Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Trade and Institutions in the Medieval Mediterranean
  • Cited by 80
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
September 2012
Print publication year:
2012
Online ISBN:
9780511794209
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511794209
Subjects:
History, Regional History Before 1500, Regional History after 1500, Economic History
Series:
Cambridge Studies in Economic History - Second Series
Information

Book description

The Geniza merchants of the eleventh-century Mediterranean - sometimes called the 'Maghribi traders' - are central to controversies about the origins of long-term economic growth and the institutional bases of trade. In this book, Jessica Goldberg reconstructs the business world of the Geniza merchants, maps the shifting geographic relationships of the medieval Islamic economy and sheds new light on debates about the institutional framework for later European dominance. Commercial letters, business accounts and courtroom testimony bring to life how these medieval traders used personal gossip and legal mechanisms to manage far-flung agents, switched business strategies to manage political risks and asserted different parts of their fluid identities to gain advantage in the multicultural medieval trading world. This book paints a vivid picture of the everyday life of Jewish merchants in Islamic societies and adds new depth to debates about medieval trading institutions with unique quantitative analyses and innovative approaches.

Reviews

‘Goldberg brilliantly combines a historian's knowledge of detail and an economist's conceptual framework to enrich our understanding of transactions and their governance. She shows how the many-dimensional relationships among traders interact with multiple institutions enforcing property rights and contracts; this brings the research frontier closer to relevance and applicability. Her book is a must-read for researchers and students not only in medieval and economic history, but also in institutional and development economics.’

Avinash Dixit - John J. F. Sherrerd '52 University Professor of Economics, Emeritus, Princeton University, New Jersey

‘Anyone interested in the history of the Mediterranean and its implications for the development of capitalism will have to read this book. It offers an exacting and innovative reading of a difficult and fascinating trove of records that have generated heated scholarly debates for over a century.’

Francesca Trivellato - Yale University, Connecticut

‘Succeeds in painting a coherent and compelling picture of a trading community, while still maintaining technical precision. The result is that one learns, and even enters, a world of foreign categories and remarkable social-economic mechanisms.’

Joshua Holo Source: H-Judaic

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
References

Bibliography

Manuscript sources

This table includes all Geniza documents consulted in the preparation of this book. These include not only the documents quoted in the text (and thus referred to individually in footnotes) but also the documents used in compiling tables of letter exchange, travels, and commodity movements, those used to generate the statistics in the typological sample and the commercial corpus. It also includes referenced documents not included in the commercial corpus (these are identified with a ♦). Documents held in public libraries are listed in alphabetical order according to the city in which they are located; documents in private collections are listed in alphabetical order by the name of the collection. Some collections have changed names or changed cataloguing; such name changes are noted at the beginning of each collection. The Taylor–Schechter Collection has been catalogued over many decades and using many methods. The documents in the various Old Series are grouped before the New Series (sorted since 1954) and the Additional Series (sorted since 1974). Occasionally the shelfmark in an edition has been misidentified by the editor. Where I have been able to correct such mistakes the correct shelfmark is given with an asterisk next to the edition in which the document number is wrong. I have also included, in parentheses, previous shelfmarks.1

I have arranged this in the form of a table in order to assist readers in locating documents, available translations, and especially to indicate their relationship to the editions of Moshe Gil, and to those of the Princeton Geniza browser (http://gravitas.princeton.edu/tg/tt/), without whose work my own would have been impossible.2 Some alternative editions are mentioned in this list, but much work on editions, images, translations, and bibliography of Geniza documents has moved online to the Friedberg Genizah Project. The reader is accordingly directed to http://www.genizah.org/. Almost all the documents used in this book are catalogued there; it is also possible to read Gil's editions, look at available images of the originals, and get current bibliography. Translations only refer to English translations. For Simonsohn, 1997, Goitein, 1973, Ben-Sasson et al., 1991, Goitein and Friedman, 2008, and Zeldes and Frenkel, 1997 document numbers assigned by the editor are given rather than page numbers.

The major collected editions referred to below are the following:

  • The two collections of Gil: Gil, 1983a; Gil, 1997. I give the document number provided in those volumes, preceded by a K for Kingdom of Ishmael, and a P for Palestine, following Gil's own use.

  • The Geniza Browser: A compendium of edited transcriptions. It began with corrected versions of S. D. Goitein's unpublished transcriptions, but work has continued with contributions by various scholars and the Geniza browser staff. Some of the editions there come from published editions; see the abbreviations below. The following abbreviations are used for the Geniza browser: SDG, unpublished edition by S. D. Goitein; ALU, unpublished edition by A. L. Udovitch; MRC, unpublished edition by M. R. Cohen. For further ascriptions see http://www.princeton.edu/~geniza/history01.html.

Printed sources

Abdel-Rahman, H. M., and A. Anas. 2004. “Theories of systems of cities.” In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics. Ed. J. Vernon Henderson and J.-F. Thisse. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 2293–2339. Google Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, H. M., and M. Fujita. 1993. “Specialization and diversification in a system of cities.” Journal of Urban Economics 33, no. 2: 189–222. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Abramson, S. 1965. In the Centers and the Peripheries during the Geonic Period: This History of the Geonim and Exilarchs in Palestine and Bablyonia and the Sages of Egypt and North Africa, based on Geniza Documents. Hebrew. Jerusalem: Rav Kook Institute. Google Scholar
Abu-Lughod, J. L. 1989. Before European Hegemony: The World System AD 1250–1350. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press. Google Scholar
Abulafia, D. 1977. The Two Italies: Economic Relations between the Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Northern Communes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Abulafia, D. 1987. “Asia, Africa and the trade of medieval Europe.” In Postan et al., 1965–89, vol. II: 402–473. Google Scholar
Abulafia, D. 1997. The Western Mediterranean Kingdoms, 1200–1500: The Struggle for Dominion. London: Longman. Google Scholar
Abulafia, D. 2011. The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Ackerman-Lieberman, P. I. 2007. “A Partnership Culture: Jewish economic and social life seen through the legal documents of the Cairo Geniza.” Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University. Google Scholar
Ackerman-Lieberman, P. I. 2010. “Legal Writing in Medieval Jewish Cairo.” In Outhwaite and Bhayro, 2010: 1–24. Google Scholar
Ackerman-Lieberman, P. I. forthcoming. “Commercial forms and legal norms in the Jewish community of medieval Egypt.” Law and History. Google Scholar
Airaldi, G. 1983. “Groping in the dark: the emergence of Genoa in the early Middle Ages.”Miscellanea di studi storici 2: 7–18. Google Scholar
Airaldi, G. 2004. Guerrieri e mercanti: Storie del medioevo Genovese. Racconigi: N. Aragno. Google Scholar
Airaldi, G., and B. Z. Kedar, eds. 1986. I comuni italiani nel regno crociato di Gerusalemme: atti del Colloquio “The Italian Communes in the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem” (Jerusalem, May 24–May 28, 1984). Genoa: Università di Genova Istituto di Medievistica. Google Scholar
Allouche, A. 1985. “The establishment of four chief judgeships in Fāṭimid Egypt.”Journal of the American Oriental Society 105, no. 2: 317–320. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Almbladh, K. 2004. “The letters of the Jewish merchant Abu l-Surur Farah b. Isma'il al-Qabisi.”Orientalia Suecana 53: 15–35. Google Scholar
Aoki, M. 2001. Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Arbel, B., B. Hamilton, and D. Jacoby, eds. 1989. Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204. London: Cass. Google Scholar
Ashqar, M. A.a.-G. 1999. Tujjār al-tawabil fī Miṣr fī al-‘asr al-Mamluki. Cairo: al-Hay’ah al-Misriyah al-‘Ammah lil-Kitab. Google Scholar
Ashtor, E. 1967. “The number of Jews in mediaeval Egypt (part one).” Journal of Jewish Studies 18: 9–42. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Ashtor, E. 1969. Histoire des prix et des salaires dans l'Orient médiéval. Paris: SEVPEN. Google Scholar
Ashtor, E. 1970. “Quelques observations d'un Orientaliste sur la thèse de Pirenne.”Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (hereafter JESHO) 13, no. 2: 166–194. Google Scholar
Ashtor, E. 1972. “Un mouvement migratoire au haut Moyen Age: Migrations de l'Irak vers les pays méditerranéens.” Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 27, no. 1: 185–214. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Ashtor, E. 1976. A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar
Ashtor, E. 1983. Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Ashtor, E. 1986. “Il regno dei crociati e il commercio di Levante.” In Airaldi and Kedar, 1986: 15–56. Google Scholar
Ashtor, E., and B. Z. Kedar. 1986. East–West Trade in the Medieval Mediterranean. London: Variorum Reprints. Google Scholar
Aslanian, S. D. 2011. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar
Assaf, S. 1933. Mi-sifrut ha-Geonim: teshuvot ha-Geonim u-seridim mi-sifre ha-halakhah mi-tokh kitbeyad shel ha-genizah u-mekorot aherim [Gaonica: Gaonic responsa and fragments of halachic literature from the Geniza and other sources]. Jerusalem: Darom. Google Scholar
Astuti, G. 1933. Origini e svolgimento storico della commenda fino al secolo xiii. Torino: S. Lattes. Google Scholar
Ayalon, D. 1985. “Regarding the population estimates in the countries of medieval Islam.”JESHO 28: 1–19. Google Scholar
Bagnall, R. S. 2005. “Egypt and the concept of the Mediterranean.” In Harris, 2005: 339–347. Google Scholar
Baker, P. L. 1995. Islamic Textiles. London: British Museum Press. Google Scholar
Balard, M. 1986. “Les transports maritimes génois vers la Terre Sainte.” In Airaldi and Kedar, 1986: 143–174. Google Scholar
Balard, M. 1999. “Notes sur le commerce entre l'Italie et l'Egypte sous les Fatimides.” In L'égypt fatimide: son art et son histoire: actes du colloque organisé à Paris les 28, 29 et 30 Mai 1998. Ed. M. Barrucand. Paris: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne: 627–634. Google Scholar
Balard, M. 2001. Croisades et orient Latin (XIème–XIVème siècles). Paris: Armand Colin. Google Scholar
Balog, P. 1951. Études numismatiques de l'Égypte musulmane: Përiodes fatimite et ayoubite, nouvelles observations sur la technique du monnayage. Cairo: L’Institut français d’archéologie orientale (hereafter IFAO). Google Scholar
Bareket, E. 1999. Fustat on the Nile: The Jewish Elite in Medieval Egypt. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar
Bart, J. 2000. “La Lex Mercatoria au Moyen-Âge: mythe ou réalité?” In Souveraineté étatique et marchés internationaux à la fin du 20ème siècle, à propos de 30 ans de recherche du CREDIMI: mélanges en l'honneur de Philippe Kahn. Ed. C. Lebenet al. Paris: Litec: 9–23. Google Scholar
Bautier, R.-H. 1953. “Les foires de Champagne: recherches sur une évolution historique.” Receuils de la Société Jean Bodin 5: 97–147. Google Scholar
Bautier, R. -H. 1971. The Economic Development of Medieval Europe. Trans. H. Karolyi. London: Thames & Hudson. Google Scholar
Beeston, A. F. L. 1971. Arabic Nomenclature: A Summary Guide for Beginners. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Ben-Sasson, M. 1996. Tsemihat ha-kehilah ha-Yehudit be-artsot ha-Islam: Kairavan, 800–1057 [Emergence of the local Jewish community in the Muslim world: Qayrawan, 800–1057]. Jerusalem: Y. L. Magnes. Google Scholar
Ben-Sasson, M. 1997. “The emergence of the Qayrawan Jewish community and its Importance as a Maghrebi Community.” In Judaeo-Arabic Studies: Proceedings of the Founding Conference of the Society for Judaeo-Arabic Studies. Ed. N. Golb. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers: 1–14. Google Scholar
Ben-Sasson, M., N. Zeldes, and M. Frenkel. 1991. Yehude Sitsilyah, 825–1068: te'udot u-mekorot [The Jews of Sicily, 825–1068: documents and sources]. Jerusalem: Ben Zvi. Google Scholar
Berkey, J. P. 2003. The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Bernstein, L. 1992. “Opting out of the legal-system: Extralegal contractual relations in the diamond industry.”Journal of Legal Studies 21, no. 1: 115–157. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bernstein, L. 1996. “Merchant law in a merchant court: rethinking the code's search for immanent business norms.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 144, no. 5: 1765–1821. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bernstein, L. 2001. “Private commercial law in the cotton industry: Creating cooperation through rules, norms, and institutions.”Michigan Law Review 99, no. 7: 1724–1790. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bianquis, T. 1986. Damas et la Syrie sous la domination fatimide: 359–468/969–1076. Damascus: Institut français. Google Scholar
Bisson, T. N. 2009. The Crisis of the Twelfth Century: Power, Lordship, and the Origins of European Government. Princeton: Princeton University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Blau, J. 1999. The Emergence and Linguistic Background of Judaeo-Arabic: A Study of the Origins of Neo-Arabic and Middle Arabic. 3rd rev. ed. Jerusalem: Ben Zvi. Google Scholar
Blum, U., and L. Dudley. 2001. “Religion and economic growth: was Weber right?”Journal of Evolutionary Economics 11, no. 2: 207–230. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Boccaccio, G. (1313–1375). 1965. Decameron. New ed. Florence: Felice Le Monnier. Google Scholar
Bosio, L. 1983. La Tabula Peutingeriana: una descrizione pittorica del mondo antico. Rimini: Maggioli. Google Scholar
Bowles, S. 1998. “Endogenous preferences: The cultural consequences of markets and other economic institutions.” Journal of Economic Literature 36, no. 1: 75–111. Google Scholar
Braudel, F. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Trans. Siân Reynolds. New York: Harper & Row (orig. 1949. La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II). Google Scholar
Brauer, R. W. 1995. Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. Google Scholar
Brett, M. 1983. “Islam and trade in the Bilād al-Sūdān, tenth-eleventh century AD.”Journal of African History 24, no. 4: 431–440. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Brett, M. 2001. The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar
Brody, R. 1998. The Geonim of Bablyonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press. Google Scholar
Buckland, W. W. 1947. A Manual of Roman Private Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Bulliet, R. W. 1979. Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quantitative History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bulliet, R. W. 1990. The Camel and the Wheel. Morningside ed. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar
Bulliet, R. W. 1994. Islam: The View from the Edge. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar
Burt, R. S. 2001. “Bandwidth and echo: trust, information, and gossip in social networks.” In Networks and Markets. Ed. J. E Ruach and A. Casella. New York: Russell Sage Foundation: 30–74. Google Scholar
Byrne, E. H. 1916. “Commercial contracts of the Genoese in the Syrian trade of the twelfth century.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 31, no. 1: 128–170. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Byrne, E. H. 1920. “Genoese trade with Syria in the twelfth century.” American Historical Review 25: 191–219. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Byrne, E. H. 1930. Genoese Shipping in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America. Google Scholar
Cahen, C. 1970. “Quelques mots sur le déclin commercial du monde musulman à la fin du moyen âge.” In Cook, 1970: 31–36. Google Scholar
Cahen, C. 1977. Makhzumiyyat: études sur l'histoire économique et financière de l'Égypte médiévale. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Google Scholar
Cahen, C. 1980. “Commercial relations between the Near East and Western Europe from the VIIIth to the XIth Century.” In Islam and the Medieval West. Ed. K. I. Seemaan. Albany: State University of New York Press: 1–25. Google Scholar
Carus-Wilson, E. M. 1944. “The English cloth industry in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.” Economic History Review 14, no. 1: 32–50. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Carus-Wilson, E. M., N. B. Harte, and K. G. Ponting, eds. 1983. Cloth and Clothing in Medieval Europe: Essays in Memory of Professor E. M. Carus-Wilson. London: Pasold Research Fund. Google Scholar
Chazan, R., and M. Rustow, eds. forthcoming. The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. V: Jews in the Medieval Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Christaller, W. 1966. Central Places in Southern Germany. Trans. Carlisle W. Baskin. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Google Scholar
Citarella, A. O. 1968. “Patterns in medieval trade: the commerce of Amalfi before the Crusades.” Journal of Economic History 28, no. 4: 531–555. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Citarella, A. O. 1971. “A puzzling question concerning the relations between the Jewish communities of Christian Europe and those represented in the Geniza documents.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 91, no. 3: 390–397. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Clay, K. 1997. “Trade without law: Private-order institutions in Mexican California.” Journal of Law Economics & Organization 13, no. 1: 202–231. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Cobb, P. M. 2002. “Virtual sacrality: making Muslim Syria sacred before the Crusades.”Medieval Encounters 8, no. 1: 35–55. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Cobb, P. M. 2005. Usama ibn Munqidh: Warrior-Poet of the Age of Crusades. Oxford: Oneworld. Google Scholar
Cohen, E. E. 2000. The Athenian Nation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Cohen, H. J. 1970. “The economic background and the secular occupations of Muslim jurisprudents and traditionists in the classical period of Islam: (until the middle of the eleventh century).” JESHO 13, no. 1: 16–61. Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R. 1980. Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt: The Origins of the Office of Head of the Jews, ca. 1065–1126. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R. 1984. “Administrative relations between Palestinian and Egyptian Jewry during the Fatimid period.” In Egypt and Palestine: A Millennium of Association (868-1948). Ed. A. Cohen and G. Baer. Jerusalem and New York: Ben Zvi and St Martin's Press: 113–135. Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R. 1986. “Review article: Palestine during the first Muslim period (634–1099). 1. Studies. 2. Cairo Geniza Documents. 3. Cairo Geniza Documents, Indexes – Hebrew – Gil, M.”Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies – University of London 49: 572–573. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R. 1994. Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press; repr. 2008. Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R. 1999. “What was the pact of ‘Umar? A literary-historical study.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 23: 100–156. Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R. 2005a. Poverty and Charity in the Jewish Community of Medieval Egypt. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R. 2005b. The Voice of the Poor in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R. forthcominga. “Islamic attitudes and policies.” In Chazan and Rustow, forthcoming. Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R. forthcomingb. “A partnership gone bad: a letter and a power of attorney from the Cairo Geniza, 1085.” Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R., and Y. K. Stillman. 1985. “The Cairo Geniza and the Custom of Geniza among Oriental Jewry: An Historical and Ethnographic Study” (Hebrew). Pe‘amim 24: 3–35. Google Scholar
Collier, P., and J. W. Gunning. 1999. “Explaining African economic performance.” Journal of Economic Literature 37, no. 1: 64–111. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Constable, O. R. 1994a. Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900–1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Constable, O. R. 1994b. “The problem of jettison in medieval Mediterranean maritime law.” Journal of Medieval History 20, no. 3: 207–220. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Constable, O. R. 2003. Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Cook, M. A., ed. 1970. Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: From the Rise of Islam to the Present Day. London: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Cooter, R. D., and J. T. Landa. 1984. “Person versus impersonal trade: the size of trading groups and contract law.” International Review of Law and Economics 4, no. 1: 15–22. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Crone, P. 1980. Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Curtin, P. D. 1984. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
de Mesquita, E. B., and M. Stephenson. 2006. “Legal institutions and informal networks.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 18, no. 1: 40–67. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Decker, M., and S. A. Kingsley, eds. 2001a. Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean During Late Antiquity: Proceedings of a Conference at Somerville College, Oxford, 29th May, 1999. Oxford: Oxbow. Google Scholar
Decker, M , andS. A. Kingsley. 2001b. “New Rome, new theories on the inter-regional exchange: an introduction to the East Mediterranean economy in Late Antiquity.” In Decker and Kingsley, 2001a: 1–27. Google Scholar
Devisse, J. 1988. “Trade and trade routes in West Africa.” In Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. Ed. M. Fasi and I. Hrbek. London: Heinemann Educational Books: 381–403. Google Scholar
Diem, W. 1995. Arabische Geschäftsbriefe des 10. bis 14. Jahrhunderts aus der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek in Wien. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Google Scholar
Diem, W., and H. P. Radenberg. 1994. A Dictionary of the Arabic Material of S. D. Goitein's A Mediterranean Society. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Google Scholar
al-Dimashqī, A. l.-F. J. f. i. A. (fl. 11th cent). 1994. al-Ishārah ilā maāsin al-tijārah (Eloge du commerce). Ed. Y. Essid. Trans. Y. Seddik. Tunis: Arcanes. Google Scholar
Dixit, A. K. 1973. “Optimum factory town.”Bell Journal of Economics 4, no. 2: 637–651. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Dixit, A. K. 2003. “On modes of economic governance.” Econometrica 71, no. 2: 449–481. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Dixit, A. K. 2004. Lawlessness and Economics: Alternative Modes of Governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Djankov, S., E. Glaeser, R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and A. Shleifer. 2003. “The new comparative economics.” Journal of Comparative Economics 31, no. 4: 595–619. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Dotson, J. E. 1994. “Safety regulations for galleys in mid-14th-century Genoa: some thoughts on medieval risk management.” Journal of Medieval History 20, no. 4: 327–336. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Duby, G. 1953. La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région maĉonnaise. Paris: A. Colin. Google Scholar
Ducros, A. H. 1930. Essai sur le droguier populaire arabe de l'Inspectorat des pharmacies du Caire. Cairo: IFAO. Google Scholar
Edler-de Roover, F. 1941. “Partnership accounts in the twelfth century Genoa.” Bulletin of the Business Historical Society 15: 87–92. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Edwards, J., and S. Ogilvie. 2011. What Lessons for Economic Development Can we Draw from the Champagne Fairs? CESifo Working Papers, 3438. Google Scholar
Edwards, J., and S. Ogilvie. 2012. “Contract enforcement, institutions and social capital: the Maghribi traders reappraised.” Economic History Review 65, no. 2: 421–444. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A. S. 1963. Studies in the Monetary History of the Near East in the Middle Ages: The Standard of Fineness of Western and Eastern Dinars before the Crusades. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A. S. and J. L. Bacharach. 1992. Monetary Change and Economic History in the Medieval Muslim World. Aldershot: Variorum. Google Scholar
Elliott, R., and J. K. Lindley. 2006. Immigrant Wage Differentials, Ethnicity and Occupational Clustering. Working Papers 39. Sheffield: Department of Economics, University of Sheffield. Google Scholar
Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed. 1960–2006. Ed. P. Bearman, T. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs (EI2). Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar | PubMed
EI2 s.v.v. “‘Abd,” “Ibn ‘Asākir,” “Ḍarība,” “Dhimma,” “Fuyūdj,” “Ḥisba,” “Inshā’,” “al-Rādhāniyya,” “Ribāṭ,” “Risāla,” “Ṣāhib,” “Ṣanhāja,” “Suftadja,” “al-Shām,” “Tidjāra,” “‘Ulamā’,” “Wazn.” Google Scholar
Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed. 2007. Ed. M. Berenbaum and F. Skolnik. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA (EJ2). Google Scholar
EJ2 s.v.v. “Nissim ben Jacob ben Nissim Ibn Shahin,” “Saadiah (ben Joseph) Gaon.” Google Scholar
Ensminger, J. 2001. “Reputations, trust, and the principal agent problem.” In Trust in Society. Ed. K. S. Cook. New York: Russell Sage Foundation: 185–201. Google Scholar
Epstein, S. 1996. Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Google Scholar
Fafchamps, M., and B. Minten. 1999. “Relationships and traders in Madagascar.”Journal of Development Studies 35, no. 6: 1–35. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Favier, J. 1998. Gold and Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages. Trans. C. Higgitt. New York: Holmes & Meier. Google Scholar
Fenton, P. 1980. “The importance of the Cairo Genizah for the history of medicine.”Medical History 24, no. 3: 347–348. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Fentress, J., and E. Fentress. 2001. “The hole in the doughnut. Review article: The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History.” Past & Present 173: 203–219. Google Scholar
Finley, M. I. 1973. The Ancient Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar
Fischel, W. J. 1937. Jews in the Economic and Political Life of Mediaeval Islam. London: Royal Asiatic Society. Google Scholar
Frantz-Murphy, G. 1981. “A new interpretation of the economic history of medieval Egypt: the role of the textile industry 254–567/868–1171.”JESHO 24, no. 3: 274–297. Google Scholar
Frantz-Murphy, G. 1986. The Agrarian Administration of Egypt from the Arabs to the Ottomans. Cairo: IFAO. Google Scholar
Frantz-Murphy, G. 2001. Arabic Agricultural Leases and Tax Receipts from Egypt, 148–427 A.H./765–1035 AD: Arabic Texts. Vienna: Brüder Hollinek Verlag. Google Scholar
Freedman, P. H. 2007. Food: The History of Taste. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar
Freedman, P. H. 2008. Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press. Google Scholar
Frenkel, M. 1990. “Kehilat Yehude Halab al pi kitve ha-Genizah.” M.A. thesis, Hebrew University. Google Scholar
Frenkel, M. 2006. The Compassionate and the Benevolent: The Leading Elite in the Jewish Community of Alexandria in the Middle Ages (Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ben Zvi. Google Scholar
Frenkel, M. 2009. “Charity in Jewish Society of the Medieval Mediterranean World.” In Charity and Giving in Monotheistic Religion. Ed. M. Frenkel and Y. Lev. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 343–364. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Friedman, M. A. 1980. Jewish Marriage in Palestine: A Cairo Geniza Study. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Google Scholar
Friedman, Y. 2002. Encounter Between Enemies: Captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar
Fujita, M. 1988. “A monopolistic competition model of spatial agglomeration: differentiated product approach.”Regional Science and Urban Economics 18, no. 1: 87–124. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Fujita, M., and P. Krugman. 1995. “When is the economy monocentric: von Thunen and Chamberlin unified.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 25, no. 4: 505–528. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Fujita, M., P. Krugman, and T. Mori. 1999. “On the evolution of hierarchical urban systems.” European Economic Review 43, no. 2: 209–251. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Fujita, M., P. Krugman, and A. J. Venables. 1999. The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions and International Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Gabaix, X., and Y. M. Ioannides. 2004. “The evolution of city size distributions.” In Cities and Geography. Ed. J. Vernon Henderson and J. -F. Thisse. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 2341–2378. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Gardner, J. F. 1993. Being a Roman Citizen. London: Routledge. Google Scholar
Geary, P. J. 1983. “Ethnic identity as a situational construct in the early Middle Ages.” Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 113: 15–26. Google Scholar
Gil, M. 1974. “The Radhanite merchants and the land of Radhan.”JESHO 17: 299–328. Google Scholar
Gil, M. 1975. “Supplies of oil in medieval Egypt: a Geniza study.” Journal of near Eastern Studies 34: 63–73. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Gil, M. 1981. The Tustaris: Family and Sect (Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Institute for Diaspora Research. Google Scholar
Gil, M. 1983a. Palestine during the First Muslim period (634–1099) (Hebrew). 3 vols. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University and the Ministry of Defense. Google Scholar
Gil, M. 1983b. “The Jews in Sicily under Muslim rule in the light of Geniza documents.” Italia Judaica 1: 87–134. Google Scholar
Gil, M. 1992. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Gil, M. 1995. “Sicily 827–1072: in light of the Geniza documents and parallel sources.” In Gli ebrei in Sicilia sino all'espulsione del 1492: atti del V convegno internazionale, Palermo, 15–19 giugno 1992. Rome: Ministero per i beni culturali, 1995: 96–171. Google Scholar
Gil, M. 1997. In the Kingdom of Ishmael (Hebrew). 4 vols. Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem: Tel-Aviv University, the Ministry of Defense, and the Bialik Institute. Google Scholar
Gil, M. 2002. “References to silk in Geniza documents of the eleventh century AD.”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 61, no. 1: 31–38. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Gil, M. 2003. “The Jewish merchants in the light of the eleventh-century Geniza documents.”JESHO 46, no. 3: 273–319. Google Scholar
Gil, M. 2004a. Jews in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar
Gil, M. 2004b. “The flax trade in the Mediterranean in the eleventh century AD as seen in merchants’ letters from the Cairo Geniza.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 63, no. 2: 81–96. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Glick, T. F. 1971. “Muḥtasib and mustasaf: a case study in institutional diffusion.”Viator 2: 59–81. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Glick, T. F. 1995. From Muslim Fortress to Christian Castle: Social and Cultural Change in Medieval Spain. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. n.d. Unpublished Papers. Princeton: S. D. Goitein Research Laboratory. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1960a. “The documents of the Cairo Geniza as a source for Mediterranean social history.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 80: 91–100. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1960b. “The unity of the Mediterranean world in the ‘middle’ Middle Ages.” Studia Islamica 12: 29–42. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1961. “The main industries of the Mediterranean area as reflected in the records of the Cairo Geniza.” JESHO 4: 168–97. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1962. Jewish Education in Muslim Countries, Based on Records from the Cairo Geniza. Jerusalem: Ben Zvi. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1964. “The commercial mail service in medieval Islam.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 84, no. 2: 118–123. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1965. “Three letters from Qayrawan addressed to Joseph ben Jacob ben ‘Awkal” (Hebrew). Tarbiz 34: 162–182. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1966a. Studies in Islamic History and Institutions. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1966b. “Bankers’ accounts from the eleventh century AD.” JESHO 9 no. 1/2: 28–66. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1967–1969. “Jewish trade in the Mediterranean at the beginning of the eleventh century” (Hebrew). Tarbiz 36–38: 366–395; 48–77, 18–42. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1967–1993. A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. 6 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1970. “Mediterranean Trade in the Eleventh Century: Some Facts and Problems.” In Cook, 1970: 51–62. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1971a. “Formal friendship in the medieval Near East.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 115, no. 6: 484–489. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1971b. Sicily and Southern Italy in the Cairo Geniza Documents. Catania: Società di Storia Patria per la Sicilia Orientale. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1973. Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1974a. Jews and Arabs: Their Contacts Through the Ages. New York: Schocken Books. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1974b. “The communal activities of Elhanan b. Shemarya” (Hebrew). In Joshua Finkel Festschrift: In Honor of Joshua Finkel. Ed. S. B. Hoenig and L. D. Stitskin. New York: Yeshiva University Press: 117–137. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1980. Palestinian Jewry in Early Islamic and Crusader Times: In the Light of the Geniza Documents (Hebrew). Ed. J. Hacker. Jerusalem: Ben Zvi. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1983. The Yemenites: History, Communal Organization, Spiritual Life (Selected Studies) (Hebrew). Ed. M. Ben-Sasson. Jerusalem: Ben Zvi. Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D. 1987. “Portrait of a medieval India trader, three letters from the Cairo Geniza.”Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50: 449–470. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Goitein, S. D., and M. A. Friedman. 2008. India Traders of the Middle Ages: Documents from the Cairo Geniza (India Book, Part One). Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar
Golb, N. 1965. “The topography of the Jews of medieval Egypt, part I.”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 24: 251–257. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Golb, N. 1974. “The topography of the Jews of medieval Egypt, part II.”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 33: 116–149. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. L. 2005. “The geographies of trade and traders in the eastern Mediterranean 1000–1150: a Geniza study.” Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University. Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. 2007. “Back-biting and self-promotion: the work of merchants of the Cairo Geniza.” In History in the comic mode: medieval communities and the matter of person. Ed. R. Fulton and B. W. Holsinger. New York: Columbia University Press: 117–127. Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. 2011. “On reading Goitein's A Mediterranean Society: a view from economic history.” Mediterranean Historical Review 26, no. 2: 171–186. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. 2012. “The use and abuse of commercial letters from the Cairo Geniza.” Journal of Medieval History 38, no. 2: 127–154. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. forthcominga. “Economic Activities.” In Chazan and Rustow, forthcoming. Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. forthcomingb. “Choosing and enforcing business relationships in the eleventh-century Mediterranean: Reassessing the ‘Maghribī traders’.” Past & Present Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. forthcomingc. “Geniza commercial letters: diplomatic and rhetorical aspects.” Google Scholar
Gordon, M. 1989. Slavery in the Arab World. New York: New Amsterdam. Google Scholar
Greene, Molly. 2002. “Beyond the northern invasion: the Mediterranean in the seventeenth century.”Past & Present 174, no. 1: 42–71. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Greif, A. 1989a. “The organization of long-distance trade: reputation and coalitions in the Geniza documents and Genoa during the eleventh and the twelfth centuries.” Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University. Google Scholar
Greif, A. 1989b. “Reputation and coalitions in medieval trade: evidence on the Maghribi traders.” Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4: 857–882. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Greif, A. 1993. “Contract enforceability and economic institutions in early trade: the Maghribi traders coalition.” American Economic Review 83, no. 3: 525–548. Google Scholar
Greif, A. 1994. “Cultural beliefs and the organization of society: a historical and theoretical reflection on collectivist and individualist societies.” Journal of Political Economy 102, no. 5: 912–950. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Greif, A. 2002. “Institutions and impersonal exchange: from communal to individual responsibility.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics – Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft 158, no. 1: 168–204. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Greif, A. 2006a. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Greif, A. 2006b. “History lessons – the birth of impersonal exchange: the community responsibility system and impartial justice.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 2: 221–236. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Greif, A. 2008. Contract Enforcement and Institutions among the Maghribi Traders: Refuting Edwards and Ogilvie. CESifo Working Paper. CESifo GmbH. Google Scholar
Greif, A. 2012. “The Maghribi traders: a reappraisal?” Economic History Review 65, no. 2: 445–469. Google Scholar
Greif, A., and D. D. Laitin. 2004. “A theory of endogenous institutional change.” American Political Science Review 98, no. 4: 633–652. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Grofman, B., and J. Landa. 1983. “The development of trading networks among spatially separated traders as a process of proto-coalition formation: the kula trade.” Social Networks 5, no. 4: 347–365. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Guo, L. 2004. Commerce, Culture, and Community in a Red Sea Port in the Thirteenth Century: The Arabic Documents from Quseir. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar
Harbord, D. 2006. Enforcing Cooperation among Medieval Merchants: The Maghribi Traders Revisited. Munich Personal Repec. Archive Working Paper. Google Scholar
Harris, W. V. 1993. The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of Instrumentum Domesticum. The Proceedings of a Conference Held at the American Academy in Rome on 10–11 January, 1992. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Google Scholar
Harris, W. V., ed. 2005. Rethinking the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Hawkins, C. 2006. “Work in the city: Roman artisans and the urban economy.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago. Google Scholar
Heyd, W. 1923. Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen age. Ed. française augm. Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz. Google Scholar
Hitchner, R. B. 2002. “Olive production and the Roman economy: the case for intensive growth in the Roman empire.” In Scheidel and von Reden, 2002: 71–83. Google Scholar
Hodges, R. 1989. Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600–1000. 2nd ed. London: Duckworth. Google Scholar
Hodges, R., and D. Whitehouse. 1983. Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London: Duckworth. Google Scholar
Hodgson, M. G. S. 1974. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Hoffman, A., and P. Cole. 2011. Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza. New York: Nextbook/Schocken. Google Scholar
Hopkins, K. 2002. “Rome, taxes, rents and trade.” In Scheidel and von Reden, 2002: 190–230. Google Scholar
Horden, P. and N. Purcell. 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford: Malden Mass. Google Scholar
Humphreys, R. S. 1991. Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry. Rev. ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Humphreys, R. S. 1998. Towards a History of Aleppo and Damascus in the Early Middle Ages, 635–1260 CE. Tokyo: Islamic Area Studies Project. Google Scholar
Hurvitz, N. 2003. “From scholarly circles to mass movements: the formation of legal communities in Islamic societies.” American Historical Review 108, no. 4: 985–1008. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Ibn al-Athīr, I. a.-D. (1160–1233). 1965. al-Kamil fī al-ta’rīkh. Ed. C. J. Tornberg. Beirut: Dar Sādr. Google Scholar
Ibn al-Ṣayrafī, A. i. M. (1071–1147). 1990. al-Qānūn fī dīwān al-rasā’il wa al-Ishārah ilā man nāla al-wizārah. Ed. A. F. Sayyid. Cairo: al-Dār al-Mirīyya al-Lubnānīyya. Google Scholar
Ibn Ḥawqal, M. (fl. 10th cent). 1964. Configuration de la terre (Kitāb ụrat al-ar). Trans. J. H. Kramers and Gaston Wiet. Beirut: Commission internationale pour la traduction des chefs-d’oeuvre. Google Scholar
Ibn Khurradādhbih, U. A. i. A. A. (c. 820–c. 912). 1889. Kitāb al-Masālik wa’l-mamālik. Ed. Q. ibn Ja‘far and M. J. de Goeje. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Google Scholar
Ibn Munqidh, U. (1095–1188). 1930. Kitāb al-i‘tibār. Ed. P. K. Hitti. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Ibn Munqidh, U. 2008. The book of contemplation: Islam and the Crusades. Trans. P. M. Cobb. London: Penguin. Google Scholar
Ibn Muyassar, T. a.-D. M. b. Y. (d. 1278). 1919. Akhbār Miṣr. Cairo: IFAO. Google Scholar
Idris, H. R. 1955. “Deux maîtres de l’école juritidique kairouanaise sous les Zīrīdes (XIe siècle): Abū Bakr b. ‘Abd al-Raḥnāb et Abū ‘Imrān al-Fāsī.”Annales de l’Institute d’Études Orientales d’Alger (Algiers) 13: 30–60. Google Scholar
Isaacs, H. D., and C. F. Baker. 1994. Medical and Para-Medical Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Issawi, C. P. 1970. “The Decline of the Middle Eastern Trade, 1100–1850.” In Islam and the Trade of Asia: A Colloquium. Ed. D. S. Richards. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer: 245–266. Google Scholar
Issawi, C. P. 1985. The Middle East in the World Economy: A Long Range Historical View. Washington, DC: Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University. Google Scholar
Jacoby, D. 1985. “Venetian anchors for Crusader Acre.”Mariners Mirror 71, no. 1: 5–12. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Jacoby, D. 1997. Trade, Commodities and Shipping in the Medieval Mediterranean. Aldershot: Variorum. Google Scholar
Jacoby, D. 2000. “Byzantine trade with Egypt from the mid-tenth century to the Fourth Crusade.” Thesaurismata 30: 25–77. Google Scholar
Jacoby, D. 2001. “What do we learn about Byzantine Asia Minor from the documents of the Cairo Genizah?” In Byzantium, Latin Romania and the Mediterranean. Aldershot: Ashgate: I, 83–95. Google Scholar
Jacoby, D. 2005. Commercial Exchange Across the Mediterranean: Byzantium, the Crusader Levant, Egypt and Italy. Aldershot: Ashgate/Variorum. Google Scholar
Jacoby, D. 2008. “Amalfi nell’XI secolo: commercio e navigazione nei documenti della Ghenizà del Cairo.” Rassegna del Centro di Cultura e Storia Amalfitana 36 n.s.: 81–90. Google Scholar
Jacoby, D. 2009. Latins, Greeks and Muslims: Encounters in the Eastern Mediterranean, 10th–15th Centuries. Farnham: Ashgate. Google Scholar
Jayyusi, S. K., and M. Marín. 1992. “Andalusi poetry: The golden period.” In The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Ed. S. K. Jayyusi. Leiden: Brill: 317–365. Google Scholar
Jefferson, R. 2010. “The Cairo Genizah unearthed: The excavations conducted by the Count d’Hulst on behalf of the Bodleian Library and their significance for Genizah history.” In Outhwaite and Bhayro, 2010: 171–199. Google Scholar
Jefferson, R. forthcoming. “The historical significance of the Cambridge Genizah Inventory Project.” In Language, Culture, Computation: Studies in Honour of Yaacov Choueka. Ed. N. Deshowitz and E. Nissan. Google Scholar
Jehel, G. 1993. Les Génois en Méditerranée occidentale (fin XIème–début XIVème siècle): ébauche d’une stratégie pour un empire. Amiens: Centre d’histoire des sociétés Université de Picardie. Google Scholar
Jehel, G. 1996. “The struggle for hegemony in the eastern Mediterranean: an episode in the relations between Venice and Genoa according to the Chronicles of Ogerio Pane (1197–1219).” Mediterranean Historical Review 11, no. 2: 196–207. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Jenkins, D. T. 2003. The Cambridge History of Western Textiles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Khalidi, T. 1994. Arabic Historical Thought in the Classical Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Khalilieh, H. S. 1998. Islamic Maritime Law: An Introduction. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar
Khalilieh, H. S. 1999. “The ribāt system and its role in coastal navigation.” JESHO 42, no. 2: 212–225. Google Scholar
Khan, G. 1994. “An Arabic document of acknowledgement from the Cairo Genizah.”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 53, no. 2: 117–124. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Khusraw, N.-i. (1004–c. 1088). 1986. Naser-e Khosraw's Book of Travels (Safarnama). Trans. W. M. Thackston. Albany, NY: Bibliotheca Persica. Google Scholar
Krippendorff, K. 2004. Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar
Krueger, H. C. 1985. Navi e proprietà navale a Genova: seconda metà del sec. XII. Genoa: Società ligure di storia patria. Google Scholar
Krugman, P. 1991. “Increasing returns and economic geography.” Journal of Political Economy 99, no. 3: 483–499. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Kuran, T. 1997. “Islam and underdevelopment: an old puzzle revisited.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics – Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft 153, no. 1: 41–71. Google Scholar
Kuran, T. 2003. “The Islamic commercial crisis: institutional roots of economic underdevelopment in the Middle East.” Journal of Economic History 63, no. 2: 414–446. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Labib, S. Y. 1969. “Capitalism in medieval Islam.” Journal of Economic History 29, no. 1: 79–96. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Labib, S. Y. 1970. “Egyptian commercial policy in the Middle Ages.” In Cook, 1970: 63–77. Google Scholar
Landa, J. T. 1981. “A theory of the ethnically homogeneous middleman group: an institutional alternative to contract law.” Journal of Legal Studies 10, no. 2: 349–362. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Lane, F. C. 1966. Venice and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar
Lane, F. C. 1973. Venice, a Maritime Republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar
Lapidus, I. M. 1967. Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Lapidus, I. M. 2002. A History of Islamic Societies. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Lev, Y. 1981. “The Fatimid vizier Ya‘qub Ibn Killis and the beginning of the Fatimid administration in Egypt.”Der Islam 58: 237–249. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Lev, Y. 1987. “Army, regime, and society in Fatimid Egypt, 358–487/968–1094.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 19, no. 3: 337–365. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Lev, Y. 1988. “Persecutions and conversion to Islam in eleventh-century Egypt.” Asian and African Studies 22: 73–91. Google Scholar
Lev, Y. 1991. State and Society in Fatimid Egypt. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar
Lewin, B. M. 1920. Ginze-qedem: me'asef mada'i li-tequfat ha-ge'onim. 6 vols in 2. Haifa: Ginze Qedem. Google Scholar
Lewis, A. R. 1951. Naval Power and Trade in the Mediterranean, AD 500–1100. Princeton: Princeton University Press; repr. 1970. Google Scholar
Lewis, A. R. 1978. The Sea and Medieval Civilizations. London: Variorum Reprints. Google Scholar
Libson, G. 2003. Jewish and Islamic Law: A Comparative Study of Custom during the Geonic Period. Cambridge, MA: Islamic Legal Studies Program, Harvard Law School. Google Scholar
Lombard, M. 1947. “L’or musalman au Moyen Âge.”Annales – Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations 2: 147–160. Google Scholar
Lombard, M. 1978. Les textiles dans le monde musulman du VIIe au XIIe siècle. Paris: Mouton. Google Scholar
Lopez, R. S. 1971. The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950–1350. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Google Scholar
Lopez, R. S., I. W. Raymond, and O. R. Constable, ed. and trans. 2001. Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents. New. ed. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar
Lösch, A. 1954. The Economics of Location. Trans. William H. Woglom. New Haven: Yale University Press. Google Scholar
Löw, I., and M. Löw. 1924. Die flora der Juden. Vienna: R. Löwit. Google Scholar
Lyons, M. C., U. Lyons, and R. Irwin. 2008. The Arabian Nights: Tales of 1001 Nights. London: Penguin. Google Scholar
Maimonides, M. (1135–1204). 1956. Mishneh Torah: mahadurah menuqedet ‘im perush la-‘am. Jerusalem: Mosad Rav Qoq. Google Scholar
Maimonides, Moses 1957–61. Responsa. Ed. and Trans. J. Blau. 3 vols. Jerusalem: Sumptibus Societatis Mekize Nirdamim. Google Scholar
Maimonides, Moses 1986. Teshuvot ha-Rambam: yots'ot la-or ba-pa'am ha-rishonah bi-me'koran ha-‘Arvi mekhunasot mi-tokh kitve genizah, kitve yad ve-sifre defus, mugahot u-meturgamot be-tosefet he'arot. [Responsa] 4 vols. Ed. and Trans. J. Blau. Jerusalem: R. Mas. Google Scholar
Maimonides, Moses 1999. Sefer Kinyan: The Book of Acquisition. Trans. Eliyahu Touger. Jerusalem: Moznaim. Google Scholar
Maimonides, M., and Y. Qafaḥ. 1983. Sefer Mishneh Torah. Qiryat Ono: Mekhon Mishnat ha-Rambam. Google Scholar
Mann, J. 1917, 1918, 1919, 1921. “The responsa of the Babylonian geonim as a source of Jewish history.” Jewish Quarterly Review NS 7: 257–290, 8: 339–366, 9: 139–179, 10: 121–151, 309–365, 11: 433–471. Google Scholar
Mann, J. 1920–1922. The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphs: A Contribution to their Political and Communal History Based Chiefly on Genizah Material Hitherto Unpublished. 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Mann, J. 1931. Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press. Google Scholar
Maqrīzī, A. i. A. (1364–1442). 1911. al-Mawā’i wa-al-i‘tibār bi-dhikr al-khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār. Cairo: IFAO. Google Scholar
Maqrīzī, A. i. A. 1967–1973. Itti‘ā al-ụnafā bi-akhbār al-a’immah al-Fāṭimīyīn al-khulafā. Ed. J. a-D. Shayyal and M. H. M. Aḥmad, 3 vols. facsims. Cairo: al-Majlis al-A‘lā lil-Shu’ūn al-Islāmiyya Lajnat Iyā’ al-Turāth al-Islāmī. Google Scholar
Maqrizi, A. i. A., and A. Allouche. 1994. Mamluk Economics: A Study and Translation of al-Maqrīzī's Ighāthah. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Google Scholar
Marçais, W. 1928. “Islamisme et la vie urbaine.” Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions: 86–100. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Margariti, R. E. 2007. Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Google Scholar
Martines, L. 1988. Power and Imagination: City-States in Renaissance Italy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar
Marzuq, M. A. a.-A. 1955. History of the Textile Industry in Alexandria, 331 BC–1517 AD. Alexandria: Alexandria University Press. Google Scholar
Massignon, L. 1932. “L'influence de l'Islam au moyen âge sur la fondation et l'essor des banques juives.” Bulletin d’études orientales de l'Institut Français de Damas 1: 3–12. Google Scholar
Masters, B. A. 1988. The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600–1750. New York: New York University Press. Google Scholar
Mayerson, P. 1997. “The role of flax in Roman and Fatimid Egypt.”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56, no. 3: 201–207. CrossRef | Google Scholar
McCormick, M. 2001. Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, AD 300–900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
McMillan, J., and C. Woodruff. 2000. “Private order under dysfunctional public order.” Michigan Law Review 98, no. 8: 2421–2458. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Mikhael, M. 1968. “The archives of Nahrai b. Nissīm, a trader and social figure in Egypt in the 11th century.” Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University. Google Scholar
Miskimin, H. A., R. S. Lopez, and A. L. Udovitch. 1970. “England to Egypt: 1350–1500: long-term trends and long-distance trade.” In Cook, 1970: 93–128. Google Scholar
Morony, M., ed. 2003. Manufacturing and Labor. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World, 12. Aldershot: Ashgate. Google Scholar
Morozzo della Rocca, R., and A. Lombardo. 1940. Documenti del commercio veneziano nei secoli XI–XIII. Torino: Libraria italiana. Google Scholar
Mottahedeh, R. 1981. “Bureaucracy and the patrimonial state in early Islamic Iran and Iraq.”al-Abhath 29: 25–36. Google Scholar
Mottahedeh, R. 2001. Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society. Rev. ed. London: I. B. Tauris. Google Scholar
Moulakis, A. 2005. “The Mediterranean region: reality, delusion or Euro-Mediterranean project?”Mediterranean Quarterly 16, no. 2: 11–38. CrossRef | Google Scholar
al-Musabbiḥī. (977–1029). 1978. al-Juz al-arbaun min Akhbār Miṣr. Ed. A. F. Sayyid and T. Bianquis. Cairo: IFAO. Google Scholar
Nirenberg, D. 1996. Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
North, D. C. 2005. Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Nyazee, I. A. K. 1999. Islamic Law of Business Organization: Partnerships. New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan. Google Scholar
Ogilvie, S. C. 2011. Institutions and European Trade: Merchant Guilds, 1000–1800: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Outhwaite, B., and S. Bhayro, eds. 2010. From a Sacred Source: Genizah Studies in Honour of Professor Stefan C. Reif. Leiden: Brill. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Panella, C., and A. Tchernia. 2002. “Agricultural products transported in amphorae: oil and wine.” In Scheidel and von Reden, 2002: 173–189. Google Scholar
Paynter, R. 1982. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archeology. New York: Academic Press. Google Scholar
Pedersen, K. V., and M.-L. B. Nosch, eds. 2009. The Medieval Broadcloth: Changing trends in Fashions, Manufacturing and Consumption.Oxford: Oxbow Books. Google Scholar
Pirenne, H. 1939. Mohammed and Charlemagne. New York: Norton (orig. 1937. Mahomet et Charlemagne). Google Scholar
Platteau, J. P. 1994. “Behind the market stage where real societies exist 1: the role of public and private order institutions.” Journal of Development Studies 30, no. 3: 533–577. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Postan, M. M., C. Postan, P. Mathias, E. Miller, S. Pollard, E. E. Rich, and C. H. Wilson, eds. 1965–1989. Cambridge Economic History of Europe. 2nd ed. 8 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Powers, D. S. 2002. Law, Society, and Culture in the Maghrib, 1300–1500. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Pryor, J. H. 1977. “Origins of commenda contract.” Speculum 52, no. 1: 5–37. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Pryor, J. H. 1988. Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Rabie, H. 1972. The Financial System of Egypt AH 564–741 AD 1169–1341. London and New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Raghuram, P., J. Bornat, and L. Henry. 2009. “Ethnic clustering among South Asian geriatricians in the UK: an oral history study.”Diversity in Health and Care 6, no. 4: 287–296. Google Scholar
Ragib, Y. 1982. Marchands d'étoffes du Fayyoum au IIIe/IXe siècle d'après leurs archives (actes et lettres). Cairo: IFAO. Google Scholar
Ray, N. D. 1997. “The medieval Islamic system of credit and banking: legal and historical considerations.” Arab Law Quarterly 12, no. 1: 43–90. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Raymond, A. 1973. Artisans et commerçants au Caire au XVIIIe siècle. Damascus: Institut français. Google Scholar
Reif, S. C. 2000. A Jewish Archive from Old Cairo: The History of Cambridge University's Genizah Collection. Richmond: Curzon. Google Scholar
Reif, S. C., and M. Ben-Sasson. 1997. The Cairo Genizah: a mosaic of life. Jerusalem: Israel Museum. Google Scholar
Reif, S. C., and S. Reif. 2002. The Cambridge Genizah Collections: Their Contents and Significance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Robinson, C. F. 2003. Islamic Historiography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Rosen, L. 1989. The Anthropology of Justice: Law as Culture in Islamic Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Rosen, L. 2000. The Justice of Islam: Comparative Perspectives on Islamic Law and Society. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Rubin, P. H. 1994. “Growing a legal-system in the postcommunist economies.” Cornell International Law Journal 27, no. 1: 1–47. Google Scholar
Rustow, M. 2004. “Rabbanite–Karaite relations in Fatimid Egypt and Syria: a study based on documents from the Cairo Geniza.” Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University. Google Scholar
Rustow, M. 2008. Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Google Scholar
Rustow, M. 2009. “Formal and Informal Patronage among Jews in the Islamic East: Evidence from the Cairo Geniza.”al-Qanṭara 29, no. 2: 341–382. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Sạdafī al-Ṭulayṭalī, A. i. M. (1015–1067). 1994. al-Muqni‘ fī ‘ilm al-shurūṭ. Ed. A. Sádaba and F. Javier. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientịficas, Instituto de Cooperacioόn con el Mundo Árabe. Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. D. 1972. Stone Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton. Google Scholar
Salim, M. A. M. 1997. Islamische Textilkunst des Mittelalters: Aktuelle Probleme. Riggisberg: Abegg-Stiftung. Google Scholar
Sanders, P. 1994. Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo. Albany: State University of New York Press. Google Scholar
al-Sarakhsī, M. i. A. t. c. (fl. 11th cent). 1906. Kitāb al-mabsut. Cairo: Matba‘at al-Sa‘ada. Google Scholar
Savage-Smith, E., and Y. Rapoport. 2007. “The Book of Curiosities: a critical edition.” www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/bookofcuriosities. Google Scholar
Schacht, J. 1964. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. 2002. “The hireling and the slave: a transatlantic perspective.” In Money, Labour, and Land: Approaches to the Economies of Ancient Greece. Ed. P. Cartledge, E. E. Cohen, and L. Foxhall. London: Routledge, 175–184. Google Scholar
Scheidel, W., I. Morris, and R. P. Saller, eds. 2007. The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Scheidel, Walter, and Sitta von Reden, eds. 2002. The Ancient Economy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar
Schmidt-Hofner, S. 2011. “Conference review: regionalization and the integration of the Mediterranean world in late antiquity.” Journal of Late Antiquity 4, no. 1: 162–173. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Scriba, G. (fl. 12th cent). 1935. Il cartolare di Giovanni Scriba. Ed. M. Chiaudano and M. Moresco. Turin: S. Lattes & Co. Google Scholar
Serjeant, R. B. 1972. Islamic Textiles: Material for a History up to the Mongol Conquest. Beirut: Librairie du Liban. Google Scholar
Shabān, M. A. a.-H. M. 1976. Islamic History AD 750–1055 (AH 132–448): A New Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Shaked, S. 1964. A Tentative Bibliography of Geniza Documents. Paris: Mouton. Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, M. 1994. Labour in the Medieval Islamic World. Leiden and New York: Brill. Google Scholar
Shayzarī, A. a.-R. i. N. (fl. 12th cent). 1999. The Book of the Islamic Market Inspector: Nihayat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba (The Utmost Authority in the Pursuit of Hisba). Trans. R. P. Buckley. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Shoshan, B. 1981. “Fatimid grain policy and the post of the muḥtasib.”International Journal of Middle East Studies 13, no. 2: 181–189. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Shoshan, B. 1985. “On costume and social history in medieval Islam.” Asian and African Studies 22: 35–51. Google Scholar
Silverstein, A. J. 2007. Postal Systems in the Pre-modern Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Simonsohn, S. 1997. The Jews in Sicily I. Leiden and New York: Brill. Google Scholar
Singer, C. J., and T. I. Williams. 1954. A History of Technology. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Google Scholar
Sourdel, D. 1983. Medieval Islam. Trans. J. Montgomery Watt. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Google Scholar
Southern, R. W. 1953. The Making of the Middle Ages. New Haven: Yale University Press. Google Scholar
Stern, S. M. 1964. Fatimid Decrees: Original Documents from the Fatimid Chancery. London: Faber & Faber. Google Scholar
Stillman, N. A. 1970. “East–West relations in the Islamic Mediterranean in the early eleventh century: a study of the Geniza correspondence of the house of Ibn ‘Awkal.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. Google Scholar
Stillman, N. A. 1973. “The eleventh-century merchant house of ibn ‘Awkal (a Geniza study).” JESHO 16, no. 1: 15–88. Google Scholar
Stillman, N. A. 1974. “Case of labor problems in medieval Egypt.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 5, no. 2: 194–201. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Stillman, Y. K. 1972. “Female attire of medieval Egypt: according to the trousseau lists and cognate material from the Cairo Geniza.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. Google Scholar
al-Ṭaḥāwī, A. i. M. (c. 852–933), and J. A. Wakin. 1972. The Function of Documents in Islamic Law: The Chapters on Sales from Tahawi's Kitāb al-shurūṭ al-kabīr. Albany: State University of New York Press. Google Scholar
Telser, L. G. 1980. “A theory of self-enforcing agreements.” Journal of Business 53, no. 1: 27–44. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Trivellato, F. 2009. The Familiarity of Strangers: The Sephardic Diaspora, Livorno, and Cross-Cultural Trade in the Early Modern Period. New Haven: Yale University Press. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. n. d. Unpublished Materials. Princeton: Department of Rare Books and Special Collections and Department of Near Eastern Studies. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1962. “At the Origins of the Western Commenda: Islam, Israel, Byzantium?”Speculum 37, no. 2: 198–207. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1967. “Credit as a means of investment in medieval Islamic trade.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 87, no. 3: 260–264. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1968. Labor Partnerships in Early Islamic Law. Princeton: Program in Near Eastern Studies Princeton University. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1970a. Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1970b. “The ‘law merchant’ of the medieval Islamic world.” In Logic in Classical Islamic Culture. Ed. G. E. von Grunebaum. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz: 113–130. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1970c. “Theory and practice of Islamic law: some evidence from the Geniza.” Studia Islamica 32: 289–303. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1975. “Reflections on the institutions of credits and banking in the medieval Islamic Near East.” Studia Islamica 41: 5–21. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1977a. “Formalism and informalism in the social and economic institutions of the Medieval Islamic world.” In Individualism and Conformity in Classical Islam. Ed. A. Banani and S. Vryonis. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz: 61–81. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1977b. “A tale of two cities: commercial relations between Cairo and Alexandria during the second half of the eleventh century.” In The Medieval City. Ed. H. A. Miskimin, D. Herlihy, and A. L. Udovitch. New Haven: Yale University Press: 143–162. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1978. “Time, the sea and society: duration of commercial voyages on the southern shores of the Mediterranean during the High Middle Ages.” In La navigazione mediterranea nell'Alto Medioevo. Spoleto: Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo: 503–563. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. ed. 1981a. The Islamic Middle East, 700–1900: Studies in Economic and Social History. Princeton: Darwin. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1981b. Bankers Without Banks: Commerce, Banking, and Society in the Islamic World of the Middle Ages. Princeton: Program in Near Eastern Studies Princeton University. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1987. “L'énigme d'Alexandrie: sa position au Moyen Age d'après les documents de la Geniza du Caire.” Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée 46, no. 4: 71–79. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1988. “Merchants and amirs: government and trade in eleventh-century Egypt.”Asian and African Studies 22: 53–72. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1989. “Scenes from eleventh-century family life: cousin and partners – Nahray ben Nissim and Israel ben Natan.” In The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times: Essays in Honor of Bernard Lewis. Ed. C. E. Bosworthet al. Princeton: Darwin Press: 357–368. Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1999. “International trade and the medieval Egyptian countryside.” In Agriculture in Egypt: From Pharaonic to Modern Times. Ed. A. K. Bowman and E. L. Rogan. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 267–285. Google Scholar
van de Mieroop, M. 2005. “The eastern Mediterranean in early antiquity.” In Harris, 2005: 117–139. Google Scholar
Van Doosselaere, Q. 2009. Commercial Agreements and Social Dynamics in Medieval Genoa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Verlinden, C. 1965. “Markets and fairs.” In Postan et al., 1965–1989, vol. III: 119–153. Google Scholar
Versteegh, C. H. M. 1997. The Arabic Language. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar
von Folsach, K. 1993. “Textiles and society. Some social, political, and religious aspects of Islamic textiles.” In Woven treasures: textiles from the world of Islam. Ed. K. von Folsach and A. -M. Keblow Bernsted. Copenhagen: David Collection: 7–26. Google Scholar
von Grunebaum, G. E. 1953. Medieval Islam: A Study in Cultural Orientation. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
Waines, D. 2003. “ ‘Luxury foods’ in medieval Islamic societies.” World Archaeology 34, no. 3: 571–580. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Waldman, E. 1997. “The role of social norms in mediation.” Hastings Law Journal 48, no. 4: 703–769. Google Scholar
Walker, P. E. 2002. Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources. London: I. B. Tauris. Google Scholar
Ward-Perkins, B. 2000. “Specialized production and exchange.” In The Cambridge Ancient History. Ed. A. Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins, and M. Whitby. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425–600: 346–391. Google Scholar
Wasserman, S., and K. Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Weber, M. R. G. W. C. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Trans. G. Roth and C. Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press (orig. 1922. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft). Google Scholar
Wehr, H., and J. M. Cowan. 1976. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. 3rd ed. Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services. Google Scholar
Weingast, B. R. 1997. “The political foundations of democracy and the rule of law.” American Political Science Review 91, no. 2: 245–263. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Weiss, G. 1970. “Legal documents written by the court clerk Halfon ben Manasse (dated 1100–1138): a study in the diplomatics of the Cairo Geniza.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. Google Scholar
Wickham, C. 1988. The Mountains and the City: The Tuscan Appennines in the Early Middle Ages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Google Scholar
Wickham, C. 2005. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400–800. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York and London: Free Press. Google Scholar
Woodruff, C. 2001. “The mystery of capital: why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else.” Journal of Economic Literature 39, no. 4: 1215–1223. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Woolcock, M. 1998. “Social capital and economic development: toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework.” Theory and Society 27, no. 2: 151–208. CrossRef | Google Scholar
World Bank 2002. World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Yusuf, M. D. 1985. Economic Survey of Syria during the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. Berlin: K. Schwarz. Google Scholar
Zeldes, N., and Frenkel, M. 1997. “Trade with Sicily: Jewish merchants in Mediterranean trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries” (Hebrew). Michael 14: 89–137. Google Scholar
Zelnick-Abramovitz, R. 2005. Not Wholly Free: The Concept of Manumission and the Status of Manumitted Slaves in the Ancient Greek World. Leiden: Brill. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Zunz, O. 1982. The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880–1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar

1 Given changes in cataloguing practices of different libraries when various editions were published, it is sometimes difficult to properly cross-reference documents that have been multiply edited; the Mosseri and David Kauffman collections present particular difficulties, and I suspect that I may have multiple listings of the same document in my lists as I was unable to cross-reference some xeroxes of originals mentioned by Goitein with editions in Gil, or the edition in Gil with the document in Friedberg. I put an asterisk (*) next to documents edited by Gil in which the current Friedberg catalogue has an entirely different document under the same shelfmark in this list and throughout the book.

2 My readings of some documents differs from published editions; translations are often based on published ones, but have been edited in accordance with my readings of documents and my normalization of many formulae and mercantile terms, hence the absence of edition references throughout the text.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 850
Total number of PDF views: 12048 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 12116 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 9th April 2025. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.