2000. “Longchenpa and the Possession of the Ḍākinīs.” In Tantra in Practice. Princeton Readings in Religions Series. White, David Gordon, ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 241265.
Germano, David and Tournadre, Nicolas. 2003. “THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan.” In The Tibetan and Himalayan Library. www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/#!essay=/thl/phonetics/.
Getty, Alice. [1914] 1962. The Gods of Northern Buddhism: Their History, Iconography and Progressive Evolution through the Northern Buddhist Countries. Rutland: Charles E. Tuttle Company.
Gibson, Todd Allen. 1985. “Dgra-lha: A Re-Examination.” In Journal of the Tibet Society 5, pp. 6772.
Gibson, Todd Allen. 1991. “From btsanpo to btsan: The Demonization of the Tibetan Sacral Kingship.” Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
Grenet, Franz. 2000. “Avatars de Vaiśravaṇa: les Étapes Sogdienne et Tibétaine,” In La Sérinde, Terre d’Échanges: Art, Religion, Commerce du ler au Xe Siècle. Cohen, Monique, Drège, Jean-Pierre, and Giès, Jacques, eds. Paris: La Documentation Française, pp. 169179.
Grizman, Guy. 2016. “The Sādhanic Sector: Narratives on the Origination and Transmission of the bKa’-brgyad Cycle of Tantric Teachings in India and Tibet.” Paper presented at the 14th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Bergen, Norway. Unpublished.
Guidoni, Rachel. 1998. “l’Ancienne Cérémonie d’État du Glud.’gong rgyal.po à Lhasa.” Master’s thesis, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense.
Gutschow, Niels, and Ramble, Charles. 2003. “Up and Down, Inside and Outside: Notions of Space and Territory in Tibetan Villages of Mustang, Nepal.” In Sacred Landscape in the Himalaya. Gutschow, Niels, Michaels, Axel, Ramble, Charles, and Steinkellner, Ernst, eds. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 137176.
Gyaltsen, Sakyapa Sonam. 1996. The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet’s Golden Age. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications.
Gyatso, Janet. 1987. “Down with the Demoness: Reflections on a Feminine Ground in Tibet.” In The Tibet Journal 12(4), pp. 3853.
Gyatso, Janet 1997. “An Avalokiteśvara Sādhana.” In Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton Readings in Religions. Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 266270.
Gyatso, Janet 2015. Being Human in a Buddhist World: An Intellectual History of Medicine in Early Modern Tibet. New York: Columbia University Press.
yung ’brug, G and Rin chen, rdo rje. 2011. “Dmu rdo: A Powerful Hero and Mountain Deity.” In Asian Highlands Perspectives 10, pp. 7398.
Haarh, Erik. 1969. The Yar-luṅ Dynasty. Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad’s Forlag.
Hao, Wangdui and Hao, Xiao. 1992. “Between God and Human Beings: A Visit to Sorceress Losang Zizen.” In China’s Tibet 3(1), pp. 3240.
Harper, Donald. 1985. “A Chinese Demonography of the Third Century BC.” In Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 45(2), pp. 459498.
Havnevik, Hanna. 2002. “A Tibetan Female State Oracle.” In Religion and Secular Culture in Tibet; Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000. Blezer, Henk, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 259287.
Heller, Amy. 1985. “An Early Tibetan Ritual: Rkyal ’bud.” In Soundings in Tibetan Civilization. Aziz, Barbara and Kapstein, Matthew, eds. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, pp. 257267.
Heller, Amy 1988. “Early Textual Sources for the Cult of Beg-ce.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 4th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Schloss Hohenkammer – Munich 1985. Uebach, Helga and Panglung, Jampa L., eds. Munich: Kommission für Zentralasiatische Studien Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 185195.
Heller, Amy 1990. “Remarques Préliminaires sur les Divinités Protectrices Srung-ma dmar-nag du Potala.” In Tibet, Civilisation et Société. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, pp. 1927 and plates.
Heller, Amy 1992a. “Historic and Iconographic Aspects of the Protective Deities Srung-ma dmar-nag.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 5th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Narita 1989, vol 2. Shōren, Ihara and Zuihō, Yamaguchi, eds. Tokyo: Naritasan Shinshoji, pp. 479492.
Heller, Amy 1992b. “Etude sur le développement de l’iconographie et du culte de Beg-tse, divinité protectrice tibétaine.” Paris: Diplôme de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études.
Heller, Amy 1996. “Mongolian Mountain Deities and Local Gods: Examples of Rituals for their Worship in Tibetan Language.” In Reflections of the Mountain: Essays on the History and Social Meaning of the Mountain Cult in Tibet and the Himalaya. Blondeau, Anne-Marie and Steinkellner, Ernst, eds. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 133140.
Heller, Amy 1997. “Notes on the Symbol of the Scorpion in Tibet.” In Les Habitants du Toit du Monde, Études Recueillies en Hommage à Alexander W. Macdonald. Karmay, Samten and Sagant, Philippe, eds. Nanterre: Société d’Ethnologie, pp. 283297.
Heller, Amy 2001. “On the Development of the Iconography of Acala and Vighnāntaka in Tibet.” In Embodying Wisdom: Art, Text and Interpretation in the History of Esoteric Buddhism. Linrothe, Rob and Sørensen, Henrik H., eds. Copenhagen: Seminar for Buddhist Studies, pp. 209228.
Heller, Amy 2003. “The Great Protector Deities of the Dalai Lamas.” In Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas. Pommaret, Françoise, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 8198.
Heller, Amy 2006. “Armor and Weapons in the Iconography of Tibetan Buddhist Deities.” In Warriors of the Himalayas: Rediscovering the Arms and Armor of Tibet. LaRocca, Donald J, ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 3441.
Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. 19921993. “Dakinis in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism: Some Results of Recent Research.” In Studies in Central and East Asian Religions 5–6, pp. 4563.
Hill, Nathan. 2015. “The sku bla Rite in Imperial Tibetan Religion.” In Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 24, pp. 4958.
Hirshberg, Daniel. 2016. Remembering the Lotus-Born: Padmasambhava in the History of Tibet’s Golden Age. Somerville: Wisdom Publications.
Huber, Toni. 1999a. The Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain: Popular Pilgrimage and Visionary Landscape in Southeast Tibet. New York: Oxford University Press.
Huber, Toni ed. 1999b. Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
Huber, Toni 2013. “The Iconography of gShen Priests in the Ethnographic Context of the Extended Eastern Himalayas, and Reflections on the Development of Bon Religion.” In Nepalica-Tibetica: Festgabe for Christoph Cüppers, vol. 1. Ehrhard, Franz-Karl and Petra, Maurer, eds. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, pp. 263294.
Hummel, Siegbert. 1962. “Pe-har.” In East and West 13(4), pp. 313316.
Imaeda, Yoshiro. 1973. “Une Note sur le Rite du Glud-’goṅ Rgyal-po d’Après les Sources Chinoises.” In Journal Asiatique 266, pp. 333339.
Jackson, Roger. 1997. “A Fasting Ritual.” In Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton Readings in Religions. Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 271292.
Joffe, Ben. 2016. “Demon Directories: On Listing and Living with Tibetan Worldly Spirits.” A Perfumed Skull: Anthropology, Esotericism, and Notes on the Numinous. Personal Blog. https://perfumedskull.com/2016/06/05/demon-directories-on-listing-and-living-with-tibetan-worldly-spirits/
Jovic, Nika. 2010. “The Cult of the ’Go ba’i lha lnga: A Study with Pictorial and Written Material of the Five Personal Protective Deities.” Master’s thesis, University of Vienna.
Kapstein, Matthew. 1992. “Remarks on the Maṇi Bka’-’bum and the Cult of Āvalokiteśvara in Tibet.” In Tibetan Buddhism: Reason and Revelation. Goodman, Steven and Davidson, Ronald, eds. Albandy: SUNY, pp. 7993.
Kapstein, Matthew 1997. “The Royal Way of Supreme Compassion.” In Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton Readings in Religions Series. Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 6977.
Kapstein, Matthew 2000. The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversation, Contestation, and Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chagmed, Karma. 1982. “The Mirror of Tibetan Omens and Superstitions.” Norbu Chophel, trans. In Tibet Journal 7(4), pp. 8693.
Karmay, Samten G. 1988. Secret Visions of the Fifth Dalai Lama: The Gold Manuscript in the Fournier Collection. London: Serindia Publications.
Karmay, Samten G. 1998a. “The Appearance of the Little Black-headed Man.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 245281.
Karmay, Samten G. 1998b. “The Origin Myths of the First King of Tibet as Revealed in the Can Lnga.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 282309.
Karmay, Samten G. 1998c. “The Soul and the Turquoise: a Ritual for Recalling the bla.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 310338.
Karmay, Samten G. 1998d. “The Man and the Ox: A Ritual for Offering the glud.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 339379.
Karmay, Samten G. 1998e. “The Local Deities and the Juniper Tree: a Ritual for Purification (bsang).” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 380412.
Karmay, Samten G. 1998f. “The Wind-horse and the Well-being of Man.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 413422.
Karmay, Samten G. 1998g. “Mountain Cult and National Identity.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 423431.
Karmay, Samten G. 1998h. “The Cult of Mountain Deities and its Political Significance.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 432450.
Karmay, Samten G. 1998i. “The Cult of Mount dMu-rdo in rGyal-rong.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 451462.
Karmay, Samten G. 2003. “Une note sur l’origine du concept des huit catégories d’esprits.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 2, pp. 6780.
Karmay, Samten G. 2004. “A Comparative Study of the yul lha Cult in Two Areas and its Cosmological Aspects.” In New Horizons in Bon Studies. Karmay, Samten G. and Nagano, Yasuhiko, eds. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, pp. 383413.
Karmay, Samten G. 2010. “Tibetan Indigenous Myths and Rituals with Reference to the Ancient Bön Text: The Nyenbum (Gnyan’bum),” In Tibetan Ritual. Cabezón, José, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 5368.
Kelényi, Béla, ed. 2003. Demons and Protectors: Folk Religion in Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhism. Budapest: Ferenc Hopp Museum of Eastern Asiatic Art.
Kelényi, Béla 2012. “The Representation of Astrological Knowledge in the Cult of the Tibetan Prayer Flag.” In Figurations of Time in Asia. Morphomata 4. Boschung, Dietrich and Wessels-Mevissen, Corinna, eds. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Publishing, pp. 193203.
Kelley, Glen. 1993. Nechung, Tsang pa, Ghadong, Youdronma: Some Research on Four Tibetan Oracles and Their Deities. Brattleboro: Independent Study Project. School for International Training.
Kirkland, J. Russell. 1982. “The Spirit of the Mountain: Myth and State in Pre-Buddhist Tibet.” In History of Religions 21(3), pp. 257271.
Kohn, Richard. 1997. “An Offering of Torma.” In Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton Readings in Religions. Lopez, Donald S., ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 255265.
Kohn, Richard 2001. Lord of the Dance: The Mani Rimdu Festival in Tibet and Nepal. Albany: SUNY Press.
Kornman, Robin, Khandro, Sangye, and Chönam, Lama, trans. 2015. The Epic of Gesar of Ling: Gesar’s Magical Birth, Early Years, and Coronation as King. Boston: Shambhala.
Kotyk, Jeffrey. 2017. “Buddhist Astrology and Astral Magic in the Tang Dynasty.” Doctoral dissertation, Leiden University.
Kvaerne, Per. 1990. “A Preliminary Study of the Bonpo Deity Khro-bo Gtso-mchog Mkha’-’gying.” In Reflections on Tibetan Culture: Essays in Memory of Turrell V. Wylie. Studies in Asian Thought and Religion 12. Epstein, Lawrence and Sherburne, Richard, eds. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, pp. 117125.
Kvaerne, Per 1996. The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition. Boston: Shambhala.
Kvaerne, Per 2007. “Bonpo Tantric Deities,” In Bon: The Magic Word, The Indigenous Religion of Tibet. Karmay, Samten G. and Watt, Jeff, eds. New York: Rubin Museum of Art, pp. 165180.
Kalsang, Ladrang. 1996. The Guardian Deities of Tibet. Pema Thinley, trans. Dharamsala: Little Lhasa Publications.
Laufer, Berthold. 1914. “Bird Divination among the Tibetans (Notes on Document Pelliot No.3530, with a Study of Tibetan Phonology of the Ninth Century).” In T’oung Pao 15, pp. 1110.
Shen-Yu., Lin 2013. “The Fifteen Great Demons of Children.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 26, pp. 533.
Lincoln, Bruce. 2012. Gods and Demons, Priests and Scholars: Critical Explorations in the History of Religions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Linrothe, Rob and Watt, Jeff. Demonic Divine: Himalayan Art and Beyond. Chicago: Serindia Publications.
Lohia, Sushama. 1994. Lalitavajra’s Manual of Buddhist Iconography. Śata-Piṭaka Series: Indo-Asian Literatures, vol. 379. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
Jamspal, Lozang. 2006. “The Gonkhang, Temple of the Guardian Deities.” In Warriors of the Himalayas: Rediscovering the Arms and Armor of Tibet. LaRocca, Donald J., ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 4349.
Lucarelli, Rita. 2013. “Towards a Comparative Approach to Demonology in Antiquity: The Case of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.” In Archiv für Religionsgeschichte 14, pp. 1125.
Macdonald, Alexander. W. 1967. Matériaux pour l’Étude de la Littérature Populaire Tibétaine. 2 vols. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Macdonald, Ariane. 1971. “Une lecture des Pelliot Tibétain 1286, 1287, 1038, 1047, et 1290: Essai sur la formation et l’emploi des mythes politiques dans la religion royale de Sroṅ-bcan sgam-po.” In Études Tibétaines Dédiées à la Mémoire de Marcelle Lalou. Maisonneuve, Adrien, ed. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient, pp. 190391.
Macdonald, Ariane 1978a. “Le culte de Pehar et de Ci’u dmar-po dans la tradition écrite et orale. Histoire du monastère de Gnas-chung et de ses médiums (suite),” “Histoire et philologie tibétaines” (conférences 1976–1977). In Annuaire de l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, pp. 11391145.
Macdonald, Ariane 1978b. “Les rivalités politiques et religieuses centrées sur Samye au XVIe siècle. La lignée spirituelle du Ve Dalai-Lama dans la littérature, dans l’histoire, et dans l’art.” “Histoire et philologie tibétaines” (conférences 1977–1978). In Annuaire de l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, pp. 10231030.
Makley, Charlene. 2018. The Battle for Fortune: State-led Development, Personhood, and Power Among Tibetans in China. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Marko, Ann. 2003. “Civilising Woman the Demon: A Tibetan Myth of State.” In History of Tibet, vol. 1. Alex, McKay, ed. London: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 322335.
Martin, Dan. 1996a. “The Star King and the Four Children of Pehar: Popular Religious Movements of 11th-to 12th-century Tibet.” In Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 49(1–2), pp. 171195.
Martin, Dan 1996b. “Lay Religious Movements in 11th- and 12th-Century Tibet: A Survey of Sources.” In Kailash 18(3–4), pp. 2355.
Martin du Gard, Irène. 1971. “Génies et Démons au Tibet.” In Génies, Anges et Démons. Sources Orientales 8. Leibovici, Marcel, ed. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, pp. 383402.
Maurer, Petra. 2009. “Sa Bdag and Tortoise: A Survey of the Tradition of Geomancy in Ladakh.” In Mountains, Monasteries and Mosques: Recent Research on Ladakh and the Western Himalaya. Proceedings of the 13th Colloquium of the International Association for Ladakh Studies. Bray, John and Filibeck, Elena de Rossi, eds. Pisa: Fabrizio Serra Editore, pp. 209219.
Maurer, Petra, Rossi, Donatella, and Scheuermann, Rolf, eds. 2020. Glimpses of Tibetan Divination: Past and Present. Leiden: Brill.
Mayer, Robert. 1996. A Scripture of the Ancient Tantra Collection: The Phur-pa bcu-gnyis. Oxford: Kiscadale.
Mayer, Robert 1998. “The Figure of Maheśvara/Rudra in the rÑiṅ-ma-pa Tantric Tradition,” In Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 21(2), pp. 271310.
McCune, Lindsay. 2007. “Tales of Intrigue from Tibet’s Holy City: The Historical Underpinnings of a Modern Buddhist Crisis.” Master’s thesis, Florida State University.
McGrath, William A. 2017. “Vessel Examination in the Medicine of the Moon King.” In Buddhism and Medicine: An Anthology of Premodern Sources. Salguero, C. Pierce, ed. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 501513.
Mikles, Natasha. 2016. “Buddhicizing the Warrior-King Gesar in the dMyal gling rDzogs pa Chen po.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 37, pp. 231246.
Miller, Robert. 1998. “‘The Supine Demoness’ (Srin mo) and the Consolidation of Empire.” In The Tibet Journal 23(3), pp. 322.
Mills, Martin. 2003. Identity, Ritual, and State in Tibetan Buddhism: The Foundations of Authority in Gelukpa Monasticism. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Mills, Martin 2007. “Re-Assessing the Supine Demoness: Royal Buddhist Geomancy in the Srong btsan sgam po Mythology.” In Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies 3, pp. 147.
Mitra, Mallar. 1999. “Goddess Vajravarahi: An Iconographical Study.” In Tantric Buddhism: Centennial Tribute to Dr. Benoytosh Bhattacharyya. Bhattacharyya, N. N. and Ghosh, Amartya, eds. New Delhi: Manohar, pp. 102129.
Mori, Masahide. 2004. “The Bon Deities Depicted in the Wall Paintings in the Bon-brgya Monastery.” In New Horizons in Bon Studies. Karmay, Samten G. and Nagano, Yasuhiko, eds. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, pp. 509549.
Mortensen, Eric. 2003. “Raven Augury in Tibet, Northwest Yunnan, Inner Asia, and Circumpolar Regions.” Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
Muldowney, Kristen. 2011. “Outward Beauty, Hidden Wrath: An Exploration of the Drikung Kagyü Dharma Protectress Achi Chökyi Drölma.” Master’s thesis, Florida State University.
Mumford, Stan. 1989. Himalayan Dialogue: Tibetan Lamas and Gurung Shamans in Nepal. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Nagano, Sadako. 2004. “Sacrifice and lha pa in the glu rol Festival of Reb-skong.” In New Horizons in Bon Studies. Karmay, Samten G and Nagano, Yasuhiko, eds. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, pp. 567649.
Nair, Urmila. 2004. “The Sociological Inflection of Ontology: A Study of the Multiple Ontological Statuses of a Tibetan Buddhist Protective Deity.” Master’s thesis, University of Chicago.
Nair, Urmila 2010. “When the Sun’s Rays are as Shadows: The Nechung Rituals and the Politics of Spectacle in Tibetan Exile.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
Norbu, Namkhai. 1995. Drung, Deu and Bön: Narrations, symbolic languages and the Bön tradition in ancient Tibet. Andrew Lukianowicz, trans. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
Narayanan, Kumar. 2003. “Between Worlds: Guardians in Tibet as Agents of Transformation.” In Perspectives 4(3), pp. 4562.
Nebesky-Wojkowitz, René de. 1956. Where the Gods are Mountains. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Nebesky-Wojkowitz, René de 1976. Tibetan Religious Dances: Tibetan Text and Annotated Translation of the ’Chams Yig. Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von, ed. The Hague: Mouton.
Nebesky-Wojkowitz, René de [1956] 1998. Oracles and Demons of Tibet: The Cult and Iconography of the Tibetan Protective Deities. New Delhi: Paljor Publications.
Nebesky-Wojkowitz, René de, and Gorer, Geoffrey. 19501951. “The Use of Thread-Crosses in Lepcha Lamaist Ceremonies,” In The Eastern Anthropologist 4(2), pp. 6587.
Nielsen, Solvej. 2018. “Tibetan Buddhist Divination: The Genre and its Concepts of Fortune and Causality.” Master’s thesis, University of Copenhagen.
Niermann, Kristina. 2008. “Menschen und lokale Gottheiten (lu) im buddhistischen Ladakh: Tabus, Krankheit und Heilung im Alltag.” Master’s thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Nishida, Ai. 2013. “Bird Divination in Old Tibetan Texts.” In Current Issues and Progress in Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Third International Seminar of Young Tibetologists, Kobe 2012.” Takeuchi, Tsuguhito, Iwao, Kazushi, Nishida, Ai, Kumagai, Seiji, and Yamamoto, Meishi, eds. Kobe: Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, pp. 317341.
Nishida, Ai 2016. “Old Tibetan Scapulimancy,” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 37, pp. 262277.
Orofino, Giacomella. 1994. “Divination with Mirrors: Observations on a Simile Found in the Kālacakra Literature,” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Fagernes 1992, vol. 2. Kvaerne, Per, ed. Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, pp. 612628.
Parfionovitch, Yuri, Meyer, Fernand, and Dorje, Gyurme, eds. 1992. Tibetan Medical Paintings: Illustrations to the Blue Beryl treatise of Sangye Gyatso (1653–1705), 2 vols. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
Penick, Douglas. 1996. The Warrior Song of King Gesar. Somerville: Wisdom Publications.
Peter, Prince of Greece and Denmark. 1978a. “Tibetan Oracles in Dharamsala.” In Proceedings of the Csoma de Körös Memorial Symposium. Ligeti, Louis, ed. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, pp. 327334.
Peter, Prince of Greece and Denmark 1978b. “Tibetan Oracles.” In Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface. Hague: Moulon, pp. 287298.
Pommaret, Françoise. 1994. “Les Fêtes aux Divinités-Montagnes Phyva au Bhoutan de l’Est.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, vol. 2. Kvaerne, Per, ed. Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, pp. 660669.
Pommaret, Françoise 1996. “On Local and Mountain Deities in Bhutan.” In Reflections of the Mountain: Essays on the History and Social Meaning of the Mountain Cult in Tibet and the Himalaya. Blondeau, Anne-Marie and Steinkellner, Ernst, eds. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 3956.
Pommaret, Françoise 2003a. “Etres Soumis, Etres Protecteurs: Padmasambhava et les Huit Categories de Dieux et Demons au Bhoutan.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 2, pp. 4066.
Pommaret, Françoise ed. 2003b. Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas. Howard Solverson, trans. Leiden: Brill.
Pommaret, Françoise 2007. “Estate and Deities: a Ritual from Central Bhutan. The Bskang gso of O rgyan chos gling.” In Bhutan: Traditions and Changes. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, vol. 5. Ardussi, John and Pommaret, Françoise, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 135158.
Ramble, Charles. 1996. “Patterns of Places.” In Reflections of the Mountain: Essays on the History and Social Meaning of the Mountain Cult in Tibet and the Himalaya. Blondeau, Anne-Marie and Steinkellner, Ernst, eds. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 141153.
Ramble, Charles 2008. The Navel of the Demoness: Tibetan Buddhism and Civil Religion in Highland Nepal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ramble, Charles 2015. “Trouble with Vampires: Or, How the Layout of This Book Came to be Done.” In Tibetan and Himalayan Healing: An Anthology for Anthony Aris. Ramble, Charles and Roesler, Ulrike, eds. Kathmandu: Vajra Books, pp. 555570.
Ramble, Charles 2017. “From ‘Greatest Leaders’ to ‘Gnomes’: The Decline of Tibetan Vampires and the Rituals for their Subjugation.” Paper presented at the Deities, Spirits and Demons in Vernacular Beliefs and Rituals in Asia Conference, University of Tartu, Estonia. Unpublished.
Wiki, Rangjung Yeshe. 2018. Dharma Dictionary: Bod skad dang dbyin skad tshal mdzod thabs shes ldan pa; Tibetan-English Dictionary, Dharma Glossaries, and Resources. http://rywiki.tsadra.org/.
Reb gong pa Mkhar rtse rgyal. 2009. ’Jig rten mchod bstod: Mdo smad reb gong yul gyi drug pa’i lha zla chen mo’i mchod pa dang ’brel ba’i dmangs srol rig gnas lo rgyus skor gyi zhib ’jug. Beijing: Krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang.
Reinhart, Johan. 1978. “Khenbalung: The Hidden Valley.” In Kailash 6(1), pp. 535.
Ricca, Franco. 1999. Il Tempio Oracolare di Gnas-chuṅ: Gli dei del Tibet più Magico e Segreto. Orientalia 8. Torino: Edizioni dell’Orso.
Ricca, Franco, and Fournier, Lionel. 1996. “Notes Concerning the Mgon-khaṅ of Źwa-lu.” In Artibus Asiae 56(3/4), pp. 343363.
Richardson, Hugh. 1993. Ceremonies of the Lhasa Year. London: Serindia Publications.
Richardson, Hugh 1998. “The Cult of Vairocana in Early Tibet.” In High Peaks, Pure Earth: Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture. London: Serindia Publications, pp. 177181.
Rock, Joseph F. 1935. “Sungmas, the Living Oracles of the Tibetan Church.” In National Geographic Magazine 68, pp. 475486.
Rock, Joseph F. 1959. “Contributions to the Shamanism of the Tibetan-Chinese Borderland.” In Anthropos 54, pp. 796818.
Ruegg, David. 2008. The Symbiosis of Buddhism with Brahmanism/Hinduism in South Asia and of Buddhism with ‘Local Cults’ in Tibet and the Himalayan Region. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Samuel, Geoffrey. 1993. Civilized Shamans. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Samuel, Geoffrey 1995. “Gesar Epic of East Tibet.” In Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre. Cabezon, Jose Ignacio, ed. Boston: Snow Lion, pp. 358367.
Samuel, Geoffrey 2007. “Spirit Causation and Illness in Tibetan Medicine.” In Soundings in Tibetan Medicine: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, vol. 10. Schrempf, Mona, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 213224.
Samuel, Geoffrey 2010. “Healing, Efficacy and the Spirits.” In Journal of Ritual Studies 24(2), pp. 720.
Samuel, Geoffrey 2017. “Dancers in the Temple: Reflections on Tibetan Ritual and Ritual Dance.” In Musique et Épopée en Haute-Asie: Mélanges offerts à Mireille Helffer à l’Occasion de Son 90ᵉ Anniversaire. Buffetrille, Katia and Henrion-Dourcy, Isabelle, eds. Paris: l’Asiathèque Maison des Langues du Monde, pp. 173190.
Sardar-Afkhami, Abdol-Hamid. 1996. “An Account of Padma-bkod: A Hidden Land in Southeastern Tibet.” In Kailash 18(3–4), pp. 121.
Sardar-Afkhami, Abdol-Hamid 2001. “The Buddha’s Secret Gardens: End Times and Hidden-lands in Tibetan Imagination.” Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
Sárközi, Alice. 2012. “The Fifteen Demons Causing Child-Disease.” In Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 65(2), pp. 223234.
Schenk, Amelia. 1993. “Inducing Trance: On the Training of Ladakhi Oracle Healers.” In Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Anthropology of Tibet and the Himalaya; September 21–28, 1990, Zurich. Ramble, Charles and Brauen, Martin, eds. Druck: BuchsDruck, pp. 331342.
Schuh, Dieter. 2012. “Erdherrengeister (sa-bdag).” In Tibet-Encyclopaedia. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. www.tibet-encyclopaedia.de/erdherren-sa-bdag.html
Schuh, Dieter 2013. “Zwischen Grossreich und Phyi-dar: Eine dunkle, kulturlose Zeit? Das Beispiel des Lehrsystems von sinotibetischen Divinationskalkulationen (nag-rtsis), Geomantie (sa-dpyad), gTo-Ritualen und Erdherrengeistern (sa-bdag).” In Tibet after Empire: Culture, Society and Religion between 850–1000: Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, March 2011. Cüppers, Christoph, Mayer, Robert, and Walter, Michael, eds. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, pp. 313342.
Sidky, Homayun. 2011. “The State Oracle of Tibet, Spirit Possession, and Shamanism.” In Numen 58, pp. 7199.
Sihlé, Nicolas. 2002. “Lhachö [Lha mchod] and Hrinän [Sri gnon]: The Structure and Diachrony of a Pair of Rituals (Baragaon, Northern Nepal).” In Religion and Secular Culture in Tibet: Tibetan Studies II. Blezer, Henk, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 185206.
Sihlé, Nicolas 2013. Rituels Bouddhiques de Pouvoir et de Violence: la Figure du Tantriste Tibétain. Belgium: Brepols.
Simmer-Brown, Judith. 2001. Dakini’s Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism. Boston: Shambhala.
Skorupski, Tadeusz. 1997. “In Praise of the Ḍākinīs.” In Les Habitants du Toit du Monde: Études Recueillies en Hommage à Alexander W. Macdonald. Karmay, Samten and Sagant, Philippe, eds. Recherches sur la Haute Asie 12. Nanterre: Société d’Ethnologie, pp. 309324.
Smith, Alexander, 2015. “Prognostic Structure and the Use of Trumps in Tibetan Pebble Divination.” In Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 10(1), pp. 121.
Smith, Frederick M. 2006. The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature and Civilization. New York: Columbia University Press.
Smith, Jonathan Z. 1978. “Towards Interpreting Demonic Powers in Hellenistic and Roman Antiquity.” In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römishen Welt II, 16(1), pp. 425439.
Sneath, David. 2007. “Ritual Idioms and Spatial Orders: Comparing the Rites for Mongolian and Tibetan ‘Local Deities’.” In The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, vol. 9. Bulag, Uradyn E. and Diemberger, Hildegard, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 135158.
Snellgrove, David. 1967. The Nine Ways of Bon. London: Oxford University Press.
Snellgrove, David [1987] 2002. Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. Boston: Shambhala.
Sobisch, Jan-Ulrich, and Nielsen, Solvej. 2019. Divining with Achi and Tārā: Comparative Remarks on Tibetan Dice and Mālā Divination: Tools, Poetry, Structures, and Ritual Dimensions. Leiden: Brill.
Sørensen, Per. 1994. Tibetan Buddhist Historiography: The Mirror Illuminating the Royal Genealogies. An Annotated Translation of the XIVth Century Tibetan Chronicle: rGyal-rabs gsal-ba’i me-long. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Publishing.
Sørensen, Per K., Hazod, Guntram, and Gyalbo, Tsering. 2000. Civilization at the Foot of Mount Sham-po: The Royal House of lHa Bug-pa-can and the History of g.Ya’-bzang. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Sørensen, Per K., Hazod, Guntram, and Gyalbo, Tsering 2005. Thundering Falcon: An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-’brug Tibet’s First Buddhist Temple. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Stein, Rolf A. 1939. “Trente-Trois Fiches de Divination Tibetaines,” In Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4 (3/4), pp. 297371.
Stein, Rolf A. 1959. Recherches sur l’Épopée et le Barde du Tibet. Bibliothèque de l’Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises 13. Paris: Presses Universitaires.
Stein, Rolf A. 1995. “La Soumission de Rudra et Autres Contes Tantriques,” In Journal Asiatique 283(1), pp. 121160.
Stoddard, Heather. 1997. “The Nine Brothers of the White High. Mi-nyag and ‘King’ Pe-dkar Revisited.” In Les Habitants du Toit du Monde: Études Recueillies en Hommage à Alexander W. Macdonald. Karmay, Samten and Sagant, Philippe, eds. Recherches sur la Haute Asie 12. Nanterre: Société d’Ethnologie, pp. 75109.
Stuart, Kevin, Banmadorji, , and Huangchojia, . 1995. “Mountain Gods and Trance Mediums: A Qinghai Tibetan Summer Festival.” In Asian Folklore Studies 54(2), pp. 219237.
Stuart, Kevin and Dpal-ldan-bkra-shis, . 1998. “Perilous Novelties: The A-mdo Tibetan klu-rol Festival in Gling-rgyal Village.” In Anthropos 93, pp. 3153.
Sutherland, Gail Hinich. 1991. The Disguises of the Demon: The Development of the Yakṣa in Hinduism and Buddhism. Albany: SUNY Press.
Tenzin, Khempo Sangyay and Oleshey, Gomchen. 1975. “The Nyingma Icons: A Collection of Line Drawings of 94 Deities and Divinities of Tibet.” In Kailash 3(4), pp. 319416.
Samphel, Tenzin. 2008. “Les bKa’ Brgyad – Sources Canoniques et Tradition de Nyang ral Nyi ma ’Od zer.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 15, pp. 251274.
Tewari, Ramesh Chandra. 1987. “Pre-Buddhist Elements in Himalayan Buddhism: The Institution of the Oracles.” In The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10(1), pp. 135155.
Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences, ed. 2009. Dpal ldan ’bras spungs dgon gyi dkar chag dri med dwangs gsal shel gyi me long. Beijing: Krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang.
Toussaint, Gustave-Charles. 1933. Le Dict de Padma: Padma thang yig, Ms. de Lithang. Paris: Librarie Ernest Leroux.
Tucci, Giuseppe. 1965. “The Tibetan Tradition of Geography.” In Bulletin of Tibetology 2(1), pp. 1725.
Tucci, Giuseppe [1949] 1999. Tibetan Painted Scrolls, 3 vols. Bangkok: SDI Publications.
Pelgen, Ugyen. 2007. “Rituals and Pilgrimage Devoted to Aum Jo mo Re ma ti by the ’Brog pas of Me rag of Eastern Bhutan.” In Bhutan: Traditions and Changes. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, vol. 5. Ardussi, John and Pommaret, Françoise, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 121134.
Vargas-O’Bryan, Ivette. 2013. “Falling Rain, Reigning Power in Reptilian Affairs: The Balancing of Religion and the Environment,” In Charming Beauties and Frightful Beasts: Non-Human Animals in South Asian Myth, Ritual and Folklore. Ferrari, Fabrizio M. and Dähnhardt, Thomas, eds. Sheffield: Equinox, pp. 99114.
von Glahn, Richard. 2004. The Sinister Way: The Divine and the Demonic in Chinese Religious Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Waddell, L. A. 1895. “The Tibetan House-Demon.” In Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 24, pp. 3941.
Waddell, L. A. [1893] 1973. Lamaism in Sikhim. Delhi: Oriental Publishers.
Walter, Michael. 1996. “Scapula Cosmography and Divination in Tibet.” In Kailash 18(3/4), pp. 107114.
Walter, Michael 2009. Buddhism and Empire: The Political and Religious Culture of Early Tibet. Leiden: Brill.
Wangdu, Pasang and Diemberger, Hildegard, trans. 2000. dBa’ bzhed: The Royal Narrative Concerning the Bringing of the Buddha’s Doctrine to Tibet. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Watt, Jeff. 2019. “Tibetan Worldly Spirits, Sprites & Ogres.” Himalayan Art Resources. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setid=2554.
Williamson, Laila, and Young, Serinity, eds. 2009. Body and Spirit: Tibetan Medical Paintings. New York: American Museum of Natural History
Willis, Janice. 1987. “Dakini: Some Comments on Its Nature and Meaning.” In Feminine Ground: Essays on Women in Tibet. Willis, Janice, ed. Ithica: Snow Lion, pp. 5775.
Willson, Martin and Brauen, Martin, eds. 2000. Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zürich Paintings of the Icons Worthwhile to See (Bris sku mthoṅ ba don ldan). Boston: Wisdom Publications.
Wylie, Turrell. 1959. “A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription.” In Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 22, pp. 261267.
Wylie, Turrell 1962. The Geography of Tibet According to the ’Dzam-Gling-Rgyas-Bshad. Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
Yamamoto, Carl. 2012. Vision and Violence: Lama Zhang and the Politics of Charisma in Twelfth-Century Tibet. Leiden: Brill.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.