This section sets out the theoretical framework within which we discuss transparency and the scientific model of data sharing that lies behind it. We will present the case for making data sharing the foundational mechanism for transparency. The argument is as follows:

• 1. The aim of transparency is fairness. The definition of transparency is the degree to which I can tell whether the systems that affect me are fair or not (Chapter 3).

• 2. It is not possible to assess whether systems that affect me are fair without being able to see the outcomes of such systems across whole populations (Chapters 4 and 5).

• 3. Transparency of population outcomes must be based on data sharing rather than more traditional models of publishing. Transparency driven by data sharing requires new institutional structures (Chapters 6 and 7).